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Jayawardena
Introduction
DEFINITIONS
p
p yy p x
x
x
Fig. 1: Definition sketch for pressures and forces acting on a fluid element
p
x –direction: pdydz - p dx dydz + dxdydzBx = 0
x
p
y – direction: pdzdx - p dy dzdx + dxdydzBy = 0
y
p
z – direction: pdxdy - p dz dxdy + dxdydzBz = 0
z
where Bx, By and Bz are the body forces per unit mass is the 3 directions
p
B y 0 (2b)
y
p
Bz 0 (2c)
z
i.e.
{Pressure forces per {body forces per
unit volume at a + unit volume at a =0
point} point}
i.e. p = p(z) only, and x and y have no effect. We may write the total derivative
instead of partial derivative.
dp
o g constant
dz
dp zo o g dz
p z
po
p po o gh (7)
This is a basic equation used for pressure variation calculation. The
following rules are useful:
Any 2 points at the same elevation in a continuous length of the same liquid
will be at the same pressure
Pressure increases along the depth downwards
Measurement of pressure
Absolute pressure is measured by a barometer.
R
r2 or S2
B
r1 or S1
h2
r3 or S3
r1 or S1 A h3
h1 h3
A
h1
h2
B
Inclined Manometer
r3 or S3 r2 or S2
Differential manometers
p = gh
y x
surface A
(Edge view) dA
dy
y (Normal view)
dF = p dA
h = y (sin90)
ycp
g h
F = g h A
sin dA
dA
2 2
y y
Therefore, ycp y sin dA ydA
dA is the second moment of area about O (x-
2
y
axis). It can be expressed as
2 2
y dA I CG y A
where ICG is the moment of area about the centre of
gravity (CG). Therefore,
I CG yc2 A I CG yc2 A
I CG yc2 A I CG
ycp yc
y dA ydA ydA yc A yc A yc A
January-April 2018; A. W. Jayawardena
Centre of pressure
Similarly, the x-co-ordinate of the centre of pressure can
be found by taking moments about the y- axis:
1 I xy I xy ,c
xcp
Ay A
xydA
Ay
xc
Ay
y y s
h C x x C h
C x
h/3
b
b/3
b
bh 3
bh 3
I cg
I cg 36
12
bh 2
I xy ,c 0 I xy ,c b 2 s
72
y
y
C x
r r C x
4r
3
r 4 I cg 0.1098r 4
I cg
4
I xy ,c 0
I xy ,c 0
January-April 2018; A. W. Jayawardena
Magnitude and direction of resultant
force
The magnitude of the resultant hydrostatic thrust is
given by the pressure at the centroid of the surface but
the line of action is not there.
hc
hc = yc
(vertical surface)
y’ yc
ghc
F = ghc A
F ghc A hc = yc ycp
ghc
I cc F = ghc A
ycp yc
Ayc 1 I xy I xy ,c
xcp
Ayc A
xydA
Ayc
xc
Ayc
January-April 2018; A. W. Jayawardena
Forces on curved surfaces
On curved surfaces, the resultant force can be resolved
into two components, one horizontal which is the
component of force exerted on a projection of the
curved surface in a vertical plane, and the other a
vertical which is the weight of fluid directly above the
surface and is applied at the centroid of the fluid.
h1 F1
P O O, R
P
R Fx W FH
Q Q
Fz
and
Fx = pdAx
Fy = pdAy
Fz = pdAz
where
where x, y, z are angles between dA and x-axis, y-axis and z-axis respectively.
zo
dFz = pdAz ; p =
zs
gdz
zo
Then, dFz = zs
gdz dAz
zo
and Fz =
Az zs
gdzdAz
W
G G
B B'
B
Fb=W
W=Fb
G
G M
G
B M
B' W
B
B B'
B'
W
W Fb Fb
Fb
Conditions of equilibrium
p p px x
z ax x x+x
ax
x
2r A
r dr
p
p A ( p r ) A Ar ( r )
p
r
2
r
2 r
January-April 2018; A. W. Jayawardena
Rigid-body rotation
The pressure gradients in the other directions are:
p p
g ; and, 0
z
The total pressure differential is given by
p p p
dp dr dz d dp 2 rdr gdz
r z
Lines of constant pressure lie on:
dp rdr gdz 0 or,
2 dz 2 r
dr g
Integrating and applying the boundary condition z(r=0) =
zo: 2 2
r
z z(r ) zo
2g
The elevation of the free surface varies with r. Its shape is a
paraboloid.