158 39S BE 1192 Without Cloud

A LOW COST HEALTH MONITORING USING E-
HEALTH SENSOR AND EMBEDDED SYSTEM BOARDS
PROJECT REFERENCE NO.: 39S_BE_1192

COLLEGE : REVA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT,
BENGALURU
BRANCH : DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING
GUIDE : PROF. MANJUNATH R KOUNTE
STUDENTS : MR. RAKSHITH B R
MS. UMA L
MR. PUNITH KUMAR
MR. VISHESH DIXIT
ABSTRACT
In the contemporary day life style people have no time to spend with their family. In such a busy
life it’s difficult to keep an isolated day out of their busy schedule for the doctor for consistent
medical check-up. There is a necessity for new modern idea & technology which helps in saving
their time.
In this proposed project, we use four diverse sensors to observe the patient’s health. According to
the patients requirement doctor will set the periodicity of the check up in the machine. According
to that the patient can go through the check-up and the result of his health condition will be sent to
the doctor immediately through GSM module. Also we want to reduce the cost of the health
monitoring kit available in the market by Cooking Hacks. We also want to try out Linux based
embedded boards like Arduino boards, Raspberry Pi Model Board which leads to cost effective
and efficient health.
In Conclusion, we want to give Society the necessary tools in order to develop new e-Health
applications and products.
A Low Cost Health Monitoring System Using E-Health Sensor and Embedded System Boards
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
This chapter details the discussion on problem definition, motivation, objective of the work, and
scope of the project.
1.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT
The eHealth Monitor project provides a service-oriented platform used in the process of generating
a Personal eHealth Knowledge Space (PeKS) as an aggregation of all knowledge sources relevant
for the provision of individualized personal eHealth services.
1.2 MOTIVATION
The motivation to take up this project is the society is characterized by high costs for its health
system and a shrinking work force due to health reasons and an aging population. These aspects
put an enormous pressure on the economy and the social system. Personal lifestyle and
environmental impact factors are the most significant risk factors influencing health status. The
fragmentation of knowledge about personal risk factors hinders the assessment of disease risks. In
order to decide on preventive or therapeutic actions, physicians are required to obtain all relevant
user-individual knowledge. Relevant knowledge sources include health records, patient records,
databases on environmental information, wearable or portable devices for health monitoring, and
common ubiquitous internet services (including user generated information). Thus our group has
been motivated to bring up this completely unique method of remotely sensing different
parameters of health in most of the possible way.
1.3 OBJECTIVES
eHealth Monitor systems vision is to significantly increase the individualization of personal

eHealth services and thereby the quality and patients’ acceptance of electronic healthcare services
REVA Institute of Technology & Management, Dept of E&C Page 1

for treatment and prevention. Develop personal eHealth services that support cooperation and
decision making of the involved participants (patients, clinicians, social services)
1.4 SCOPE
The project model aims in the development of a platform for individualized personal healthcare
services. Acquisition of distributed knowledge from heterogeneous sources providing ability to
respond to rapidly evolving conditions.
1.5 PURPOSE
eHealth Monitor’s vision is to significantly increase the individualization of personal eHealth

services and thereby the quality and patients’ acceptance of electronic healthcare services for
treatment and prevention.
1.6 OVERVIEW
The e-Health Sensor Platform allows to perform biometric and medical applications where body
monitoring is needed by using 4 different sensors: body temperature, galvanic skin response
(GSR - sweating), blood pressure (sphygmomanometer) and heart beat (pulse detector).
This information can be used to monitor in real time the state of a patient or to get sensitive data
in order to be subsequently analyzed for medical diagnosis. Biometric information gathered can
be wirelessly sent using GSM connectivity options.
If real time image diagnosis is needed a camera can be attached to the 3G module in order to send
photos and videos of the patient to a medical diagnosis center.
Data can be sent to the Cloud in order to perform permanent storage or visualized in real time by
sending the data directly to a laptop or Smartphone.

FEATURES
The pack we are going to use in this project is the eHealth Sensor platform. The e-Health Sensor
Shield is fully compatible with Arduino USB versions, Duemilanove and Mega.
l sensors

CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY
2.1 BACKGROUND
In the early life style people were unaware of disease until and unless they could notice the effect
physically or mentally. This made the patient and the doctor too complex to diagnose the patient
and to treat him. It was not that easy task to go to the doctor in search of him.
Later the English medicine was introduced where the artificial drugs were given to treat and the
humans were diagnosed at a faster rate. The patient had to go to the doctor and get himself checked
manually by the doctor and according to the observations made by the doctor the patient was
diagnosed.
Later this was improvised by introducing medical electronic where the medical check-up were
done by electronic gadgets which were efficient and accurate. This accuracy helped the doctor to
diagnose the patient quickly and to heal him or change the treatment periodically. Buy still the
patient had to make up his appointment with the doctor. This was a drawback because the patient
needs to waste a day or so in this busy city to meet the doctor. If the dosage is varied according to
small check-up like to measure heart beat, BP or so he need to waste a day for a five to ten minutes
check-up.
2.2 EXISTING SYSTEMS
In the contemporary day life style people have no time to spend with their family. In such a busy
life it’s difficult to keep an isolated day out of their busy schedule for the doctor for consistent
medical check-up. There is a necessity for new modern idea which helps in saving their time.
Earlier it was not that easy to go to the doctor for regular check-up. It was difficult to remember
the dates and more importantly a day especially for medical check-up was hectic but was no other
go. As the technology is improved we have several devices which will help the patient to get few
of his small check-ups which will save his time going to the doctor. Some of them are

Glucose Meter
Sphygmomanometer
Thermometer
2.2.1 Glucose Meter
A glucose meter (or glucometer) is a medical device for determining the approximate
concentration of glucose in the blood. A small drop of blood, obtained by pricking the skin with a
lancet, is placed on a disposable test strip that the meter reads and uses to calculate the blood
glucose level. The meter then displays the level in units of mg/dl or mmol/l.
2.2.2 Sphygmomanometer
A sphygmomanometer is a device used to measure blood pressure, composed of an inflatable

cuff to collapse and then release the artery under the cuff in a controlled manner, and a mercury or
mechanical manometer to measure the pressure.
2.2.3 Thermometer
A thermometer is a device that is used for human body temperature. The tip of the thermometer
is inserted into the mouth under the tongue (oral or sub-lingual temperature), under the armpit
(auxiliary temperature), or into the rectum via the anus (rectal temperature).
The above mentioned devices are the devices used for instant check-ups but they were not built
with a feature of recording the check-up details nor these were sent to doctor when the check-up is
held. As these are individual devices it was expensive to purchase all of them by the patient.

2.2.4 E-Health kit by Cooking Hacks
The e-Health Sensor Shield V2.0 allows Arduino and Raspberry Pi users to perform biometric and
medical applications where body monitoring is needed by using 10 different sensors: pulse,
oxygen in blood (SPO2), airflow (breathing), body temperature, electrocardiogram (ECG),
glucometer, galvanic skin response (GSR - sweating), blood pressure (sphygmomanometer),
patient position (accelerometer) and muscle/eletromyography sensor (EMG).
This information can be used to monitor in real time the state of a patient or to get sensitive data in
order to be subsequently analysed for medical diagnosis. Biometric information gathered can be
wirelessly sent using any of the 6 connectivity options available: Wi-Fi, 3G, GPRS, Bluetooth,
802.15.4 and ZigBee depending on the application.
If real time image diagnosis is needed a camera can be attached to the 3G module in order to send
photos and videos of the patient to a medical diagnosis centre.
Data can be sent to the Cloud in order to perform permanent storage or visualized in real time by
sending the data directly to a laptop or Smartphone. IPhone and Android applications have been
designed in order to easily see the patient's information.
2.3 PROPOSED WORK
As we have seen the complexity in the above devices we need to overcome those complexities.
The present system is too costly and the user and the doctor need continuous data connection
required.
So saving the doctor and patients time we have come with sending data through normal text. We
are interfacing three sensors which give four different readings of the body namely body
temperature, blood pressure, heart beat and galvanic skin response. These data are collected by the
Arduino Meega2560.

The data is collected by the Arduino either serially through serial communication or on its digital
ports as reading the data from the memory of the sensors. These data are stored in Arduino
variables.
The GSM is interfaced with the Arduino to send the data as a text message to the doctor. Note that
the doctor’s number is stored previously through the coding. This message can be analyzed by
doctor and the required actions by the doctor can be taken for improving the patient’s health.

CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY
3.1 WORKING
The device is constructed using Arduino Mega 2560 development board, Raspberry Pi2,
temperature sensor, galvanic skin response sensor, heart beat sensor, power supply and a monitor.
The Raspberry Pi2 is turned on which acts as a platform where the Arduino’s output is observed.
This supplies a 5V to Arduino through the serial communication port which turns on the Arduino
as well.
The Arduino runs the code dumped infinitely where the values by the sensors are read and
computed.
These computed values are displayed on a monitor with the help of Raspberry Pi2. These values
can be sent to the doctor using the GSM module which has to be interfaced with the Arduino.
3.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM
Fig 3.1 – Block Diagram

3.3 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM AND DESIGN
CIRCUIT
Fig 3.2 – Circuit Diagram
Fig 3.3 – LCD interfacing with Arduino

DESIGN
The entire circuit is built as shown in the above figure. The GSM module is connected to the
230V AC mains through the 230V-12V regulated DC adapter. The Arduino Mega 2560 is
connected to the 5V output of the 7805 IC which is connected to the 12V supply given to the
GSM. A LCD is interfaced with Arduino for the display of the data read.
The analog pin A2 of Arduino is connected to the GSR sensor. This pin is used for reading the
analog data given by the sensor. This analog value is converted as digital value by the Arduino’s
ADC. The Arduino’s ADC gives a digital 10 bit output and the digital value varies from 0 to 1023
having a precision of 0.00488 V i.e. 4.8 mili Volts.
The BP sensor is connected to the other 7805 IC to obtain constant 5V supply. The RX and TX
are connected to Arduino digital pins 11 and 12. It gives the ASCII values of the data.
A 4.7K ohms resistor is used to pull up the data line of the temperature sensor. The output of the
temperature sensor is given to the digital pin 2. This is a 12 bit serial data. The temperature VCC
is connected to the 5V supply of Arduino.
The GSM module will convert the 12V supply to 5V through an inbuilt 7805 IC. It communicates
with the Arduino serially with the Arduino’s serially to the digital pins 9 and 10 which act as TX
and RX pins of Arduino.
An LCD is connected for the display. LCD is given with another 7805 IC to power it up and to
turn on the back light. The four data pins are connected to digital pins 6, 5, 4 and 3. A 10K ohms
POT is connected for the brightness settings.
Note: Digital pins 9, 10, 11 and 12 are not the TX and RX pins of Arduino, they are made to be
serial TX and RX pins of Arduino by calling a library “softwareserial.h”. Hence, these can be
used as TX and RX pins for our convenience. The advantage of using software serial pins is
uploading code to the Arduino will not be interrupted as it is interrupted using hardware serial
pins.

3.4 FLOW CHART
3.4.1 MAIN PROGRAM
START
Initialize the required Variables
Begin serial communication

with 9600 baud rate
Declare the Temperature sensor

function
Declare the GSR sensor function
Declare the BP sensor function
Declare the text messaging

function
Call BP sensor function
Call temperature sensor function
Call GSR sensor function
Call text messaging function
Fig 3.4 – Flowchart for Main program

3.4.2 TEMPERATURE SENSOR
Temperature Sensor
Function
Check for the

connection
No
Yes Return
No 13 bits of
data
received
Yes
Convert the data and store it

to the variable
Return
Fig 3.5 – Flowchart for Temperature Sensor
3.4.3 BP/HEARTBEAT SENSOR
BP/HeartBeat sensor Function
Check for
power
No
Yes

Check for No
data in serial
port
Yes
Read and store the byte

in the Variable
No
Check for the
Last byte
Yes
Display the data
Return
Fig 3.6 – Flowchart for BP Sensor
3.4.4 GSM MODULE
Text message Function
Activate text mode in GSM
Open text message write up and send

the phone number of the doctor
Send the data not more than 160 characters

Delay
Fig 3.7 – Flowchart for GSM Module
3.4.5 GSR SENSOR
GSR Sensor Function
Set threshold of GSR
Read the analog data through analog pin
Store it in data array
8 iterations
completed
?
No
Yes
Return
Fig 3.8 – Flowchart for GSR Sensor

CHAPTER 4
HARDWARE
4.1 ARDUINO Mega 2560
Fig 4.1 - Arduino Mega 2560
The Arduino Mega 2560 is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega2560 (datasheet). It has
54 digital input/output pins (of which 14 can be used as PWM outputs), 16 analog inputs, 4
UARTs (hardware serial ports), a 16 MHz crystal oscillator, a USB connection, a power jack, an
ICSP header, and a reset button. It contains everything needed to support the microcontroller;
simply connect it to a computer with a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery
to get started.
4.1.1 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS
Parameters Specifications
Microcontroller ATmega2560
Operating Voltage 5V
Input Voltage (recommended) 7-12V
Input Voltage (limits) 6-20V
Digital I/O Pins 54 (of which 14 provide PWM output)
Analog Input Pins 16
DC Current per I/O Pin 40mA
DC Current for 3.3V Pin 50mA

Flash Memory 256 KB of which 8 KB used by bootloader

SRAM 8KB
EEPROM 4KB
Clock Speed 16MHz
4.1.2 POWER
The Arduino Mega2560 can be powered via the USB connection or with an external power
supply. The power source is selected automatically. External (non-USB) power can come either
from an AC-to-DC adapter (wall-wart) or battery. The adapter can be connected by plugging a
2.1mm center-positive plug into the board's power jack. Leads from a battery can be inserted in
the Gnd and Vin pin headers of the POWER connector.
The board can operate on an external supply of 6 to 20 volts. If supplied with less than 7V,
however, the 5V pin may supply less than five volts and the board may be unstable. If using more
than 12V, the voltage regulator may overheat and damage the board. The recommended range is 7
to 12 volts.
The Mega2560 differs from all preceding boards in that it does not use the FTDI USB-to-serial
driver chip. Instead, it features the Atmega8U2 programmed as a USB-to-serial converter.
The power pins are as follows:
 VIN- The input voltage to the Arduino board when it's using an external power source (as
opposed to 5 volts from the USB connection or other regulated power source). You can
supply voltage through this pin, or, if supplying voltage via the power jack, access it through
this pin.
 5V- The regulated power supply used to power the microcontroller and other components on
the board. This can come either from VIN via an on-board regulator, or be supplied by USB
or another regulated 5V supply.
 3V3- A 3.3 volt supply generated by the on-board regulator. Maximum current draw is 50
mA.
 GND- Ground pins.

4.1.3 MEMORY
The ATmega2560 has 256 KB of flash memory for storing code (of which 8 KB is used for the
bootloader), 8 KB of SRAM and 4 KB of EEPROM (which can be read and written with the
EEPROM library).
4.1.4 INPUT AND OUTPUT
Each of the 54 digital pins on the Mega can be used as an input or output, using pinMode(),
digitalWrite(), and digitalRead() functions. They operate at 5 volts. Each pin can provide or
receive a maximum of 40 mA and has an internal pull-up resistor (disconnected by default) of 20-
50 kOhms. In addition, some pins have specialized functions:
 Serial: 0 (RX) and 1 (TX); Serial 1: 19 (RX) and 18 (TX); Serial 2: 17 (RX) and 16 (TX);
Serial 3: 15 (RX) and 14 (TX). Used to receive (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL serial data. Pins
0 and 1 are also connected to the corresponding pins of the ATmega8U2 USB-to-TTL Serial
chip.
 External Interrupts: 2 (interrupt 0), 3 (interrupt 1), 18 (interrupt 5), 19 (interrupt 4), 20
(interrupt 3), and 21 (interrupt 2). These pins can be configured to trigger an interrupt on a
low value, a rising or falling edge, or a change in value. See the attachInterrupt() function for
details.
 PWM: 0 to 13. Provide 8-bit PWM output with the analogWrite() function.
 SPI: 50 (MISO), 51 (MOSI), 52 (SCK), 53 (SS). These pins support SPI communication,
which, although provided by the underlying hardware, is not currently included in the
Arduino language. The SPI pins are also broken out on the ICSP header, which is physically
compatible with the Duemilanove and Diecimila.
 LED: 13. There is a built-in LED connected to digital pin 13. When the pin is HIGH value,
the LED is on, when the pin is LOW, it's off.
 I2C: 20 (SDA) and 21 (SCL). Support I2C (TWI) communication using the Wire library
(documentation on the Wiring website). Note that these pins are not in the same location as
the I2C pins on the Duemilanove.

The Mega2560 has 16 analog inputs, each of which provides 10 bits of resolution (i.e. 1024
different values). By default they measure from ground to 5 volts, though is it possible to change
the upper end of their range using the AREF pin and analogReference() function.
There are a couple of other pins on the board:
AREF: Reference voltage for the analog inputs. Used with analogReference().
Reset:Bring this line LOW to reset the microcontroller. Typically used to add a reset button to
shields which block the one on the board.
4.1.5 COMMUNICATION
The Arduino Mega2560 has a number of facilities for communicating with a computer, another
Arduino, or other microcontrollers. The ATmega2560 provides four hardware UARTs for TTL
(5V) serial communication. An ATmega8U2 on the board channels one of these over USB and
provides a virtual com port to software on the computer (Windows machines will need a .inf file,
but OSX and Linux machines will recognize the board as a COM port automatically. The Arduino
software includes a serial monitor which allows simple textual data to be sent to and from the
board. The RX and TX LEDs on the board will flash when data is being transmitted via the
ATmega8U2 chip and USB connection to the computer (but not for serial communication on pins
0 and 1).
4.1.6 USB OVER CURRENT PROTECTION
The Arduino Mega has a resettable polyfuse that protects your computer's USB ports from shorts
and overcurrent. Although most computers provide their own internal protection, the fuse
provides an extra layer of protection. If more than 500 mA is applied to the USB port, the fuse
will automatically break the connection until the short or overload is removed.

4.1.7 APPLICATIONS
 Xoscillo, an open-source oscilloscope

 Scientific equipment
 Arduinome, a MIDI controller device that mimics the Monome
 OBDuino, a trip computer that uses the on-board diagnostics interface found in most modern
cars
 Ardupilot, drone software / hardware
 ArduinoPhone, a do-it-yourself cellphone
 GertDuino, an Arduino mate for the Raspberry Pi
 Water quality testing platform
 Arduintercom, a home application project
 Ardometer, a digital tachometer with Arduino
 Ardotimer, a digital timer
 Teleball, A retro handheld game device
4.2 GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR MOBILE COMMUNICATION (GSM)
Global system for mobile communication (GSM) is a globally accepted standard for digital
cellular communication. GSM is the name of a standardization group established in 1982 to
create a common European mobile telephone standard that would formulate specifications for a
pan-European mobile cellular radio system operating at 900 MHz. It is estimated that many
countries outside of Europe will join the GSM partnership to perform communication.
Cellular is one of the fastest growing and most demanding telecommunications applications.
Throughout the evolution of cellular telecommunications, various systems have been developed
without the benefit of standardized specifications. This presented many problems directly related
to compatibility, especially with the development of digital radio technology. The GSM standard
is intended to address the above mentioned problems and to solve them.

From 1982 to 1985 discussions were held to decide between building an analog or digital system.
After multiple field tests, a digital system was adopted for GSM. The next task was to decide
between a narrow or broadband solution. In May 1987, the narrowband time division multiple
access (TDMA) solution was chosen to solve this criteria.
GSM provides recommendations, not requirements. The GSM specifications define the functions
and interface requirements in detail but do not address the hardware. The reason for this is to
limit the designers as little as possible but still to make it possible for the operators to buy
equipment from different suppliers. The GSM network is divided into three major systems: the
switching system (SS), the base station system (BSS), and the operation and support system
(OSS).
Fig 4.2 – GSM Architecture

4.2.1 The Switching System
The switching system (SS) is responsible for performing call processing and subscriber-related
functions. The switching system includes the following functional units.
 Home location register (HLR) —The HLR is a database used for storage and management of
subscriptions. The HLR is considered the most important database, as it stores permanent
data about subscribers, including a subscriber's service profile, location information, and
activity status. When an individual buys a subscription from one of the PCS operators, he or
she is registered in the HLR of that operator.
 Mobile services switching center (MSC) —The MSC performs the telephony switching
functions of the system. It controls calls to and from other telephone and data systems. It also
performs such functions as toll ticketing, network interfacing, common channel signaling,
and others.
 Visitor location register (VLR) —The VLR is a database that contains temporary information
about subscribers that is needed by the MSC in order to service visiting subscribers. The
VLR is always integrated with the MSC. When a mobile station roams into a new MSC area,
the VLR connected to that MSC will request data about the mobile station from the HLR.
Later, if the mobile station makes a call, the VLR will have the information needed for call
setup without having to interrogate the HLR each time.
 Authentication center (AUC) —A unit called the AUC provides authentication and
encryption parameters that verify the user's identity and ensure the confidentiality of each
call. The AUC protects network operators from different types of fraud found in today's
cellular world.
 equipment identity register (EIR) —The EIR is a database that contains information about
the identity of mobile equipment that prevents calls from stolen, unauthorized, or defective
mobile stations. The AUC and EIR are implemented as stand-alone nodes or as a combined
AUC/EIR node.

4.2.2 The Base Station System (BSS)
All radio-related functions are performed in the BSS, which consists of base station controllers
(BSCs) and the base transceiver stations (BTSs).
BSC —The BSC provides all the control functions and physical links between the MSC and
BTS. It is a high-capacity switch that provides functions such as handover, cell configuration
data, and control of radio frequency (RF) power levels in base transceiver stations. A number of
BSCs are served by an MSC.
BTS —The BTS handles the radio interface to the mobile station. The BTS is the radio
equipment (transceivers and antennas) needed to service each cell in the network. A group of
BTSs are controlled by a BSC.
4.2.3 The Operation and Support System (OSS)
The operations and maintenance center (OMC) is connected to all equipment in the switching
system and to the BSC. The implementation of OMC is called the operation and support system
(OSS). The OSS is the functional entity from which the network operator monitors and controls
the system. The purpose of OSS is to offer the customer cost-effective support for centralized,
regional and local operational and maintenance activities that are required for a GSM network.
An important function of OSS is to provide a network overview and support the maintenance
activities of different operation and maintenance organizations. The OSS is connected to the
different components of the NSS and to the BSC, in order to control and monitor the GSM
system. It is also in charge of controlling the traffic load of the BSS. However, the increasing
number of base stations, due to the development of cellular radio networks, has provoked that
some of the maintenance tasks are transferred to the BTS. This transfer decreases considerably
the costs of the maintenance of the system.

Additional Functional Elements
Other functional elements shown in Figure 2 are as follows:
 Message center (MXE) —The MXE is a node that provides integrated voice, fax, and data
messaging. Specifically, the MXE handles short message service, cell broadcast, voice mail,
fax mail, e-mail, and notification.
 Mobile service node (MSN) —The MSN is the node that handles the mobile intelligent
network (IN) services.
 Gateway mobile services switching center (GMSC) —a gateway is a node used to
interconnect two networks. The gateway is often implemented in an MSC. The MSC is then
referred to as the GMSC.
 GSM interworking unit (GIWU) —The GIWU consists of both hardware and software that
provides an interface to various networks for data communications. Through the GIWU,
users can alternate between speech and data during the same call. The GIWU hardware
equipment is physically located at the MSC/VLR.
GSM technology has helped revolutionize foreign telecom, especially in emerging markets as
Afghan Wireless has demonstrated.
4.2.4 THE GEOGRAPHICAL AREAS of the GSM NETWORK
As it has already been explained a cell, identified by its Cell Global Identity number (CGI),
corresponds to the radio coverage of a base transceiver station. A Location Area (LA), identified
by its Location Area Identity (LAI) number, is a group of cells served by a single MSC/VLR. A
group of location areas under the control of the same MSC/VLR defines the MSC/VLR area. A
Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN) is the area served by one network operator.

Fig 4.3 - GSM network areas
4.2.5 THE GSM FUNCTIONS
In GSM, five main functions can be defined:
• Transmission.
• Radio Resources management (RR).
• Mobility Management (MM).
• Communication Management (CM).
• Operation, Administration and Maintenance (OAM).
4.2.5.1 TRANSMISSION
The transmission function includes two sub-functions: The first one is related to the means
needed for the transmission of user information. The second one is related to the means needed
for the transmission of 24ancels24ng information .Not all the components of the GSM network
are strongly related with the transmission functions. The MS, the BTS and the BSC, among
others, are deeply concerned with transmission. But other components, such as the registers HLR,
VLR or EIR, are only concerned with the transmission for their 24ancels24ng needs with other
components of the GSM network.

4.2.5.2 RADIO RESOURCES MANAGEMENT (RR)
The role of the RR function is to establish, maintain and release communication links between
mobile stations and the MSC. The elements that are mainly concerned with the RR function are
the mobile station and the base station. However, as the RR function is also in charge of
maintaining a connection even if the user moves from one cell to another, the MSC, in charge of
handovers, is also concerned with the RR functions. The RR is also responsible for the
management of the frequency spectrum and the reaction of the network to changing radio
environment conditions.
4.2.5.3 HANDOVER
The user movements can produce the need to change the channel or cell, especially when the
quality of the communication is decreasing. This procedure of changing the resources is called
handover. Four different types of handovers can be distinguished:
• Handover of channels in the same cell.

• Handover of cells controlled by the same BSC.
• Handover of cells belonging to the same MSC but controlled by different BSCs.
• Handover of cells controlled by different MSCs.
Handovers are mainly controlled by the MSC. However in order to avoid unnecessary
25ancels25ng information, the first two types of handovers are managed by the concerned BSC
(in this case, the MSC is only notified of the handover).The mobile station is the active participant
in this procedure. In order to perform the handover, the mobile station controls continuously its
own signal strength and the signal strength of the neighboring cells. The list of cells that must be
monitored by the mobile station is given by the base station. The power measurements allow
deciding which the best cell is in order to maintain the quality of the communication link.

4.2.5.4 MOBILITY MANAGEMENT
The MM function is in charge of all the aspects related with the mobility of the user, specially the
location management and the authentication and security.
4.2.5.5 LOCATION MANAGEMENT
When a mobile station is powered on, it performs a location update procedure by indicating its
IMEI to the network. The first location update procedure is called the IMEI attach procedure. The
mobile station also performs location updating, in order to indicate its current location, when it
moves to a new Location Area or a different PLMN. This location updating message is sent to the
new MSC/VLR, which gives the location information to the subscriber’s HLR. If the mobile
station is authorized in the new MSC/VLR, the subscriber’s HLR 26ancels the registration of the
mobile station with the old MSC/VLR .A location updating is also performed periodically. If after
the updating time period, the mobile station has not registered, it is then deregistered. When a
mobile station is powered off, it performs an IMEI detach procedure in order to tell the network
that it is no longer connected.
4.2.5.6 AUTHENTICATION AND SECURITY
The authentication procedure involves the SIM card and the Authentication Center. A secret key,
stored in the SIM card and the AuC, and a ciphering algorithm called A3 are used in order to
verify the authenticity of the user. The mobile station and the AuC compute a SRES using the
secret key, the algorithm A3 and a random number generated by the AuC. If the two computed
SRES are the same, the subscriber is authenticated. The different services to which the subscriber
has access are also checked. Another security procedure is to check the equipment identity. If the
IMEI number of the mobile is authorized in the EIR, the mobile station is allowed to connect the
network.

4.2.5.7 COMMUNICATION MANAGEMENT (CM)
The CM function is responsible for:
Call control.
Short Message Services management.
4.2.5.7.1 CALL CONTROL (CC)
The CC is responsible for call establishing, maintaining and releasing as well as for selecting the
type of service. One of the most important functions of the CC is the call routing. In order to
reach a mobile subscriber, a user dials the Mobile Subscriber ISDN (MSISDN) number which
includes:
a country code
 a national destination code identifying the subscriber’s operator
 a code corresponding to the subscriber’s HLR
The call is then passed to the GMSC (if the call is originated from a fixed network) which knows
the HLR corresponding to a certain MISDN number. The GMSC asks the HLR for information
helping to the call routing. The HLR requests this information from the subscriber’s current VLR.
This VLR allocates temporarily a Mobile Station Roaming Number (MSRN) for the call. The
MSRN number is the information returned by the HLR to the GMSC. Thanks to the MSRN
number, the call is routed to subscriber’s current MSC/VLR. In the subscriber’s current LA, the
mobile is paged.
4.2.5.7.2 SHORT MESSAGE SERVICES MANAGEMENT
In order to support these services, a GSM network is in contact with a Short Message Service
Center through the two following interfaces:
• The SMS-GMSC for Mobile Terminating Short Messages (SMS-MT/PP). It has the same role
as the GMSC.

• The SMS-IWMSC for Mobile Originating Short Messages (SMS-MO/PP).
AT-Command set overview

Table shown below describes the AT Command set. The commands can be tried out by connecting
a GSM modem to one of the PC’s COM ports.
Command Description
AT Check if serial interface and GSM
modem is working
AT+CPMS Selection of SMS memory
ATE0 Turn echo off, less traffic on serial
line
AT+CNMI Display of new incoming SMS
AT+CMGF SMS string format, how they are
compressed
AT+CMGS Send message to a given recipient
AT+CMGR Read new message from a given
memory location
AT+CMGD Delete message
Table 4.1 - AT Commands
Message format (AT+CMGF)
The “AT+CMGF” command is used to set input and output format of SMS messages.
Two modes are available:


Read Message (AT+CMGR)

The “AT+CMGR” command is used to read a message from a given memory location. Execution
of “AT+CMGR” returns a message at [index] from selected memory [M1]. The status of the
message and the entire compressed message (PDU) is returned. To get any useful information out
of the compressed message it should be decompressed.
Send Message (AT+CMGS)
This command enables the user to send SMS messages. After the user defined fields are set, the
message can be compressed and sent using the “AT+CMGS” command.
4.2.5.8 OPERATION, ADMINISTRATION AND MAINTENANCE (OAM)
The OAM function allows the operator to monitor and control the system as well as to modify the
configuration of the elements of the system. Not only the OSS is part of the OAM, also the BSS
and NSS participate in its functions as it is shown in the following examples:
The components of the BSS and NSS provide the operator with all the information it needs.
This information is then passed to the OSS which is in charge of analyzing it and control the
network.
The self test tasks, usually incorporated in the components of the BSS and NSS, also
contribute to the OAM functions.
The BSC, in charge of controlling several BTSs, is another example of an OAM function
performed outside the OSS.

Fig 4.4 - GSM Model
4.3 LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY (LCD)
4.3.1 FEATURES
 5x8 dots with cursor

 Built in controller (KS 066 or equivalent)
 +5V power supply (also available or +3V)
 1/16 duty cycle
 Data can be sent both in serial and parallel fashion
 There are 16 columns and 2 rows
 A backlight is present

4.3.2 SPECIFICATIONS


4.4 SENSOR PLATFORM
4.4.1 BODY TEMPERATURE
In this example project we will be combining an Arduino and a DS18B20 temperature

sensor. The DS18B20 is a so called 1-wire digital temperature sensor. The words “digital”
and “1-wire” make this sensor really cool and allows you, with a super simple setup, to
read the temperature of one or more sensors. You can even connect multiple devices
together, utilizing only one pin on your Arduino.
Fig 4.5 - DS18B20 Available packages Fig 4.6 - DS18B20 in waterproof casing
4.4.1.1 FEATURES
Body temperature depends upon the place in the body at which the measurement is made, and the
time of day and level of activity of the person. Different parts of the body have different
temperatures.
The commonly accepted average core body temperature (taken internally) is 37.0°C (98.6°F). In
healthy adults, body temperature fluctuates about 0.5°C (0.9°F) throughout the day, with lower
temperatures in the morning and higher temperatures in the late afternoon and evening, as the
body's needs and activities change.

It is of great medical importance to measure body temperature. The reason is that a number of
diseases are accompanied by characteristic changes in body temperature. Likewise, the course of
certain diseases can be monitored by measuring body temperature, and the efficiency of a
treatment initiated can be evaluated by the physician.
Hypothermia <35.0 °C (95.0 °F)

Normal 36.5–37.5 °C (97.7–99.5 °F)
Fever or Hyperthermia >37.5–38.3 °C (99.5–100.9 °F)
Hyperpyrexia >40.0–41.5 °C (104–106.7 °F)
4.4.1.2 SENSOR CALIBRATION
The precision of the Body Temperature Sensor is enough in most applications. But you can
improve this precision by a calibration process.
When using temperature sensor, you are actually measuring a voltage, and relating that to what
the operating temperature of the sensor must be. If you can avoid errors in the voltage
measurements, and represent the relationship between voltage and temperature more accurately,
you can get better temperature readings.
Fig 4.7 - Arduino and DS18B20 Setup

4.4.2 GALVANIC SKIN RESPONSE (GSR)
4.4.2.1 FEATURES
Skin conductance, also known as galvanic skin response (GSR) is a method of measuring the
electrical conductance of the skin, which varies with its moisture level. This is of interest because
the sweat glands are controlled by the sympathetic nervous system, so moments of strong
emotion, change the electrical resistance of the skin. Skin conductance is used as an indication of
psychological or physiological arousal, The Galvanic Skin Response Sensor (GSR – Sweating)
measures the electrical conductance between 2 points, and is essentially a type of ohmmeter.
Fig 4.8 - Galvanic Skin Response Sensor
In skin conductance response method, conductivity of skin is measured at fingers of the palm. The
principle or theory behind functioning of galvanic response sensor is to measure electrical skin
resistance based on sweat produced by the body. When high level of sweating takes place, the
electrical skin resistance drops down. A dryer skin records much higher resistance. The skin
conductance response sensor measures the psycho galvanic reflex of the body. Emotions such as
excitement, stress, shock, etc. can result in the fluctuation of skin conductivity. Skin conductance
measurement is one component of polygraph devices and is used in scientific research of
emotional or physiological arousal.

4.4.2.2 SPECIFICATIONS
Input Voltage: 5V/3.3V

Sensitivity adjustable via a potentiometer
External measuring finger cots
Connecting the sensor
The galvanic skin sensor has two contacts and it works like an ohmmeter measuring the resistance
of the materials.
Fig 4.9 - Galvanic Skin Response Sensor Connected to a Patient
OUTPUT
The below are graphs which are created in Excel. X-axis represents time and Y-axis GSR data.

Fig 4.10 – Resulting graphs
4.4.3 BLOOD PRESSURE/ HEARTBEAT
Fig 4.11 - Blood Pressure Sensor
Blood pressure monitor operation is based on the oscillometric method. This method takes
advantage of the pressure pulsations taken during measurements. An occluding cuff is placed on
the left arm and is connected to an air pump and a pressure sensor. Cuff is inflated until a pressure
greater than the typical systolic value is reached, then the cuff is slowly deflated. As the cuff
deflates, when systolic pressure value approaches, pulsations start to appear. These pulsations
represent the pressure changes due to heart ventricle contraction and can be used to calculate the
heartbeat rate. Pulsations grow in amplitude until mean arterial pressure (MAP) is reached, then
decrease until they disappear. Figure shows the cuff pressure vs. pulsations.

Fig 4.12 - Sensor applied to a patient
Oscillometric method determines the MAP by taking the cuff pressure when the pulse with the
largest amplitude appears. Systolic and diastolic values are calculated using algorithms that vary
among different medical equipment developers. Freescale Blood Pressure Monitor calculates the
systolic and diastolic pressure by considering that systolic pressure is approximately equal to the
pressure measurement taken in the cuff when a pulse with 70% of the amplitude of the MAP
pulse appears while the cuff pressure is above the MAP value. Diastolic pressure is approximately
equal to the cuff pressure value registered when a pulse with 50% of the MAP pulse amplitude
appears while the cuff pressure is under the MAP value.
4.4.3.1 FEATURES
Intelligent automatic compression and decompression

Easy to operate, switching button to start measuring
60 store groups memory measurements
Can read single or all measures
3 minutes automatic power saving device
Intelligent device debugging, automatic power to detect
Local tests for : wrist circumference as 135-195mm
Large-scale digital liquid crystal display screen, Easy to Read Display
Fully Automatic, Clinical Accuracy, High-accuracy
Power by External +5V DC
Serial output data for external circuit processing or display.

4.4.3.2 SPECIFICATIONS
 Working Voltage: +5V, 200mA regulated

 Output Format: Serial Data at 9600 baud rate (8 bits data, No parity, 1 stop bits). Outputs
three parameters in ASCII.
 Sensing unit wire length is 2 meters
4.4.3.3 SENSOR PINOUTS
 TX-OUT = Transmit output. Output serial data of 3V logic level, usually connected to RXD
pin of microcontrollers/RS232/USB-UART.
 +5V = Regulated 5V supply input.
 GND = Board Common Ground
Note: Product does not require battery for operation. It is powered from external PCB as per
above pinouts.
4.4.3.4 HEARTBEAT SENSOR
Works on semiconductor pressure sensor which changes its conductivity under different pressure.
A pressure is applied which is greater than the pressure in the veins allowing monitor to measure
heartbeat. The readings are preferably taken at heart level for improved accuracy. Heart pumps
blood by means of muscle contraction. The human heart is composed of Atria-two upper
chambers that collect blood when it flows into the heart and Ventricles-two lower chambers that
pump blood out of the heart to other body parts.
Working-
Pump increases pressure until pressure regulator outputs a certain voltage, turning on the
sensor.
It take two measurements-

 Systolic- Peak measurements.

 Diastolic- Pressure between heartbeats.
It makes use of Piezo effect. A piezo crystal within the sensor is compressed which changes
its resistance and measures different voltage drop across the battery.
The sensor voltage is too low for the computer to read. Hence, it uses an opamp which
amplifies voltage output which can be read by the computer.

CHAPTER 5
SOFTWARE
5.1 ARDUINO IDE
The Arduino integrated development environment (IDE) is a cross-platform application written in

Java, and derives from the IDE for the Processing programming language and the Wiring
projects. It is designed to introduce programming to artists and other newcomers unfamiliar with
software development. It includes a code editor with features such as syntax highlighting, brace
matching, and automatic indentation, and is also capable of compiling and uploading programs to
the board with a single click. A program or code written for Arduino is called a "sketch".
Arduino programs are written in C or C++. The Arduino IDE comes with a software library called
"Wiring" from the original Wiring project, which makes many common input/output operations
much easier. The users need only to define two functions to make an executable cyclic executive
program:
 setup(): a function that runs once at the start of a program and that can initialize settings.
 loop(): a function called repeatedly until the board powers off.
Most Arduino boards contain an LED and a load resistor connected between the pin 13 and
ground, which is a convenient feature for many simple tests. The previous code would not be seen
by a standard C++ compiler as a valid program, so when the user clicks the "Upload to I/O board"
button in the IDE, a copy of the code is written to a temporary file with an extra include header at
the top and a very simple main() function at the bottom, to make it a valid C++ program.
The Arduino IDE uses the GNU toolchain and AVR Libc to compile programs, and uses avrdude
to upload programs to the board.
5.2 GETTING STARTED WITH ARDUINO
As the Arduino platform uses Atmel microcontrollers, Atmel's development environment, AVR
Studio or the newer Atmel Studio, may also be used to develop software for the Arduino.

5.2.1 Get an Arduino board and USB cable
In this tutorial, we assume you're using an Arduino Uno, Arduino Duemilanove, Nano, Arduino
Mega 2560 , or Diecimila. If you have another board, read the corresponding page in this getting
started guide.
You also need a standard USB cable (A plug to B plug): the kind you would connect to a USB
printer, for example. (For the Arduino Nano, you'll need an A to Mini-B cable instead.)
5.2.2 Connect the board
The Arduino Uno, Mega, Duemilanove and Arduino Nano automatically draw power from either
the USB connection to the computer or an external power supply. If you're using an Arduino
Diecimila, you'll need to make sure that the board is configured to draw power from the USB
connection. The power source is selected with a jumper, a small piece of plastic that fits onto two
of the three pins between the USB and power jacks. Check that it's on the two pins closest to the
USB port.
Connect the Arduino board to your computer using the USB cable. The green power LED
(labelled PWR) should go on.
5.2.3 Install the drivers
Installing drivers for the Arduino Uno or Arduino Mega 2560 with Windows 7, Vista, or XP:
Plug in your board and wait for Windows to begin its driver installation process. After a few
moments, the process will fail, despite its best efforts
Click on the Start Menu, and open up the Control Panel.
While in the Control Panel, navigate to System and Security. Next, click on System. Once the
System window is up, open the Device Manager.
Look under Ports (COM & LPT). You should see an open port named "Arduino UNO
(COMxx)". If there is no COM & LPT section, look under "Other Devices" for "Unknown
Device".

Right click on the "Arduino UNO (COmxx)" port and choose the "Update Driver Software"
option.
Next, choose the "Browse my computer for Driver software" option.
Finally, navigate to and select the driver file named "arduino.inf", located in the "Drivers"
folder of the Arduino Software download (not the "FTDI USB Drivers" sub-directory). If you
are using an old version of the IDE (1.0.3 or older), choose the Uno driver file named
"Arduino UNO.inf"
Windows will finish up the driver installation from there.
5.2.4 Launch the Arduino Application
Double-click the Arduino application (arduino.exe) you have previously downloaded. (Note: if the
Arduino Software loads in the wrong language, you can change it in the preferences dialog. See the
Arduino Software (IDE) page for details.)
5.2.5 Open the program and paste it in Arduino
Fig 5.1 – Running the code

5.2.6 Open Tools and Select the Board
Fig 5.2 – Selecting the board
5.2.7 Select your serial port
Select the serial device of the Arduino board from the Tools | Serial Port menu. This is likely to be COM3
or higher (COM1 and COM2 are usually reserved for hardware serial ports). To find out, you can
disconnect your Arduino board and re-open the menu; the entry that disappears should be the Arduino
board. Reconnect the board and select that serial port.
5.2.8 Upload the program
Now, simply click the "Upload" button in the environment. Wait a few seconds - you should see
the RX and TX led on the board flashing. If the upload is successful, the message "Done
uploading." will appear in the status bar. (Note: If you have an Arduino Mini, NG, or other board,

you'll need to physically press the reset button on the board immediately before clicking the upload
button on the Arduino Software)
Fig 5.3 – Uploading the code
A few seconds after the upload finishes, you can monitor your program through Arduino serial
monitor.

CHAPTER 6
RESULT AND ANALYSIS
The project is constructed using a GSM module, Arduino Mega board and few more sensors
connected as shown in the diagram.
Once the circuit is connected in the given fashion the Arduino board is connected to the GSM
module SIM900A board through digital pins of Arduino.
Fig 6.1 - Representation of Device and Connections
Once the connections are made as mentioned in the above figure, Power supply is given to the
GSM module and the kit turns on and the following display should be present.
Fig 6.2 – LCD Display

All of the three sensors: Body temperature, Galvanic skin response and BP/HeartBeat are
connected to the Arduino as shown in the following figures.
Fig 6.3 – BP/HeartBeat Sensor Fig 6.4 – Temperature Sensor
Fig 6.5 – GSR Sensor
Note: Patient needs to fold his hand for measurement of Body Temperature
Turn on the BP sensor by clicking the on button. Once the button is clicked the sensor turns on
and starts collecting data.

Fig 6.6 – Power button of BP sensor
Once the data is collected from individual sensors the data will be displayed on the LCD as shown
in the following figures.
Fig 6.7 – Values of BP/HeartBeat Sensor

Fig 6.8 – Values of Temperature Sensor
Fig 6.9 – Values of GSR Sensor

Wait for few seconds to read the data. After collecting data from all the three sensors the GSM
function will be called and the message will be sent in two different texts. For every text sent
there will message displayed on the LCD as shown.
Note: Each message can include a maximum of 160 characters. Hence two messages are sent.
Fig 6.10 – Message delivery information
Information regarding patient’s health parameter is sent to a known number and the number must
be valid. Here in our case, known number refers to Doctor. Two messages will be delivered to the
Doctor’s mobile. Doctor reads the messages received from the patient and necessary actions are
taken. The message received on Doctor’s mobile appears as shown below.

Fig 6.11 – Message received on Doctor’s mobile
Once the checkup is done, device can be turned off and then dismantled or the test can be
repeated by pressing the reset button on the Arduino.

CHAPTER 7
CONCLUSION
In this proposed project, we have used four diverse sensors to observe the patient’s health.
According to the patients requirement doctor will set the periodicity of the check up in the
machine. According to that the patient can go through the check-up and the result of his health
condition will be sent to the doctor immediately through a text message using GSM.
7.1 ADVANTAGES
Providing accurate, up to date and complete information about patient at the point of care.
Enabling quick access to patient record for more coordinated efficient care. Securely sharing
electronic information with patience and other clinicians. Helping providers more effectively to
diagnose patients, reduce medical errors and provide safer care. Improving patient and provider
interaction and communication, as well as health care convenience. Enabling safer, more reliable
prescribing. Helping promote legible, complete documentation and accurate, streamlined coding
and billing. Enhancing privacy and security of the patient data.
Helping providers to improve productivity and work life balance. Enabling providers to improve
efficiency and meet their business goals. Reducing the cost through decreased paper works,
improved safety, and reduced duplication of testing and improved health. Better health care by
improving all aspects of patient’s care, including safety, effectiveness, patient’s centeredness,
communication, education, timeliness, efficiency and equity. Better health by encouraging
healthier life styles in the entire population, including increased physical activity, better nutrition,
avoidance of behavioral risks, and wider use of preventative care. Improved efficiency and lower
health care costs by promoting preventative medicine and improved coordination of health care
services, as well as by reducing waste and redundant tests. Better clinical decisions making by
integrating patients information from multiple source.

7.2 APPLICATIONS
1. Significantly advances the individualization and thereby the patients acceptance of electronic
healthcare services for treatment and prevention.
2. Increases the ability to exploit very large knowledge spaces for individuals and professionals.
In the eHealth domain.
3. Unfold and utilize hidden and known interrelations and dependencies between independently
developed datasets (PHR, EHR, portable sensor systems, available environmental
information) under consideration of security and privacy protection and epidemiological
states.
4. Develop an adaptive, sustainable platform for electronic healthcare services increasing the
computer-based diagnosis standard for medical decision support services.

REFERENCES
1. Towards efficient Automatic Scaling and Adaptive cost-optimized e-Health services, Elie
Rachkidi, El Hadi Cherkaoui, Mustapha Ait-idir, Nazim Agoulmine, Nada Cheneb Taher,
Marcelo Santos, Stenio Fernandes, 2015 IEEE Global Communications Conference
(GLOBECOM)
2. M. Jordanova, F. Lievens, “Global Telemedicine and e-Health”, e-Health and
Bioengineering Conference, 2011.
3. Matt Richardson & Shawn Wallace, “Getting Started with Raspberry Pi”, 2nd Edition, Shroff
Publishers & Distributors Pvt. Ltd., 2014.
4. Simon Monk, “Raspberry Pi Cookbook”, Shroff Publishers & Distributors Pvt. Ltd., 2015.
5. Massimo Banzi & Michael Shiloh, “Getting Started with Arduino”, 3 rdEdition, Shroff
Publishers & Distributors Pvt. Ltd., 2015.
6. Kimmo Karvinen & Tero Karvinen, “Getting Started with Sensors”, Shroff Publishers &
Distributors Pvt. Ltd., 2014.
7. David Beazley & Brain K Jones, “Python Cookbook”, 3rd Edition, Shroff Publishers &
Distributors Pvt. Ltd., 2014.

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A LOW COST HEALTH MONITORING USING E-

HEALTH SENSOR AND EMBEDDED SYSTEM BOARDS

PROJECT REFERENCE NO.: 39S_BE_1192

1.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT

eHealth Monitor systems vision is to significantly increase the individualization of personal

REVA Institute of Technology & Management, Dept of E&C Page 1

eHealth Monitor’s vision is to significantly increase the individualization of personal eHealth

REVA Institute of Technology & Management, Dept of E&C Page 2

REVA Institute of Technology & Management, Dept of E&C Page 3

2.2 EXISTING SYSTEMS

REVA Institute of Technology & Management, Dept of E&C Page 4

2.2.1 Glucose Meter

A sphygmomanometer is a device used to measure blood pressure, composed of an inflatable

REVA Institute of Technology & Management, Dept of E&C Page 5

2.2.4 E-Health kit by Cooking Hacks

2.3 PROPOSED WORK

REVA Institute of Technology & Management, Dept of E&C Page 6

REVA Institute of Technology & Management, Dept of E&C Page 7

3.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM

Fig 3.1 – Block Diagram

REVA Institute of Technology & Management, Dept of E&C Page 8

3.3 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM AND DESIGN

Fig 3.2 – Circuit Diagram

Fig 3.3 – LCD interfacing with Arduino

REVA Institute of Technology & Management, Dept of E&C Page 9

REVA Institute of Technology & Management, Dept of E&C Page 10

3.4 FLOW CHART

3.4.1 MAIN PROGRAM

Initialize the required Variables

Begin serial communication

Declare the Temperature sensor

Declare the GSR sensor function

Declare the BP sensor function

Declare the text messaging

Call BP sensor function

Call temperature sensor function

Call GSR sensor function

Call text messaging function

Fig 3.4 – Flowchart for Main program

REVA Institute of Technology & Management, Dept of E&C Page 11

3.4.2 TEMPERATURE SENSOR

Check for the

Convert the data and store it

Fig 3.5 – Flowchart for Temperature Sensor

3.4.3 BP/HEARTBEAT SENSOR

BP/HeartBeat sensor Function

REVA Institute of Technology & Management, Dept of E&C Page 12

Read and store the byte

Fig 3.6 – Flowchart for BP Sensor

3.4.4 GSM MODULE

Text message Function

Activate text mode in GSM

Open text message write up and send

Send the data not more than 160 characters

REVA Institute of Technology & Management, Dept of E&C Page 13

Fig 3.7 – Flowchart for GSM Module

3.4.5 GSR SENSOR

GSR Sensor Function

Set threshold of GSR

Read the analog data through analog pin

Store it in data array

Fig 3.8 – Flowchart for GSR Sensor

REVA Institute of Technology & Management, Dept of E&C Page 14