Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Reliability Standards
Effective January 1, 2006
Version 2.0
Edition 1.0
1.1 General
1.1.2 The distinct processes and their related Standards are paramount in ensuring
Reliability in planning the development of an Electric Power System, and in
ensuring its Secure and Robust operation:
1) The Generation Reliability Standard which relates to provision of sufficient
firm Generation Capacity to meet the Demand with a sufficient margin with
allowance for Plant maintenance, Plant breakdown and Plant Unavailability,
i.e., scheduled and unscheduled generating Plant outages, to meet the annual
and daily electric energy demand without the need to disconnect customers at
critical periods or cause interruptions in supply. This is used by Tenaga
Nasional Berhad (TNB) to determine additional generation investment
requirements on an annual basis.
2) Transmission Reliability Standard which relates to provision of sufficient
Transmission Capacity, operational facilities, maintenance activity and co-
ordination with generation and Distribution Functions to enable continued
supply of electric energy to the distribution systems and Directly Connected
Customers. This Standard is used by TNB to determine the investment
requirements for the Transmission System and transmission operational
facilities and implement the necessary measures.
The development and maintenance of Transmission System Reliability Standards
is the duty of TNB Transmission Division under the provisions of the TNB
Licence that includes Generation Reliability Standards. These Standards are also
termed as License Standards.
1.2.1 The electric power Transmission System needs to be planned, operated and
maintained according to a set of Transmission System Reliability Standards. The
development of these Standards determines the investment requirements for
capital Plant and operational facilities; operation and maintenance practices; as
well as provision of Supplementary Services. The provision of levels of
Transmission System performance in accordance with these Standards is the duty
of TNB Transmission Division as specified in TNB License Conditions.
1.2.2 The transmission planning process involves the application of the Transmission
System Reliability Standard and the Transmission System Power Quality Standard
(as the second Standard within this combined document), together with strategic,
environmental and economic analysis, to determine the planned development of
the Transmission System to meet the forecast future demand.
1.2.4 The Standards also provide the limits and permissible excursions of key System
parameters enabling secure implementation of operational measures.
1.3 Scope
1.3.1 This document only covers the Transmission System Reliability Standards, which
are the responsibility of TNB Transmission Division. Amendments or changes to
these Standards can only be made with the concurrence of the Energy
Commission (EC) as provided for in the TNB License.
1.3.2 This document is solely concerned with the Standards for the Transmission
System, which includes the Main Interconnected Transmission System (MITS)
and its interface with the Generation Systems as well as the other parts of the
Transmission System which have voltages at 132kV and 66kV. These Standards
are applicable to bulk generation, transmission and delivery of electric power.
These Standards are also reflected in the Malaysian Grid Code which contains all
the technical requirements governing the planning, the development, connection
to, and operation of, the Generation and Transmission System as a whole known
as the Grid System.
1.3.3 Figure 1.1 indicates the contents of the Standards and the subject coverage in
terms of the generation, transmission and distribution Security and Reliability.
GRID CODE
for specified contingencies
Main Interconnected Reliability Meeting standards
Transmission System Standards performance limits
DISTRIBUTION CODE
DG
Distribution System Distribution Supply
Criteria for planning, designing
and operating of distribution
DG
Security and Power system to meet supply security
Quality Standards and power quality standards
Distribution Embedded Distribution
Customers
STANDARDS CODES
Figure 1.1: The outline contents of the Transmission System Reliability Standards
and its relationship with the systems and codes
2.1.1 The Generation Security Standard for the Peninsular Malaysia Electric Power
System shall be the Reliability Index of Loss of Load Probability (LOLP). LOLP
is defined as the proportion of days per 365 days in a year when insufficient
generating capacity is available to serve the daily peak Loads. Alternatively, the
standard can also be defined in term of Loss of Load Expectation (LOLE) which
is a measure of the time duration in a year when insufficient generating capacity is
available to serve the daily peak Loads. Normally, this is expressed in number of
days per year. For the Peninsular Malaysia Grid System the LOLE is normally set
at one (1) day per year, which translates to a LOLP of 0.0274 (ratio of LOLE to
number of days in a year).
2.2.1 The Transmission System shall be designed to be secure for the instantaneous
Loss of Power Infeed represented by the output of a single Generating Unit,
CCGT Module, imports of power from External Systems or DC Link Monopole
as a result of a Secured Contingency Event. Following such an event the System
Frequency shall return to its Normal Operational Limits defined in the
Transmission System Power Quality Standard within sixty (60) seconds and the
System shall operate within normal voltage and Frequency limits, in a stable
manner both transiently and in the Steady State. There shall be:
(1) no loss of demand;
(2) no overloading of any transmission equipment;
(3) no operation outside post contingency voltage limits; and
(4) no excessive degradation of Voltage Performance Margins.
2.2.2 The Largest Loss of Power Infeed Risk for the Peninsular Malaysian Power
System is defined as the largest single generating unit or a CCGT module or a DC
Link Monopole or power import whichever is the largest. In order to ensure the
System is secure after such an event, TNB facilitates the provisions of sufficient
Spinning Reserve and Reactive Power Reserve to avoid deviation of Frequency
and voltage beyond Normal Operational Limits defined in the Transmission
System Power Quality Standard for more than sixty (60) seconds.
2.3.1.1 This Section of Chapter 2 includes the planning and operational Criteria for the
direct connection of one or more Power Stations to the Transmission System. The
connection Criteria will also apply to the connections from a Demand Supply
Point to the Transmission System by which Power Stations embedded within the
Distribution System or within a User’s Network that are connected to the
Transmission System.
2.3.1.2 In planning the Generation Connections, this Standard will be considered as met if
the connection design either:
(1) satisfies the minimum deterministic Criteria detailed in paragraphs 2.3.2.1 to
2.3.2.13 below; or
(2) varies from the design necessary to meet item (1) so as to meet a higher
Standard than those set out in paragraphs 2.3.2.1 to 2.3.2.13 below if the
higher Standards can be economically justified or if they are specifically
requested by an external party connecting to the Transmission System, to
ensure a higher level of connection Security and Reliability, which will then
be subject to appropriate commercial negotiation and contract. Guidance on
the economic justification of generation connections is given in Appendix B.
2.3.2.2 In this respect the Generating Unit connections define the magnitude of the largest
generation loss risk for which dynamic Spinning Reserve will be provided to
contain the Frequency deviation and restore the System Frequency to within limits
defined by the Transmission System Power Quality Standard. Therefore, there is
a requirement to provide sufficient switching facilities and sufficient connection
capability to ensure adequate operational flexibility, and compliance with the
Criteria defined below.
2.3.2.3 Generation connections shall be planned such that starting with an Intact System
the consequences of System contingency events and design of generation
connections to the Transmission System shall be as follows:
(1) following a Fault Outage of any single Transmission Circuit, no Loss of
Power Infeed shall occur;
(2) following the arranged outage of any single section Busbar, the Loss of Power
Infeed shall not exceed the Largest Loss of Power Infeed Risk;
(3) following a Fault Outage of any single Generation Circuit or a single section
of Busbar, the instantaneous Loss of Power Infeed shall not exceed the Largest
Loss of Power Infeed Risk;
(4) following the Fault Outage of any single Transmission Circuit, single section
of Busbar, during the arranged outage of any other single Transmission Circuit
or single section of Busbar, the Loss of Power Infeed shall not exceed the
Largest Loss of Power Infeed Risk;
(5) following the Fault Outage of any single Busbar coupler circuit breaker or
Busbar section circuit breaker or mesh circuit breaker, during the arranged
outage of any single section of Busbar or mesh corner, the Loss of Power
Infeed shall not exceed the Largest Loss of Power Infeed Risk.
2.3.2.5 The Transmission Capacity for the connection of a Power Station shall be planned
such that, for the background conditions described in paragraph 2.3.2.4, prior to
any fault there shall not be any:
(1) equipment loadings exceeding their continuous rating;
(2) voltages outside the Pre-Disturbance Planning Voltage Limits or Insufficient
Voltage Performance Margins; or
(3) System Instability.
The above performance requirements are summarised in Table 4.12, in section
4.11, under system condition classified as Category A – No contingencies.
2.3.2.6 The Transmission Capacity for the connection of a Power Station shall also be
planned such that for the background conditions described in paragraph 2.3.2.4
and for the Secured Event of either an Outage of any of the following:
(1) a single Transmission Circuit or element, a reactive compensator or other
Reactive Power resource;
there shall not be any:
a) Loss of Supply Capacity;
b) Unacceptable Overloading of any Primary Transmission Equipment;
c) Unacceptable Voltage Conditions or Insufficient Voltage Performance
Margins; or
d) System Instability.
The above performance requirements, contingencies and impacts are summarised
in Table 4.12, in section 4.11, under system condition classified as Category B –
Events resulting in loss of a single element.
2.3.2.7 The Transmission Capacity for the connection of a Power Station shall also be
planned such that for the background conditions described in paragraph 2.3.2.4
and for the Secured Event of a Fault Outage of any of the following:
2.3.2.8 Under maintenance conditions it shall be assumed that the prior circuit outage(s)
specified in paragraphs 2.3.2.7(1) and 2.3.2.7(4) reasonably form part of the
typical outage pattern referred to in paragraph 2.2.2.4(2) rather than in addition to
that typical outage pattern i.e., only a reasonable typical outage pattern will be
assumed without any double counting or excessive and unrealistic outages being
included.
2.3.2.9 In the event of a contingency more severe than those described in 2.3.2.3, 2.3.2.6
and 2.3.2.7 of this chapter which results in a total generation infeed loss up to the
Infrequent Infeed Loss Risk the Frequency shall not fall below 47.5Hz, with all
defence measures inplace and operational. System performance requirements,
contingencies and expected impacts following more severe or extreme
contingencies than those described in 2.3.2.3, 2.3.2.6 and 2.3.2.7 are summarised
in Table 4.12, in section 4.11, under system condition classified as Category D –
Extreme events resulting in two or more elements removed or cascading out of
service.
2.3.2.12 Any generation connection design variation must not, other than in respect of
the generation customer requesting the variation, either immediately or in the
foreseeable future:
(1) reduce the Security of the Transmission System to below the minimum
planning Criteria specified in Chapter 3; or
(2) result in additional investment or operational costs to any particular customer
or overall, or a reduction in the Security and quality of supply of the affected
customers’ connections to below the planning Criteria in this chapter or in the
Transmission System Power Quality Standards, unless specific agreements are
reached with affected customers; or
(3) compromise TNB’s ability to meet other statutory obligations or licence
obligations.
2.3.2.13 Should System conditions subsequently change, for example due to the
proposed connection of a new customer, such that either immediately or in the
foreseeable future, the conditions set out in paragraph 2.3.2.12(1) to (3) are no
longer satisfied, then alternative arrangements and/or agreements must be put in
place such that this Standard continues to be satisfied.
2.3.2.14 The additional operational costs referred to in paragraph 2.3.2.12(2) and/or any
potential Reliability implications shall be calculated by simulating the expected
operation of the Transmission System in accordance with the operational Criteria
set out in Chapters 3 and 4 of this Standard. Guidance on economic justification is
given in Appendix B.
2.3.3.1 The operational Criteria for generation connections are the same as the operational
Transmission System criteria which are set out in Chapter 3 of this Standard.
3.1 General
3.1.1 The Transmission System is and shall continue to be planned and developed such
that, under both normal System operational conditions or following a Secured
Contingency Event, there will be sufficient Transmission Capacity and capability
available to enable the System to return to normal operation. Normal operation of
the System in this respect means operation of the System within thermal, voltage,
Frequency and stability limits.
3.1.3 In some rare and extreme cases, Unsecured Contingency Events could also lead to
partial or full disruption of the whole System and affect supplies to consumers.
Under such adverse operating conditions, and as part of the special Protection and
defence measures, some generation and/or demand disconnection is permitted to
ensure stable operation of the remaining System in the post-contingency period.
3.1.5 This Chapter 3 also presents the planning and operational Criteria for ensuring
Reliability of the Transmission System. These Criteria apply throughout the
Transmission System and must be met by TNB in planning and operating the
Transmission System. In addition, in those parts of the Transmission System
where the Criteria of Chapter 2 also apply, those Criteria must be met.
3.2.1.1 The following System background conditions will be used to set up the base case
for the planning studies to determine the adequate Transmission Capacity
requirements for the Transmission System:
(1) For the Intact System, the base case power flows shall be set to those arising
from the Planned Transfer Condition prior to application of any fault or
outage;
(2) Conditions on the Transmission System shall be set to those which ought
reasonably to be foreseen to arise in the course of a year of operation. Such
conditions shall include forecast demand cycles, typical Power Station
operating regimes and consideration on arranged transmission equipment
outage. Rearrangement of transmission outages and appropriate reselection
of Generating Units, from those expected to be available may be considered
in order to satisfy the adequate Security Criteria provided that maintenance
access for each Transmission Circuit can be achieved and provided that such
measures are economically justified. Guidance on economic justification is
given in Appendix B;
(3) The expected Availability of generation reactive capability shall be set to that
which ought reasonably to be expected to arise. This shall take into account
the variation of reactive capability with the Active Power output as defined
in the machine performance chart. Any long term reactive capability
limitations and exemptions or derogations issued by the Energy Commission
will be taken into account. The target reactive output of generators, at this
stage, shall be set as close as possible to 50% of the expected available
reactive capability;
(4) The Planned Transfer Condition is defined as the condition arising from
scaling the Registered Capacities of each directly connected Power Station
and embedded Large Power Station such that the total of the scaled
capacities is equal to the Peak Demand plus dynamic spinning reserve for
Frequency control and minus imports from External Systems. This scaling
shall be achieved by ranking all directly connected Power Stations and
embedded Large Power Stations in order of likelihood of operation at times
of Peak Demand. Those Power Stations considered least likely to operate at
peak are progressively removed and treated as non-contributory until an
Operational Plant Margin of 10% or just fractionally below is achieved. This
is regarded as sufficient to meet the demand on the day with sufficient Plant
to cater for unscheduled outages and Plant breakdown;
Transmission System Reliability Standards Chapter 3:Transmission Reliability Standard
15
(5) The output of contributing Power Stations will include its operating reserve
which is calculated in accordance with their ability to provide dynamic
spinning response based on the characteristics of the Plant at that Power
Station;
(a) for thermal units, a typical dynamic response of about 8%, if the actual
response is not available;
(b) for GT units, a typical dynamic response of 10%, if the actual response
is not available;
(c) for hydro units, equally proportionally part loaded to balance the
demand, plus losses, plus interconnection infeed;
(d) power imports from External Systems (e.g., Thailand and/or
Singapore) shall be assumed to be at their typical values as indicated
by reciprocal agreements for the base case Planned Transfer Condition;
(e) a Load power factor of 0.9 or better shall be maintained, if the
measured power factor is not avilable, at the 132kV side of the
132/33kV and 132/11kV transformers; and
(f) for the Planned Transfer Conditions on the Transmission System there
shall not be:
(i) equipment loadings exceeding the pre-fault rating;
(ii) voltages outside the Pre-fault Planning Voltage Limits or
Insufficient Voltage Performance Margins; or
(iii) system Instability,
otherwise remedial planning measures to remove any violations will be
considered.
3.2.1.5 In addition to the requirements set out in paragraphs 3.2.1.3 and 3.2.1.4, for the
background conditions described in paragraph 3.2.1.1, the System shall also be
planned such that operational switching of any component or part of the Main
Interconnected Transmission System shall not cause:
(1) Unacceptable Overloading of any Primary Transmission Equipment;
3.2.1.6 Circuits comprising the Main Interconnected Transmission System shall not
exceed the circuit complexity limit defined in Appendix D.
3.2.2.1 The Main Interconnected Transmission System shall be operated under Prevailing
System Conditions so that for the Secured Contingency Event of a Fault Outage of
a single Transmission Circuit or Element, a reactive compensator or other
Reactive Power provider there shall not be any of the following:
(1) a Loss of Supply Capacity (except that under certain maintenance outage
conditions, should an unplanned outage occur, some loss of Load can be
accepted, and except as permitted in paragraph 3.2.2.3);
(2) Unacceptably High or Low Frequency Conditions;
(3) Unacceptable Overloading of any Primary Transmission Equipment;
(4) Unacceptable Voltage Conditions; or
(5) System Instability.
The above performance requirements, contingencies and impacts are summarised
in Table 4.12, in section 4.11, under system condition classified as Category B –
Events resulting in loss of a single element.
3.2.2.2 The Main Interconnected Transmission System shall be operated under Prevailing
System Conditions so that for Contingency Event of any of the following:
(1) a Double Circuit Overhead Line (with the exception of 500kV and radial
275kV lines); or
(2) a single Transmission Circuit with the prior outage of another Transmission
Circuit (with the exception of 500kV and radial 275kV lines); or
(3) a section of Busbar or mesh corner; or
3.2.2.3 The operational Criteria above are subject to the following exceptions:
(1) Provided that it is in accordance with the appropriate requirements of the
demand connections criteria in part 3.3 of this Chapter 3, there may be an
associated Loss of Supply Capacity due to a Secured Contingency Event, for
example by virtue of the design of the generation connections and/or the
designed switching arrangements at the substations concerned. Typical
examples of this could be:
(a) at mesh substations where the loss of a Double Circuit Overhead Line
would result in the consequential loss of mesh corner Demand Supply
Point transformers;
(b) Demand Supply Point transformers which are teed off circuits that form
part of the Main Interconnected Transmission System and which would
become disconnected following the loss of these circuits.
(2) During periods of Severe Weather conditions or other high System risk
periods, TNB Transmission Division may implement measures to mitigate the
consequences of this risk. Such measures may include reducing output at
certain Power Stations.
3.2.2.4 For the purposes of paragraph 3.2.2.2, it is acceptable to utilise short term post
fault actions to avoid Unacceptable Overloading of Primary Transmission
Equipment which may include a requirement for demand reduction; however this
will not be used as a method of increasing reserve to cover abnormal post fault
generation reduction. Where possible these post fault actions shall be notified to
the appropriate Users. Normally the provisions of the Grid Code, in respect of
Emergency Manual Demand Disconnection will be applied. Additional post fault
actions beyond the Grid Code provisions may be applied, but only where they
have been agreed in advance with the appropriate Users.
3.2.2.6 Authorised Variations From the Operational Criteria - The principles of these
operational Criteria shall be applied at all times except in special circumstances
where TNB, following consultation with the appropriate Network Operator,
Generator or Directly Connected Customer, may need to give instructions to the
contrary to preserve overall System integrity.
3.2.3.2 In practice however, TNB Transmission Division shall evaluate and install
special protective measures and defence mechanisms such that the impact of the
Unsecured Contingency Events is contained such that only part of the System
may be affected with some generation and demand loss.
3.2.3.3 The Transmission System is and shall continue to be planned and developed
such that special protective measures and defence mechanisms are included not
only to prevent a total System shutdown but also to facilitate rapid recovery to
normal System operation in the case of Unsecured Contingency Events. Under
such adverse operating conditions and as part of the special Protection and
defence measures loss of some generation and/or demand is permitted to ensure
stable operation of the remaining System in the post-contingency period.
3.2.3.4 Planning Requirements - As part of the System planning process, based upon the
System background conditions in paragraph 3.2.1.1 (used to set up the base case
for the planning studies to determine the adequate Transmission Capacity
requirements for the Transmission System), TNB shall study the impact of and
the sensitivity of the System to Unsecured Contingency Events relating to
multiple and very severe but rare System contingency events well beyond the
Secured Contingency Events.
3.2.3.5 For the impact assessment at the System planning stage the following types of
Unsecured Contingency Events will be considered and fully evaluated.
Consideration and full evaluation of events will not be restricted to those events
listed below but an assessment of reported events occurring in other power
Systems and a full consideration of such events as relevant to the Transmission
System. The types of Unsecured Contingency Events include:
(1) Loss of a bus section;
(2) Stuck breaker;
3.3.1.1 The Demand Connection Criteria relate to the planning of demand connections
and provision of sufficient transformer capacity and/or demand transfer facilities
to avoid undue Loss of Supply Capacity for Secured Contingency Outages
included in the Transmission Reliability Standard. These Criteria enable TNB
Transmission Division and the Distributors, Network Operators or Directly
Connected Customers to make necessary investments ensuring the planning,
development and operation of the Transmission and Distribution Systems within
the provisions of Transmission System Reliability and Power Quality Standards,
and the Grid Code both under normal and Secured Contingency Outage
conditions.
3.3.1.2 This section of Chapter 3 presents the planning and operational Criteria for the
connection of demand to the Transmission System. In those parts of the
Transmission System where the Criteria of Chapter 2 of this Standard also apply,
those Criteria must also be met.
3.3.2.1 The objective of planning is to ensure there are sufficient connections from the
Transmission System at the Demand Supply Point such that the demand can be
fully met under secured contingency conditions.
3.3.2.2 The supply of demand shall also be planned such that for the background
conditions described in paragraph 3.2.1.1 and for the Secured Contingency Event
of a Fault Outage of a single Transmission Circuit, a reactive compensator or
other Reactive Power resource, or a step down transformer supplying demand
whose high voltage side is connected to the Transmission System, there shall not
be any loss of demand. The performance requirements, contingencies and impacts
for the demand connection are summarised in Table 4.12, in section 4.11, under
system condition classified as Category B – Events resulting in loss of a single
element.
3.3.2.3 The above requirements shall not preclude the Customer/demand to be provided
with higher or lower security of supply level as stated in appropriate Agreement.
4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 This Chapter 4 presents performance criteria and limits used in this Standard for
planning and operation. performance criteria and limits specified in this Chapter
are:
(1) Voltage;
(2) Voltage Performance Margin;
(3) Frequency Limits;
(4) Stability Limits;
(5) Fault Clearing Times;
(6) Short Circuit Limits;
(7) Basic Insulation Levels;
(8) Criteria for Evaluating Unsecured Contingencies; and
(9) Thermal Loading Limits of Transmission Components.
4.1.2 The specified criteria and limits in this Chapter shall be complied with for
planning and operation of the Grid as outlined in Chapter 2 and Chapter 3.
4.2 Voltage
4.2.1 The Transmission System is planned, maintained and operated in accordance with
the Standards included in Chapters 2 and 3. Pre-Fault Planning Voltage Limits
and Unacceptable Voltage Conditions are defined as follows. The operation of the
System is planned in Operational Planning timescales for operation within the
Pre-Fault Planning Voltage Limits and operated under the Prevailing System
Conditions so that for the Secured Contingency Event of a Fault Outage, any
Unacceptable Voltage Conditions will not be experienced. Under rare Unsecured
Contingency Events some parts of the System may experience Unacceptable
Voltage Conditions and some parts of the voltage may experience total loss of the
supply voltage.
4.2.3 In both planning and operational timescales the voltage is unacceptable if outside
the limits set out in table 4.2.
Less than
(+5.0%) Note 4 (+6.0%) (-6.0%)
132kV
Note 5
Note1 These voltages to be achieved without widespread post-fault generation transformer re-tapping or
postfault adjustment of reactive compensation equipment reference voltage set points to increase the
Reactive Power output or to avoid exceeding the available reactive capability of generation or
reactive compensation equipment.
Note 2 It is permissible to relax this to 550kV (+10%) if lasting for no longer than 15 minutes (or longer if
the equipment permits).
Note 3 It is permissible to relax this to 450kV (-10%) if:
the affected substations are on the same radially fed spur post-fault;
there is no lower voltage interconnection from these substations to other Main
Interconnected System Substations; and
no auxiliaries of Large Power Stations are derived from them.
Note 4 It shall be possible to operate the lower voltage Busbar of a Demand Supply Point up to 100% of
nominal voltage unless the Secured Contingency Event includes the simultaneous loss of a
500/275kV transformer.
Note 5 The target operational voltages at Demand Supply Point should be as agreed with relevant
Users.
Note 6 It is permissible to relax this to 550kV (+10%) if lasting for no longer than 15 minutes (or longer if
the equipment permits).
4.2.6 Immediately following a fault clearance and removal of the faulted item of
equipment from the Transmission System, and, prior to reaching Steady State
conditions whose limits are described in Sections 4.2.3 and 4.2.4 above, the
voltage at any point on the Main Interconnected Transmission System is
unacceptable if outside the limits set out in the table 4.5.
4.3.1 At the planning stage power transfer within the System and at each specific
demand point shall be limited such that there is a margin of 15% to the maximum
possible transmitted power, under the base case conditions described in Section
3.2.1.1 of this Standard.
4.3.2 At the planning stage power transfer within the System and at each specific
demand point shall be limited such that there is a margin of 7.5% to the maximum
possible transmitted power, under the contingency conditions described in Section
3.2.1.4 of this Standard.
4.3.3 During operation, power transfer within the System and at each specific demand
point shall be limited such that there is a margin of 5% to the maximum possible
transmitted power, under the contingency conditions described in Section 3.2.2.1
of this Standard.
4.3.4 These voltage margin Criteria are in additon to any other voltage Criteria
requirements.
4.4.2 The System Frequency could rise to 52Hz or fall to 47Hz in extremely rare and
exceptional circumstances. Therefore the design of both TNB and User's Plant and
Apparatus must enable operation of that Plant and Apparatus within that range in
accordance with table 4.6.
4.5.1 The relative rotor angle of any two Generating Units in the System must not
exceed 180 degrees at any time.
4.5.2 Following any disturbance the Damping Ratio of power, angle or voltage
oscillation must not be less than 5%.
4.6.1 The following maximum fault clearance times (see table 4.7) are normally
expected from the Main Protection equipment installed in the Transmission
System.
4.6.3 For operational studies the Protection times in 4.6.2 shall also be used. However,
where the used of fault clearing times in 4.6.2 is found to be limited, the actual
fault clearing times may be used.
4.7.1 The Transmission System shall be planned such that the maximum sub-transient
three phase symmetrical short circuit fault levels are not greater than 90% of the
switching equipment short-circuit ratings, the breaking and making capacities of
switching equipment shall not be exceeded under maximum system short circuit
condition.
4.8.1 Typical Basic Impulse Insulation Levels (BIL) of the Transmission and
Distribution Systems are as given in the following table. The User’s Plant and
Apparatus is required to match these insulation levels. These may vary under
specific circumstances.
4.9.1 For the purposes of determining the types of special Protection and defence
measures the following contingencies which will be considered together with the
appropriate Fault Outage Criteria to be considered are listed in table 4.10 and also
as described under Category D of Table 4.12, in section 4.11,. In all these cases
special Protection and/or defence measures shall be put in place such that whilst
some demand and generation loss may be experienced a total System shutdown
will be avoided.
Loss of one Bipole of Blocking of one Bipole through its Outage of some elements of
the HVDC control equipment reducing the current the HVDC link
Interconnector flow to zero and the resumption of
current flow
4.10.1 The thermal loading limits of equipment in planning and operational timescales
are defined in table 4.11.
4.11.1 Table 4.12 summarises the required and/or expected performance of the
transmission system under four (4) categories of contingencies and for each
category:
(1) the initiating events and contingency elements; and
(2) system performance requirements and expected impacts
are specified.
Notes:
(a) Applicable rating refers to the applicable Normal and Emergency facility thermal Rating (see table
4.11) or system voltage limit as determined and consistently applied specified in section 4.1 of this
Standard. Applicable Ratings may include Emergency Ratings applicable for short durations as
required to permit operating steps necessary to maintain system control.
(b) Planned or controlled interruption of electric supply to radial customers or some local Network
customers connected to or supplied by the Faulted element or by the affected area, may occur in certain
areas without impacting the overall reliability of the interconnected transmission systems. To prepare
for the next contingency, system adjustments are permitted, including curtailments of contracted firm
power transfers.
(c) Depending on system design and expected system impacts, the controlled interruption of electric
supply to customers (load shedding), the planned removal from service of certain generation, and/or the
curtailment of contracted firm power transfers maybe necessary to maintain the overall reliability of the
interconnected transmission systems.
(d) A number of extreme contingencies that are listed under Category D and judged to be critical will be
selected for evaluation. It is not expected that all possible facility outages under each listed contingency
of Category D will be evaluated.
(e) Normal clearing is when the protection system operates as designed and the Fault is cleared in the time
normally expected with proper functioning of the installed protection systems (see table 4.7). Delayed
clearing of a Fault is due to failure of any protection system component such as a relay, circuit breaker,
or current transformer, and not because of an intentional design delay. Three phase delayed clearing is
when a three phase fault is cleared in normal clearing time followed by a SLG fault cleared after a
delay time (to represent the single pole of a stuck breaker or protection system failure). Typical delay
times are 250 milliseconds
(f) System assessment may exclude these events where multiple circuit lowers are used over short
distances (e.g. substation entrance, river crossings).
Version 2.0
Edition 1.0
1.1.1 In this Standard, Power Quality is defined as the degree to which the Voltage at
the point of connection to the User of the Transmission System is maintained to be
Sinusoidal at declared rated Voltage and Frequency within the stipulated limits.
1.1.2 Major Power Quality Problems that are associated with the Transmission System
is Voltage Sag or Voltage Dip. Voltage sag would occur in the System during the
short-circuit fault. The most severe Voltage Sag would occur at the fault location
and the Voltage Sag effects would be propagated throughout the Systems with the
magnitude of the Voltage Dip attenuated.
1.1.3 Voltage Sag could also be caused by short circuit faults in User’s System and
propagated to other Users’ Systems through the Transmission Systems or through
the Distribution System as the case may be. Majority of problems associated with
harmonics are caused by non-linear loads that draw non-sinusoidal current from
the system and thus causing the supply voltage to be distorted. Frequent switching
of large load such as motors is also another source of power quality problems that
result in voltage flicker to be experienced by other Users.
1.1.4 The approaches to resolving power quality problems depend on the types of the
power quality problems. Both utility and Customers have their individual roles
and responsibilities in resolving power quality problems. Individual Customer
shall ensure that any non-linear load to be connected to the Transmission System
does not produce harmonic currents that would result in voltage at Point of
Common Coupling to be distorted beyond the limits as set out in section 2.4 of
this Standard. Likewise the utility shall continue to monitor and ensure that
Harmonic limits as specified in section 2.4 are complied with.
1.1.5 Voltage sag could affect sensitive loads usually connected at low voltage network
of the Customer’s installation. Not withstanding the presence of several voltage
transformations from transmission voltage to low voltage, voltage sag caused by
Transmission faults can affect Customers voltage sensitive loads and the effect is
more pronounced during severe three-phase faults on the Transmission System. It
shall be the responsibility of the utility to provide appropriate information on
voltage sag and for the individual customer to ensure sufficient ride-through
capability of the voltage sensitive equipment.
1.1.7 The requirements and limits specified in this Standard shall also be complied with
by all Users connected or intending to be connected to the Transmission System.
1.1.8 Consequently these Standards also determine the investment required in provision
and/or procurement of Supplementary Services such as Reactive Power, Active
Power response, hot standby generation, fast start generation, demand control and
black start by TNB Transmission. They also indicate the investment required both
in the Transmission and Distribution Systems for containing harmonics, voltage
unbalance as well as the permitted types and levels of special Loads adversely
affecting the power quality and requirements for compensation plant to limit their
adverse effects. Compliance with these Standards is the responsibility of TNB
Transmission, Generators, Distributors, Network Operators and Non-Embedded
Customers.
1.1.9 In order to achieve the required Transmission Power Quality these Standards will
be used by TNB Transmission in planning, developing, maintaining and operating
the Transmission System as well as in connecting generation and demand to the
System. In turn the equipment utilised by the Generators, TNB Transmission,
Distributors and Customers also need to comply with the provisions of this
Standard. Compliance with these Standards is therefore not optional and where a
connecting party’s plant or equipment is likely to be non-compliant at the
planning stage then such plant and/or equipment will not be energised until
appropriate remedial measures are put in place and are fully functional. In
addition, TNB Transmission shall put in place appropriate monitoring facilities to
ensure compliance with the provisions of this Standard as part of its Licence.
1.1.10 In cases where, the nature and operation of the new types of plant and equipment
to be connected to the Transmission System is perceived to be likely to cause
problems to other customers and user’s of the System, but not fully covered by
this Standard, appropriate remedial measures shall be put in place based on expert
advice within a mutually agreed time period.
1.2.1 This Standard covers most of the power quality related phenomena generated by
various types of plant and equipment connected to the Transmission System. In
each particular case the Transmission Power Quality that should be maintained is
indicated together with the remedial approach and responsibilities of parties.
2.1.1 Voltage “sag”, “dip” or “swell” is the transient phenomena which can affect the
voltage level and is usually experienced during System faults and the subsequent
recovery period. These phenomena can adversely affect some customer equipment
that are sensitive to such changes. This Standard does not specifically cover
voltage “sag”, “dip” or “swell”.
2.1.2 The voltage sags are caused by faults on the Transmission System due to short
circuits incidents which are cleared by System Protection. The nature and
technical detail of such events is a function of the location of the connection point
on the System, the distance of the short circuit from the connection point and the
short-circuit level at the connection point, the severity (magnitude and duration) of
the short circuit. Voltage Sag may also be caused by short-circuit fault in one
User’s System and propagated to other Users’ Systems through the Transmission
System.
2.1.3 In most cases, the Transmission System faults were cleared within the primary
protection fault clearing time. Statistics of monitored events of voltage sags
indicates that not all faults on the Transmission System affect voltage sensitive
customer demand. However for certain severe fault, the voltage sag may be felt by
voltage sensitive customer up to (three hundred) 300km away from the fault
location.
2.1.4 There is no single Standard for voltage sag but statistical information is available
from TNB Transmission in terms of past records of voltage sag events. If Users
or prospective Users have equipment which are sensitive to voltage sags, they can
request such statistical information from TNB at the application stage to enable
compatibility assessment to be carried out, if necessary. Whenever necessary,
remedial actions may be rendered by TNB and/or the affected Customer through
appropriate Agreement.
Transmission System Power Quality Standards Chapter 2: Transmission Power Quality Standards
41
2.2 Voltage Step Change
2.2.1 Under System operational conditions, elements of the Transmission System need
to be switched to optimise the operation of the System, to facilitate maintenance
and to isolate faulty equipment for repair. Under such operational activities,
switching of any element or equipment shall not cause unacceptable Voltage Step
Changes. The voltage change is deemed unacceptable if it changes by more than
the limits set out in Sectıon 4.2.4 of the Transmission System Reliability
Standards.
2.2.2 Limits of voltage changes due to Load, frequent and infrequent operational
switching of Load both by TNB and the User are defined in Sectıon 4.2.5 of the
Transmission System Reliability Standards.
2.3.1 The limits of Flicker that are acceptable on the Transmission System are in
accordance with the “Engineering Recommendation P28, Issued by The
Electricity Council of UK in 1989 entitled Planning Limits for Voltage
Fluctuation Caused by Industrial, Commercial and Domestic Equipment in the
United Kingdom” (ER P28). TNB Transmission Division uses the procedures
contained in this document to plan the connection of Fluctuating Loads and
applies the limits therein in measuring and monitoring the levels of Flicker at such
points of connection.
Transmission System Power Quality Standards Chapter 2: Transmission Power Quality Standards
42
Table 2.1: Maximum allowable flicker severity
Transmission System Absolute Short Absolute Long
Voltage Level at which the Term Flicker Term Flicker
Fluctuating Load is Severity (Pst) Severity (Plt)
Connected
500, 275 and 132kV 0.8 0.6
Less than 132kV 1.0 0.8
2.3.4 Connection of more than one Fluctuating Load at the same Point of Common
Coupling or addition of further Fluctuating Load at the same location is carried
out on a “first come first served” basis on the Transmission System. This means
that whilst the first Fluctuating Load may be within the allowable Flicker limits
and not require any Flicker mitigation or compensation equipment, the second
Fluctuating Load which may cause violation of Flicker limits will be obliged to
invest in appropriate Flicker mitigation or compensation equipment. At the
planning stage, in carrying out the assessment of the total Flicker due to more than
one Fluctuating Load connecting at a particular Points of Common Coupling TNB
shall use the methodology described in P28.
2.3.5 In assessing level of Flicker due to a Fluctuating Load at the planning stage the
assessment will be carried out at a realistic Weak System operating condition
giving the minimum number of connections with which that point on the System
can be operated within normal voltage limits with maintenance outages or
following Secured Contingency Events. This condition shall be considered as
representative of the type of System conditions under which the Flicker due to a
Fluctuating Load will be at its highest value as the voltage fluctuations due to the
Fluctuating Load will be at their highest level under such conditions.
2.3.6 If under the operating conditions described in 2.3.5 the Flicker due to a
Fluctuating Load exceeds the limits then Flicker compensation which will reduce
the Flicker to an acceptable level shall be installed. For the avoidance of doubt the
acceptance Criteria for Flicker is the 95% values of Short and Long Term Flicker
Severity i.e., Pst and Plt will be below the limits specified in the above table. Here
the 95% values mean the 95th percentile of the cumulative probability function of
Transmission System Power Quality Standards Chapter 2: Transmission Power Quality Standards
43
the values of Flicker Severity measured and observed during the total observation
period. The System overall performance yardstick for the level of Flicker
reduction to be achieved shall be based upon enabling connection of other similar
Fluctuating Load and/or permitting for future extension and development of the
location with further Fluctuating Load installations. The Flicker compensation
method and equipment to be used shall be of a type that does not cause resonance
problems with the existing and intended future developments of the Transmission
System.
2.3.7 If the permissible Flicker limits cannot be met even with installation of Flicker
compensation at a particular Points of Common Coupling at a particular System
voltage level then connection of the Fluctuating Load at a higher voltage level or
elsewhere in the System shall be considered. The connection point of choice will
need to have to experience lower voltage fluctuations than the first connection
point considered under the operational conditions in 2.3.5.
2.4 Harmonics
2.4.1 The limits of Harmonics that are acceptable on the Transmission System are in
accordance with the IEC Standard 61000-3-6 “Assessment of emission limits for
distorting loads in MV and HV power systems”. TNB Transmission uses the
procedures contained in this document to plan the connection of Loads producing
Harmonics and applies the limits therein in measuring and monitoring the levels
of harmonics at such points of connection.
2.4.2 All plant and equipment connected to the Transmission System, and that part of
the Transmission System at each connection site, should be capable of
withstanding the following distortions of the voltage waveform in respect of
harmonic content. The maximum total levels of Harmonic Distortion at any
connection point on the Transmission System from all sources under both planned
outage and Secured Contingency Event conditions, unless abnormal conditions
prevail, shall not exceed:
(1) at 500kV, 275kV and 132kV, a maximum planning limit for Total Harmonic
Distortion of 3% with no individual Harmonic Voltage greater than that shown
in the table 2.2;
(2) infrequent short duration peaks may be permitted by TNB to exceed the above
levels for harmonic distortion;
(3) TNB will make an assessment for the connection of each Load to the
Transmission System, which may result in harmonic emission limits being
specified for these Loads in the relevant Agreement. The assessment will take
Transmission System Power Quality Standards Chapter 2: Transmission Power Quality Standards
44
into account the position of existing and prospective Users’ Plant and
Apparatus in relation to harmonic emissions. Users must ensure that
connection of distorting Loads to their User Systems do not cause any
harmonic emission limits specified in the Connection Agreement to be
exceeded; and
(4) Users shall ensure that the Immunity Level of their plant and Apparatus is
compatible with the electromagnetic disturbances present on the System
including harmonics.
2.4.3 In assessing level of Harmonic Distortion and Individual Harmonic Levels at the
planning stage the assessment will be carried out at a realistic Weak System
operating condition giving the minimum number of connections with which that
point on the System can be operated within normal voltage limits with
maintenance outages or following Secured Contingency Events. This condition
shall be considered as representative of the type of System conditions under which
the Harmonic Distortion and Individual Harmonic Levels will be at their highest
value.
2.4.4 If under the operating conditions described in 2.4.3 the Harmonic Distortion and
Individual Harmonic Level due to the Load exceed the limits then harmonic filters
which will reduce the harmonics to an acceptable level shall be installed to bring
the levels within the limits. The System overall performance yardstick for the
level of harmonic reduction to be achieved shall be based upon enabling
connection of other similar harmonic producing Load and/or permitting for future
extension and development of the location with further harmonic producing Load
installations. The harmonic filters to be installed shall be of a type that does not
cause resonance problems with the existing and intended future developments of
the Transmission System.
Transmission System Power Quality Standards Chapter 2: Transmission Power Quality Standards
45
Table 2.2: Indicative Values of Planning Levels for Harmonic Voltage in HV
(35 < kV < 230) and EHV (kV >230)
Odd Harmonics Odd Harmonics Even Harmonics
(Non-multiple of 3) (Multiple of 3)
Order Harmonic Order Harmonic Order Harmonic
“h” Voltage (%) “h” Voltage (%) “h” Voltage (%)
5 2.0 3 2.0 2 1.5
7 2.0 9 1.0 4 1.0
11 1.5 15 0.3 6 0.5
13 1.5 21 0.2 8 0.4
17 1.0 >21 0.2 10 0.4
19 1.0 12 0.2
23 0.7 >12 0.2
25 0.7
>25 0.2+0.5(25/h)
The total harmonic distortion level is 3%
2.5.2 In all power Systems including the Transmission System, the impedances of each
phase of the transmission lines are unequal due to differences in their physical
geometry, and therefore create a voltage unbalance at the termination points of the
lines. As a general rule, the longer the line the higher this unbalance will be. In
addition the demands connected to each phase at a Demand Supply Point are not
precisely equal as customers connected to individual phases utilise their
equipment at varying times. Also there are large single-phase connected demands
such as railway traction Loads connected at various points. Together these factors
create a level of unbalance between the phases of the transmission lines within the
Transmission System causing the so called negative phase sequence currents to
circulate in the Transmission System which can be harmful to plant equipment if
they exceed certain levels.
Transmission System Power Quality Standards Chapter 2: Transmission Power Quality Standards
46
System. This process requires a change in the physical position of each phase
conductor over the length of the line. Thus a full transposition would involve each
phase conductor to physically occupy a different position at each third of the line
length. This undertaking by itself is sometimes not sufficient to reduce the
circulating negative phase sequence currents due to the connected single-phase
and unbalanced three-phase Loads. In such cases it is necessary to install
compensation equipment at the point of connection of the specific Load to achieve
balanced voltages within specified limits given below.
2.5.4 All plant and equipment connected to the Transmission System, and that part of
the Transmission System at each connection site, should be capable of
withstanding the following distortions of the voltage waveform in respect of Phase
Unbalance at the planning stage.
1) Under planned outage conditions, the maximum negative phase sequence
component of the phase voltage on the Transmission System should remain
below 1% unless abnormal conditions prevail (P29 limit is not exceeding 2%
for 1 minute).
2) Under the planned outage conditions, infrequent short duration peaks with a
maximum value of 2% are permitted for Phase Unbalance, subject to the prior
agreement of TNB under the connection agreement. TNB will only agree
following a specific assessment of the impact of these levels on TNB and
other Users’ plant and equipment with which it is satisfied.
3) At the terminals of a User’s installation or specific Load the unbalance voltage
shall not exceed 1% for 5 occasions within any thirty (30) minute time period.
4) In terms of traction Loads connected to the Transmission System the
acceptable limits of unbalance are in accordance with “Engineering
Recommendation (E/R) P24, issued by the Electricity Council of UK in 1984
entitled “AC Traction Supplies to British Rail” and its successor document P
29 issued in 1990 “Planning Limits for Voltage unbalance in the United
Kingdom”. TNB Transmission uses the procedures contained in this document
to plan the connection of Loads producing Unbalance and applies the limits
therein in measuring and monitoring the levels of unbalance at such points of
connection.
2.5.5 In assessing level of Unbalance at the planning stage the assessment will be
carried out at a realistic Weak System operating condition giving the minimum
number of connections with which that point on the System can be operated
within normal voltage limits with maintenance outages or following Secured
Contingency Events. This condition shall be considered as representative of the
type of System conditions under which the Unbalance will be at its highest value.
Transmission System Power Quality Standards Chapter 2: Transmission Power Quality Standards
47
2.5.6 If under the operating conditions described in 2.5.4 the Unbalance due to the Load
exceeds the limits then balancing compensation equipment which will reduce the
unbalance to an acceptable level shall be installed to bring the levels within the
limits. The System overall performance yardstick for the level of unbalance
reduction to be achieved shall be based upon enabling connection of other similar
unbalance producing Load and/or permitting for future extension and
development of the location with further unbalance producing Load installations.
The balancing compensation equipment to be installed shall be of a type that does
not cause resonance problems with the existing and intended future developments
of the Transmission System.
2.5.7 Current TNB practice requires that 500kV overhead line with more than fifty (50)
km in length to be fully transposed.
Transmission System Power Quality Standards Chapter 2: Transmission Power Quality Standards
48
2.6 Step Changes of Power
2.6.2 In the case of an arc furnace installation the following restrictions will apply:
(1) No initial arcing is to be carried out simultaneously for any combination of
arcing Loads that lead to a step power magnitude greater than that described in
Section 2.6.1 (1) of this Standard.
(2) Suitable interlocking Systems shall be provided to ensure compliance with (1)
above.
Transmission System Power Quality Standards Chapter 2: Transmission Power Quality Standards
49
Glossary and Definitions for Transmission System
Reliability Standards and Transmission System Power
Quality Standards
50
TERM DEFINITION
Active Power The product of voltage and the in-phase component of alternating current
measured in units of watts and standard multiples thereof, i.e.:
1000 Watts = 1 kW
1000 kW = 1 MW
1000 MW = 1 GW
1000 GW = 1 TW
Apparatus All types of equipment in which electrical conductors are used, supported
or of which they may form a part or High Voltage electrical circuits
forming part of a System on which safety precautions may be applied to
allow work and/or testing to be carried out.
Apparent Power The product of voltage and of alternating current measured in units of
voltamperes and standard multiples thereof, i.e.:
1000 VA = 1 kVA
1000 kVA = 1 MVA
Glossary and Defintions for Transmission System Reliability Standards and Transmission System Power Quality
Standards
51
TERM DEFINITION
Embedded Customers and Network Operators connected to
Transmission System excluding External Systems.
Damping Ratio A term used to describe the rate at which the amplitude of a Power
System oscillation frequency, represented by a complex pair of
eigenvalues (σ±jω), will decay as given by the expression:
−σ
ς(%) = ×100
2 2
σ +ω
DC Link An HVDC system comprising rectifier and inverter and uses one
Monopole conductor for connection with metallic or ground return.
Demand The Criteria which ensure Adequacy of transformer capacity to meet the
Connection Distribution Systems or Network Operators or Non-Embedded
Criteria Customers demand connected at Demand Connection Points and
Demand Supply Points across the System.
Glossary and Defintions for Transmission System Reliability Standards and Transmission System Power Quality
Standards
52
TERM DEFINITION
energy to the customers connected to the Distribution System.
Distribution A set of technical rules setting the Criteria and Standards to be complied
Code with in planning the development of, connection to and operation of a
Distribution System, receiving bulk power from the Main
Interconnected Transmission System and which may also contain
generation plant, with legal status.
Distribution These Standards specify the quality of the supply to be delivered at the
Power Quality connection point of the consumer to the Distribution System, in terms of
Standards stable voltage and frequency within specific limits so that consumer
equipment connected to the System can operate safely within its design
performance without suffering undue damage or breakdown. These
Standards also indicate the investment required both in the Distribution
System for containing harmonics, voltage unbalance as well as the
permitted types and levels of special equipment and Loads adversely
affecting the power quality and requirements for compensation plant to
limit their adverse effects.
Distribution The System consisting (wholly or mainly) of electric lines which are
System owned or operated by a Distribution Company and used for the
distribution of electricity from Bulk Supply Points or Generating Units
or other connections to External Systems to the point of delivery to
Customers, or other Users, and includes any Plant and Apparatus and
meters owned or operated by the Distribution Company in connection
with the distribution of electricity, but does not include any part of the
Transmission System.
Double Circuit A transmission line which consists of two circuits sharing the same towers
Overhead Line for at least one span or more.
Glossary and Defintions for Transmission System Reliability Standards and Transmission System Power Quality
Standards
53
TERM DEFINITION
Electric Power All the elements encompassing the production, transmission, distribution,
System and delivery electric power to Users.
Fault Outage(s) An outage due to an event occuring on electric system such as a short
circuit, a broken wire or intermittent correction.
Flicker Flicker is the sensation experienced by the human visual system when
subjected to changes occurring in the illumination intensity of light
sources. Persistently and rapidly varying illumination due to the System
voltage changes caused by rapidly varying Loads such as arc furnaces can
cause annoyance and adverse effects.
Flicker Severity A measure of the visual severity of Flicker derived from the time series
(Short Term) output of a Flicker meter over a ten (10) minute period and as such
provides an indication of the risk of customer complaints.
Fluctuating These are the types of non-linear Loads connected to Electric Power
Load Systems causing rapid voltage fluctuations due to rapid variations in their
active and reactive requirements dictated by the nature of the associated
process or the process control requirements. Typical examples of such
Loads are resistance welding machines, rolling mills, arc furnaces, arc
welders, saw/woodchip mills, rock crushers and large scale lasers.
Glossary and Defintions for Transmission System Reliability Standards and Transmission System Power Quality
Standards
54
TERM DEFINITION
Frequency The number of alternating current cycles per second (expressed in Hertz)
at which the Transmission System is running.
Generation The sum of the rated outputs of Generating Units connected to the
Capacity Transmission System including allowances for reduction in the rating of
units.
Generation The total installed Generation Capacity required to meet the peak
Capacity System demand during a specific period (normally a year) without
Requirements violating the requirements specified in the Generation Reliability
Standard.
Generation The sole electrical connection between one or more Generating Units and
Circuit the Main Interconnected Transmission System, i.e. a radial circuit
which if removed would disconnect the Generating Units.
Generation Point A point at which a Generating Unit or a CCGT module, as the case may
of Connection be, which is directly connected to the Transmission System, connects to
the TNB Transmission System. For the purpose of defining the
boundaries between the Main Interconnected Transmission System and
Generation Circuits, the Generation Point of Connection is taken to be
at point between the HV bushing and circuit breaker as per the Agreement
Glossary and Defintions for Transmission System Reliability Standards and Transmission System Power Quality
Standards
55
TERM DEFINITION
Generator A person or company who generates electricity under a licence granted by
the Energy Commission under the Electricity Act 1990 acting in its
capacity as a Generator in Peninsular Malaysia.
Grid Code A document that sets out the principles governing the relationship between
the GSO, Energy Commission, Single Buyer and all Users of the Grid
System.
Infrequent This is the Infrequent Infeed Loss Risk which is secured by TNB by
Infeed Loss Risk long term provision of sufficient dynamic spinning reserve, Reactive
Power reserve, and defence measures such as under Frequency Load
and/or under voltage shedding, to avoid deviation of Frequency beyond
the extremely rare limits, and voltage outside the unacceptable limits,
defined in Chapter 4 of the Transmission System Reliability Standard.
The Infrequent Infeed Loss Risk for the Peninsular Malaysian Power
System is defined as 2100MW and will remain at that value until review
of this Standard.
Insufficient Insufficient Voltage Performance Margin occurs when the margin to the
Voltage maximum possible transmitted power is less than that defined in Section 2
Performance of Chapter 4 of the Transmission System Relibaility Standard.
Margins
Intact System This is the Transmission System with no Outage i.e. with no arranged
outages (e.g. for maintenance) and no unplanned outages (e.g. fault).
Largest Loss of This is the Largest of Loss of Power Infeed risk which is secured by
Power Infeed TNB by long term provision of sufficient dynamic spinning reserve and
Risk Reactive Power reserve to avoid deviation of Frequency and voltage
beyond normal operational limits defined in Chapter 4 of the
Transmission System Reliability Standard for more than sixty (60)
seconds. The Largest Loss of Power Infeed Risk for the Peninsular
Malaysian Power System is defined as 700MW and will remain at that
value until review of this Standard.
Glossary and Defintions for Transmission System Reliability Standards and Transmission System Power Quality
Standards
56
TERM DEFINITION
installation or equipment connected to the Transmission System.
Loss of Load A reliability index that indicates the probability that some portion of the
Probability peak demand will not be satisfied by the available generating capacity as
defined in these standards. It may also be expressed as an expected
duration in a year for which the peak demand is not being met, in which
case it is referred as Loss of Load Expectation (LOLE).
Loss of Power The output of a Generating Unit or a group of Generating Units or the
Infeed import from External Systems disconnected from the System by a
Secured Contingency Event, less the demand disconnected from the
System by the same Secured Contingency Event. For the avoidance of
doubt if, following such a Secured Contingency Event, demand
associated with the normal operation of the affected Generating Unit(s) is
automatically transferred to a supply point which is not disconnected from
the System, e.g. the station board, then this shall not be deducted from the
total Loss of Power Infeed to the System. For the purpose of the
operational Criteria, the Loss of Power Infeed, includes the output of a
single Generating Unit, CCGT Module, boiler, or one pole of DC Link
loss as a result of an event.
Loss of Supply This is the reduction in the supply capacity at a Grid Supply Point as a
Capacity result of TNB’s failure to maintain the potential to provide the supply
capacity in full. For the avoidance of doubt, where TNB does maintain the
potential to provide a supply but, following an outage, demand is lost
because of circuit configurations not under the control of TNB, that lost
supply does not constitute Loss of Supply Capacity.
Glossary and Defintions for Transmission System Reliability Standards and Transmission System Power Quality
Standards
57
TERM DEFINITION
an Electrical Power System.
Malaysian All the parties associated with the generation, transmission, distribution
Electricity and use of electrical energy and the institutions related to the governance
Supply Industry thereof in Peninsular Malaysia.
Marshalling A substation which connects circuits from more than two line routes.
Substations
Normal Limits are those parameters defined in the Standards to indicate the
Operational performance of the System. The System is said to operating under
Limits Normal Operational Limits when all those limits defined in the
Standards are met.
Performance These are the Performance Requirements and Limits derived from the
Requirements Standard which describe the performance Criteria and limits applicable
and Limits in the planning, operational planning and actual operation of the System
which should be complied with in ensuring Security of the System
together with the required quality of supply.
Phase Unbalance The inequality between the magnitudes of the three phase voltages at a
specific point on the Transmission System where there is an appreciable
difference due to either the inequalities between the Load connected to
each phase and/or the inequalities of transmission line impedances in each
Glossary and Defintions for Transmission System Reliability Standards and Transmission System Power Quality
Standards
58
TERM DEFINITION
phase due to their geometry.
Planned The Planned Transfer Condition is defined as the condition arising from
Transfer scaling the Registered Capacities of each directly connected Power
Condition Station and embedded Large Power Station such that the total of the
scaled capacities is equal to the Peak Demand plus dynamic spinning
reserve for Frequency control and minus imports from External Systems.
Plant Fixed and movable items used in the generation and/or supply and/or
transmission of electricity, other than Apparatus.
Power Purchase A commercial agreement between TNB and a Generator for the purpose
Agreement of purchasing the power output of a particular generation Plant owned and
operated by the Generator. This agreement also contains technical clauses
relating to the connection and operation of the generation Plant.
Power Station An installation comprising one or more Generating Units (even where
sited separately) owned and/or controlled by the same Generator, which
may reasonably be considered as being managed as one Power Station.
Pre-Fault The voltage limits applicable in planning studies are as defined in Section
Planning Voltage 4.2 of the Transmission System Reliability Standard
Limits
Prevailing These are conditions on the Transmission System prevailing at any given
System time and will therefore normally include arranged outages (e.g. for
Conditions maintenance) and unplanned outages (e.g. fault).
Glossary and Defintions for Transmission System Reliability Standards and Transmission System Power Quality
Standards
59
TERM DEFINITION
Reactive Power The product of voltage and current and the sine of the phase angle between
them measured in units of voltamperes reactive and standard multiples
thereof, i.e.:
1000 VAr = 1 kVAr
1000 kVAr = 1 MVAr
Reactive Power The quantum of additonal reactive power from the Generating Units
Reserve and/or additional output from both static and dynamic reactive
compensation equipment to reach maximum reactive power output.
Registered In the case of a Generating Unit other than that forming part of a CCGT
Capacity Module, the normal full load capacity of a Generating Unit as declared
by the Generator, less the MW consumed by the Generating Unit
through the Generating Unit's unit transformer when producing the same
(the resultant figure being expressed in whole MW.) In the case of a
CCGT Module, the normal full load capacity of a CCGT Module as
declared by the Generator, being the Active Power declared by the
Generator as being deliverable by the CCGT Module at the Grid Entry
Point (or in the case of an Embedded CCGT Module, at the User
System Entry Point), expressed in whole MW.
Robustness The ability of the System to contain the extent of a disturbance resulting
from Unsecured Contingency Event into a wide scale outage or collapse.
RSS Rule A rule used to assess at the planning stage, the resultant Flicker due to a
Fluctuating Load connecting at a particular Point of Common Coupling
and the background Flicker at that point. The assessment is carried out by
obtaining the sum of the square of Flicker from the Fluctuating Load and
Glossary and Defintions for Transmission System Reliability Standards and Transmission System Power Quality
Standards
60
TERM DEFINITION
the background Flicker and the square root of this sum will yield the total
assessed Flicker at that Point of Common Coupling due to the specific
Fluctuating Load and the background Flicker at that point in accordance
with the procedure defined in P28.
Steady State A condition of a power System in which all automatic and manual
corrective actions have taken place and all of the operating quantities that
characterise it can be considered constant for the purpose of analysis.
Supplementary Services such as black start, MW response and reserve for Frequency
Services control, AGC, Reactive Power, reactive energy, stand-by reserve and
demand control.
Glossary and Defintions for Transmission System Reliability Standards and Transmission System Power Quality
Standards
61
TERM DEFINITION
System Any User System and/or the Transmission System, as the case may be.
Total System The total electrical demand that must be supplied through the
Demand Transmission System from generation and infeed through
interconnectors, and includes directly connected demand, demand at Bulk
Supply Points, exports through interconnectors and losses in the
Transmission System.
Thermal Rating The maximum amount of electric current that a transmission line or
electrical facility can conduct over a specific time period before it sustains
permanent damage by overheating or before it sags to a point that it violate
public safety requirement.
Glossary and Defintions for Transmission System Reliability Standards and Transmission System Power Quality
Standards
62
TERM DEFINITION
TNB Transmission Division of Tenaga Nasional Berhad(TNB).
Transmission
Transmission The loss of any element of the Transmission System due to a planned
Equipment action or fault occurance.
Outage
Transmission The quality of the bulk supply to be delivered to the Distribution System,
Power Quality at the bulk Demand Supply Points where the Distribution System is
connected to the Transmission System, in terms of voltage and
Frequency within specific limits so that Generator or consumer
equipment directly connected to the Transmission System can operate
safely within its design performance without suffering undue damage or
breakdown.
Transmission The Standards, which specify the quality of the bulk supply to be
System Power delivered to the Distribution System, at the bulk Demand Supply Points
Quality where the Distribution System is connected to the Transmission System,
Standards in terms of voltage and Frequency within specific limits so that
Generator or consumer equipment directly connected to the
Glossary and Defintions for Transmission System Reliability Standards and Transmission System Power Quality
Standards
63
TERM DEFINITION
Transmission System can operate safely within its design performance
without suffering undue damage or breakdown.
Transmission The Standards, determining the investment requirements for capital Plant
System and operational facilities; operation and maintenance practices; as well as
Reliability provision of services to ensure levels of Transmission System
Standard performance in accordance with these Standards in the Peninsular
Malaysian Transmission System or Transmission System.
Transmission The TNB Transmission System which comprises all the 500kV, 275kV,
System 132kV and 66kV elements but excludes Generation Circuits, transformer
connections to lower voltage Systems and External Interconnections
between the Transmission System and External Systems.
Unacceptable For Steady State Voltages, the voltage is unacceptable if it is outside the
Voltage limits set out in Section 4.2.3 of the Transmission System Reliability
Conditions Standard. For Voltage Step Changes, the voltage is unacceptable if it
changes by more than the limits set out Section 4.2.4 of the Transmission
System Reliability Standard
Unavailability A measure of the time a generating unit, transmission line, or other facility
which is not capable of providing service, whether or not it actually is in
service. Typically, this measure is expressed as a percentage of
Unavailability of the item for the period under consideration.
Glossary and Defintions for Transmission System Reliability Standards and Transmission System Power Quality
Standards
64
TERM DEFINITION
Users’ Plant and Plant and Apparatus owned and operated by a User.
Apparatus
User System Any System owned or operated by a User comprising Generating Units
and/or Systems consisting (wholly or mainly) of electric lines used for the
distribution of electricity from Demand Supply Points.
Glossary and Defintions for Transmission System Reliability Standards and Transmission System Power Quality
Standards
65
APPENDIX A – Background to the Standards
66
Appendix A
A1 Purpose
A1.1 The purpose and the objective of this appendix is to provide the background to
development and application of the Transmission System Reliability Standards
and Transmission System Power Quality Standards and their relationship to other
documents, technical codes and regulations governing the generation,
transmission, bulk delivery, distribution of electric power to all Users.
Generation G G
Generation Circuit Bulk
Generation Point Production
of Connection
DG
Distribution System
DG
Distribution Distribution Supply
Security and Power
Embedded Distribution
Quality Standards
Distribution
Customers
Transmission Transmission
Security Security
Standard Standard
Main Interconnected
Transmission System Transmission Transmission
Planning & System
Transmission Design Criteria Reliability
Transmission radial network Standards
Demand
Demand Point and demand points Connection
Criteria
of Connection Transmission
Quality of Supply System Power
Demand Supply Standard Quality Standard
Point (Bulk Supply)
Distribution
DG Distribution Supply
Security
Distribution System Standards Security and Power
DG Quality Standards
Distribution
Power Quality
Embedded Distribution Standards
Typical Peninsular
Distribution
Customers International Malaysia
Standards Standards
Fig A2: The Reliability and Power Quality Standards applicable to the Peninsular
Malaysian Interconnected Transmission System shown in comparison with
International Security and Quality of Supply Standards
GRID CODE
Transmission Power Quality Standards
Security
Main Interconnected Standard Criteria for planning & designing
the Transmission System that
Transmission System Transmission will deliver the Transmission
System system Reliability and Power
Transmission Reliability quality Standards
DISTRIBUTION CODE
DG Distribution
Supply Sufficient distribution capacity
Distribution System Security and to meet the demand for specified
DG Power contingencies within the Power
Quality Quality Limits
Embedded Distribution Standards
Peninsular Fundamental
Distribution
Customers Malaysia Contents of the
Standards Standards
Fig A3: The outline contents of Reliability/Security and Power Quality of Supply
Standards
A2.1 In large interconnected electric power Systems the Reliability and power quality
are of utmost importance as electricity is an essential commodity, which underpins
the economic activity. The Transmission Function of an electric power System is
pivotal to the objectives of:
(1) Developing and maintaining an efficient, coordinated and economical
Transmission System for bulk delivery of electricity supply;
(2) Ensuring continuous availability of sufficient energy supply for all consumers
with an adequate margin to ensure continuity of supply catering for equipment
maintenance and breakdown; and
(3) Ensuring defined levels of power quality which enables purchase, connection
and safe operation of equipment.
A2.2 In order to achieve the above objectives, the electric power Transmission System
needs to be planned, operated and maintained according to a set of Transmission
System Reliability and Power Quality Standards. The application of these
Standards determines the investment requirements for capital Plant and
operational facilities; operation and maintenance practices; as well as provision of
services for the Transmission System. The Transmission System Reliability
Standards include Generation Reliability Standards and Transmission Reliability
Standards which ensure Adequacy and secure planning and operation of
generation and transmission facilities.
A2.3 The transmission planning and development process involves the application of:
(1) Generation Reliability Standards;
(2) Transmission Reliability Standards; and
(3) Transmission System Power Quality Standards.
together with strategic, environmental and economic analysis, to determine the
planned development of the Transmission System to meet the forecast future
demand. The operational processes also involve application of these Standards in
operational planning, maintenance and actual operation of the power System
under the Prevailing System Conditions on the actual operational day. Whilst the
System operational conditions are carefully planned at the operational planning
stage, in the months, weeks and days ahead, the operation of the System on the
day is dictated by the prevailing actual climatic conditions, planned outages as
well as the unplanned events that occur on the day, such as unscheduled
generation breakdown, unplanned transmission outages due to faults and
exceptional demand. The Standards provide the limits and permissible excursions
of key System parameters in the form of Performance Requirements and Limits.
A2.4 The Transmission System Reliability Standards and Transmission System Power
Quality Standards mentioned above therefore determine a defined level of
Reliability and quality for electric power that is delivered at the bulk Demand
Supply Points where the Distribution System is connected to the Transmission
System as well as the points where Users are directly connected.
A3.1 In large electric power Systems the Distribution Systems are pivotal to achieving
the objectives of:
(1) Developing and maintaining an efficient, coordinated and economical
Distribution System for delivery of electricity supply from Bulk Supply Points
to consumers;
(2) Ensuring defined levels of power quality which enables purchase, connection
and safe operation of consumer equipment.
A3.2 In order to meet the objectives listed in paragraph A3.1, the electric power
Distribution System also needs to be planned, operated and maintained according
to a set of Distribution Supply Security and Power Quality Standards. The
development of these Standards, determine the investment requirements for capital
Plant and operational facilities; operation and maintenance practices; as well as
provision of services to ensure levels of Distribution System performance in
accordance with these Standards is the duty of the Distribution Function of Tenaga
Nasional Berhad (TNB) under Condition 14 of the TNB Licence granted under the
Electricity Supply Act, 1990 on 1st September 1990 and other Users with their
own Distribution Functions which are similarly licenced. There is also the
distribution planning process that involves the application of Distribution Supply
Security and Power Quality Standards, together with strategic, environmental and
economic analysis, to determine the planned development of the Distribution
System to meet the forecast future demand. The operational processes involve
application of these Standards in operational planning, maintenance and actual
A4.1 This Appendix A (and the main document) is solely concerned with the
Transmission System Reliability Standards and Transmission System Power
Quality Standards which are the Standards applicable to bulk generation,
transmission and delivery of electric power. These Standards are also reflected in
the Grid Code which contains all the technical and operational codes governing
the planning, development, connection to and operation of the generation and bulk
Transmission System. The Distribution Supply Security and Power Quality
Standards are contained in a separate document and are reflected in the
Distribution Code which contains all the technical and operational codes
governing the planning, development, connection to and operation of the
Distribution System.
A4.2 The following distinct processes and their related Standards are recognised by
international best practice as paramount in ensuring Reliability, Security and
quality of supply in planning the development of an electric power System,
namely:
(1) Generation Security Standard which relates to provision of sufficient firm
Generation Capacity to meet the Demand with a sufficient margin with
allowance for Plant maintenance, Plant breakdown and Plant Unavailability,
i.e., scheduled and unscheduled generating Plant outages, to meet the annual
and daily electric energy demand without the need to disconnect customers at
critical periods or cause interruptions in supply. This Standard will be used by
TNB Transmission Division to forecast additional generation investment
requirements on an annual basis. The EC is responsible for implementation of
policies ensuring generation Adequacy.
(2) Transmission Security Standard which relates to provision of sufficient
Transmission Capacity, operational facilities, maintenance activity and co-
ordination with generation and distribution functions to enable continued
supply of electric energy to the distribution companies and Directly Connected
Customers. This Standard is used by TNB Transmission Division to determine
the investment requirements for the Transmission System and transmission
operational facilities and implement the necessary measures.
(3) In the case of the Peninsular Malaysian Electric Power System the Generation
Security and Transmission Security requirements are combined and
recognised as the Transmission System Reliability Standards.
A4.3 These Standards only covers the Transmission System Reliability Standards and
Transmission System Power Quality Standards, which are the responsibility of
TNB Transmission Division. Discussion of proposals to amend or change these
Standards is ensured through Energy Commission (EC) by TNB. The
compatibility between the Standards contained in this document and Distribution
Supply Security and Power Quality Standards is ensured through the Energy
Commission (EC) by TNB.
A4.4 The Transmission System Reliability Standards and Transmission System Power
Quality Standards included in this document have been derived from previous
documents reflecting the Reliability and power quality practices developed and
adopted through the years and against which investments have already been made
to ensure compliance. These documents include:
(1) TNB Operation Planning Standards July 1998
(2) Guidelines of Power Quality Control for Connection to the Grid System (Issue
2 July 1998 and Revision 2004)
(3) Generation Planning Criteria and Methodology (Rev1/2002, November 2002)
(4) TNB Transmission Network Planning Manual (April 1998)
(5) Planning Criteria, Study Assumptions and Methodology – 1998
(6) Voltage Control Policy – 2000
A4.5 The aim of the Transmission System Reliability Standards, Transmission System
Power Quality Standards, Distribution Supply Security and Power Quality
Standards is to ensure sufficient investments in generation, transmission and
Distribution Systems and operational facilities. This means that if the facilities to
meet the above Standards are provided then the Reliability and power quality of
supply will be ensured within the defined Standards at both the transmission bulk
delivery point and the consumer terminals. In this respect, it is important to note
that the primary objective of the Criteria within these Standards is maintaining the
integrity of the electric power System under a set of defined System
contingencies, representing the most common, frequent and probable
contingencies that occur from time to time, related to Plant breakdown, adverse
weather or adverse operational conditions. This ensures that the power System is
planned and developed in a co-ordinated, economic and efficient manner without
making unnecessary investments to cater for events, which may very rarely or
never occur. It follows therefore that if the electric power System experiences
disturbances beyond those defined within the Criteria then it is likely that some
loss of supply will occur. Provision of System investments and operational
facilities to eliminate such rare System contingencies may be prohibitive. The
implementation of any proposed changes to the existing Criteria within the
Standards will therefore need to be examined in terms of the costs and the benefits
of the proposed changes.
A4.6 In certain cases it may be desirable to provide additional Reliability, Security and
power quality for certain Loads over and above that designated within the above
Standards. In such cases, the additional capital investment requirements will need
to be met by the party or parties seeking provision of the enhanced Reliability and
quality. As part of its Licence obligation it is the duty of TNB Transmission
Division to make appropriate investments to provide a connection and supply in
line with these Standards. Provision of a connection and supply with higher
Reliability and power quality is subject to commercial negotiation.
A4.7 Additional detailed technical Criteria, related to quality of supply and coordination
of System Protection facilities, are included in the Grid Code and the Distribution
Code. These Criteria together with the basic planning criteria referred to in the
Transmission System Reliability Standard ensure development of all the
Transmission System and facilities connected to it in a compatible manner. The
application of the above Standards in operational planning and on the day
operation, ensures day to day operation of the System compatible with the
A4.8 Any Transmission Investment Plan proposed for adoption under these Criteria
must ultimately be justifiable taking account of economic, financial, strategic and
environmental considerations in accordance with the economic and environmental
policy documents established under the terms of the TNB Licence.
A4.9 Under the provisions of TNB Licence the Transmission and Distribution
Functions of TNB are charged with the duties of preparing annual:
(1) investment plans to develop an efficient, co-ordinated and economical
Transmission System and international interconnections with neighbouring
countries Transmission Systems; and
(2) projections of Generation Capacity requirements, based on demand forecasts
prepared by its own Distribution Function and other distribution companies.
A4.10 The Transmission Investment Plans and Generation Capacity Requirements are
subject to the scrutiny of EC in accordance with the Conditions 7 and 12 of the
TNB Licence. Under Condition 10 of its Licence, TNB is obliged to furnish EC
with details of “updated plans and capital programme, expenditure programme,
covering generation, transmission and distribution for the next ten (10) years
before the end of each financial year itemising details of major projects details of
all assumptions and a reconciliation between planned and actual expenditure in the
preceding financial year together with explanation of significant variations”.
Under Condition 4 of the TNB Licence, TNB is prohibited from undue preference
and discrimination towards consumers wishing to connect to its System. Finally,
under Condition 8 of the TNB Licence and other Conditions such as 7, 10 and 12
TNB provides sufficient information to EC about the status of the electricity
supply Reliability and power quality both at the point of connection to the
Transmission System and to the Distribution System.
A4.11 Clearly the development plans for generation, transmission and distribution need
to be consistent and compatible with each other and extend to cover a medium-
term planning horizons of at least ten (10) years. The responsibility for the
consistency of plans and developments rests with the EC as stated in the
Electricity Supply Act 1990. The plans are prepared to achieve the levels of
investment leading to full compliance with the Transmission System Reliability
Standards, Transmission System Power Quality Standards, Distribution Supply
Security and Power Quality Standards taking into account existing provisions to
meet these Standards. These Standards will also be reflected in the terms offered
by TNB to parties wishing to connect to the Transmission and Distribution
A4.12 The adequate and secure development of the Transmission System as well as the
generation and Distribution Systems connected to it delivering defined levels of
power quality at both the bulk power delivery points and consumer terminals will
be conditional on:
(1) Remedial investments to remove inadequacies and shortfalls from the
specified Standards in Generation, Transmission and Distribution Systems will
be approved and made;
(2) All Plant connected to the System will be operated in accordance with the
technical parameters set in the Grid Code and the relevant Agreements;
(3) All control Systems will be set as expected in the Grid Code and appropriate
Agreements to meet power System operational requirements and will be
normally kept in service unless otherwise requested by the Grid System
Operator;
(4) In the absence of any prior notice for non-compliance by any User, TNB
cannot be considered responsible for System events where non-compliant
Plant has had significant contributory or sole factor role or where the non-
compliance is exposed by a System event;
(5) External Interconnections will be operated in accordance with the Available
Transfer Capacity and appropriate Interconnection agreements;
(6) TNB cannot be responsible for erroneous or invalid data submitted by other
parties;
(7) TNB Transmission Division and TNB Distribution Division are the sole
responsible respective parties for demonstrating the need for and the
economics of Transmission and Distribution System development.
A4.14 In the course of verifying compliance with this Standard, TNB Transmission
Division may identify cases of non-compliance with this Standard due to
inadequate capability of equipment or Systems not owned or operated by TNB
A4.15 Given the continuous development of the power System, while it is a requirement
for TNB to provide sufficient Transmission Capacity to meet the planning Criteria
contained within these Standards, it does not follow that the Transmission
Capacity should be reduced so that it only meets the minimum requirement of
those Criteria. For example, it may not be beneficial to reduce the ratings of lines
to reflect lower loading levels which have arisen due to changes in the generation
or demand patterns.
A4.16 All parties connected to the Transmission System and/or to the Main
Interconnected Transmission System in Peninsular Malaysia shall comply with the
provisions of this Standard in planning, developing, maintaining and operating
their individual Systems as related to their specific connections and Plant.
Compliance is an essential part of ensuring secure and robust operation of the
Peninsular Malaysia Electric Power System and is therefore not optional as these
Standards represent the minimum requirements necessary to achieve the
appropriate Adequacy, Security and Robustness.
A5 Summary
A5.3 In the course of verifying compliance with the Standards, TNB Transmission
Division may identify cases of non-compliance with the Standards due to
A5.4 Finally, by giving a clear understanding of the Reliability and power quality
Criteria used in the design and operation of the System in this Standard a clear
distinction is drawn between the planned Security and Robustness measures
included in the System. The concepts of planned Security and Robustness are
illustrated in Figure A4. In this respect “planned Security” refers to “design and
operational measures put in place to ensure that the power System continues to
operate normally after the occurrence of the specific pre-defined sudden
disturbances such as electric short circuits or unanticipated loss of System
facilities designated in the Security Criteria”. On the other hand “planned
Robustness” refers to “design and operational measures put in place to ensure that
the power System quickly recovers from disturbances developing to beyond those
specified in the Security Criteria, the performance benchmark being the avoidance
of total blackout”.
OPERATIONAL SECURITY
MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
AND
OPERATIONAL AUTOMATIC AUTOMATIC PLANNED AUTOMATIC
SECURITY VOLTAGE AND FAST ACTIVE &
LEVEL 1 RESERVES FOR FIRST
MANAGEMENT FREQUENCY REACTIVE POWER CONTINGENCY LEVEL
SYSTEMS REGULATION EQ. RESERVES
LAYERS OF PROTECTION
BACK-UP FAST TO RAPIDLY REMOVE
DUPLICATE
PROTECTION RECLOSURE THE FAULT
LEVEL 2 MAIN PROTECTION
FOR FAST
FAIL-SAFE
TRIPLE GRADING
FAULT REMOVAL RESTORATION TO PREVENT TOTAL
SYSTEM BLACKOUT
IN MULTIPLE
UNDER MANUAL AND ISLANDING
CONTINGENCIES
FREQUENCY UNDER VOLTAGE AND
LEVEL 3 HOUSE LOAD
LOAD LOAD
OPERATION TO ENSURE FAST
SHEDDING SHEDDING
RECOVERY FROM
SEVERE
PERFORMANCE CONTINGENCIES
EMERGENCY EMERGENCY
MONITORING AND
LEVEL 4 FAST START AUXILIARY
FAULT
GENERATION SUPPLIES
IDENTIFICATION
79
Appendix B
B1 General Principles
B2 Guidelines
Appendix B for Transmission System Reliability Standards – Guidance on Economic Justification of Generation and
Transmission Connections
80
• rearrangement of transmission maintenance times; or
• modified or additional contracts for other services.
iv) all costs should take account of future uncertainties
v) the evaluation of unreliability costs expected from operation of the
Transmission System shall normally take account of the number and type of
customers affected by supply interruptions and use appropriate information
available to facilitate a reasonable assessment of the economic consequences
of such interruptions.
Appendix B for Transmission System Reliability Standards – Guidance on Economic Justification of Generation and
Transmission Connections
81
APPENDIX C for Transmission System Reliability
Standards – Guidance on Substation Configurations and
Switching Arrangements
82
Appendix C
C1 General Guidance
C1.1 The key factors which must be considered when planning a substation include:
i) Security and Quality of Supply
Relevant Criteria are presented in Chapters 2, and 3 of the Transmission
System Reliability Standards and Chapter 2 of the Transmission System
Power Quality Standards.
ii) Extendibility
The design should allow for the forecast need for future extensions.
iii) Maintainability
The design must take account of the practicalities of maintaining the
substation and associated circuits.
iv) Operational Flexibility
The physical layout of individual circuits and groups of circuits must permit
the required power flow control.
v) Protection Arrangements
The design must allow for adequate protection of each System element.
vi) Short Circuit Limitations
In order to contain short circuit currents to acceptable levels, Busbar
arrangements with sectioning facilities may be required to allow the System
to be split or re-connected through a fault current limiting reactor.
vii) Land Area
The low availability and/or high cost of land particularly in densely
populated areas may place a restriction on the size and consequent layout of
the substation.
viii) Cost
Appendix C for Transmission System Reliability Standards – Guidance on Substation Configurations and Switching
Arrangements
83
C2 Generation Point of Connection Substations
C2.1 In accordance with the planning Criteria for generation connection set out in
Chapter 2 of the Transmission System Reliability Standards, Generation Point of
Connection substations should:
a. have a double Busbar design (i.e. with main and reserve Busbars such that
Generation Circuits and Transmission Circuits may be selected to either);
b. have sufficient Busbar sections to permit the requirements of paragraph
2.3.2.3 of the Transmission System Reliability Standards to be met without
splitting the substation during maintenance of Busbar sections;
c. have sufficient Busbar coupler and/or Busbar section circuit breakers so that
each section of the main and reserve Busbar may be energised using either a
Busbar coupler or Busbar section circuit breaker;
d. have Generation Circuits and Transmission Circuits disposed between
Busbar sections such that the main Busbar may be operated split for fault
level control purposes; and
e. have sufficient facilities to permit the transfer of Generation Circuits
andTransmission Circuits from one section of the main Busbar to another.
C3 Marshalling Substations
C4.1 In accordance with the planning Criteria for demand connection set out in Chapter 3
of the Transmission System Relaibility Standards, Demand Supply Point substations
configurations range from a single transformer feed into a Transmission Circuit to a
four switched mesh substation or a double Busbar substation. The choice and need
Appendix C for Transmission System Reliability Standards – Guidance on Substation Configurations and Switching
Arrangements
84
for the extendability will depend on the circumstances as perceived in the planning
time phase.
Appendix C for Transmission System Reliability Standards – Guidance on Substation Configurations and Switching
Arrangements
85
C5(1) Typical TNB Substation Layout and Switching
Arrangements
275kV
TNB Transmission
User
G G Generation Spur
275kV/132kV
Generation
Loop-in Loop-out
TNB Transmission
User
G
G LV
Appendix C for Transmission System Reliability Standards – Guidance on Substation Configurations and Switching
Arrangements
86
C5(2) Typical TNB Substation Layout and Switching
Arrangements – cont’d
132kV
Network
Connection
132kV
Main Intake
132kV
TNB Transmission Substation Switching
Station
11kV
User
North
Busbar
275kV
South
Busbar One and Half
500/275kV Transformers Breaker
750MVA
Arrangement
North
Busbar
500kV
South
Busbar
Appendix C for Transmission System Reliability Standards – Guidance on Substation Configurations and Switching
Arrangements
87
APPENDIX D for Transmission System Reliability
Standards – Additional Criteria to Limit the Complexity
of Transmission Circuits
88
Appendix D
D1 General Principles
D1.1 This appendix defines three restrictions to be applied by TNB Transmission when
Transmission Circuits are designed, constructed or extended. These restrictions are
intended to ensure that the time required to isolate and earth circuits in preparation
for maintenance work is kept to a minimum and is not disproportionate to the time
required to carry out maintenance work. The restrictions also limit the potential for
human error.
D2 Requirements/Restrictions
D2.2 A site, in this context, is defined as being where the points of isolation at one end of
a Transmission Circuit are within the same substation such that only one authorised
person is required, at the site, to enable the efficient and effective release and
restoration of the circuit.
D2.3 If the design of a substation is such that two circuit-breakers of the same voltage are
used to control a circuit (e.g. in a mesh type of substation), for the purposes of the
above restrictions the two circuit-breakers are to be considered as a single circuit-
breaker. This also applies where duplicate circuit-breakers control a circuit
including those used for Busbar selection.
D2.4 Switch disconnecters are not rated for fault breaking duty and should not be
included in the design of new Transmission Circuits and substations. Where the
Appendix D for Transmission System Reliability Standards – Additional Ciriteria to Limit the Complexity of
Transmisison Cicuits
89
extension of an existing Transmission Circuit includes an existing switch
disconnecter, that switch disconnecter can be considered for use in planned
switching procedures only.
D2.5 For the purposes of restriction in D2.1(iii) of this Appendix D, a transformer which
includes two low voltage windings in its construction shall be considered as single
transformer.
Appendix D for Transmission System Reliability Standards – Additional Ciriteria to Limit the Complexity of
Transmisison Cicuits
90