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CHAPTER 3

METHODS OF RESEARCH AND PROCEDURES

This chapter includes the methods of research used, method of collecting

data, development of research instruments sampling design and statistical

treatment used by the researchers in this study.

Methods of Research Used

The researchers agreed that they will be using a Quantitative Method of

Research for their study. Quantitative methods emphasize objective

measurements and the statistical, mathematical, or numerical analysis of data

collected through polls, questionnaires, and surveys, or by manipulating pre-

existing statistical data using computational techniques. Quantitative research

focuses on gathering numerical data and generalizing it across groups of people

or to explain a particular phenomenon (Babbie, E.R., 2010). The researchers

believed that this method will help them in collecting and analyzing data and in

evaluating the results of the study.

The researchers also came to the decision to use the Descriptive type of

research, under the Quantitative Method. Descriptive research involves gathering

information that describe events and then organizes, tabulates and depicts the

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data collection (Glass & Hopkins, 1984). Descriptive studies are aimed at finding

out "what is," so observational and survey methods are frequently used to collect

descriptive data (Borg & Gall, 1989). By using these methods of research, the

researchers were able to find out their instrument for data collection, which is a

survey questionnaire, and how they will be interpreting their data; by using

statistical methods.

Method of Collecting Data

According to the University of Ediburgh (2017), research data, unlike other

types of information, is collected, observed, or created, for purposes of analysis to

produce original research results. More on that, the Engineering and Physical

Sciences Research Council (2017) defined research data as recorded factual

material commonly retained by and accepted in the scientific community as

necessary to validate research findings.

In this study, the researchers used survey questionnaires to obtain research

data relevant to the study's statement of the problem. The purpose of this study

was to identify the social effects of catcalling to the Grade 11 victims from Arts and

Design Track. The researchers drafted a twenty-item questionnaire consisting of

six-close ended questions and three tables of Likert Scale. After the necessary

validation of survey questionnaire, it was administered directly to the chosen

sample for the study. The researchers approached the students from every

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section of Grade 11 Arts and Design Track to participate in the study. Ninety-six

copies of questionnaires given out were successfully completed by the students.

When the students had completed the questionnaires, it was handed back to the

researchers for data analysis.

Development of the Research Instrument

The instrument used was a researcher-made questionnaire to gather the

needed data for the study. Survey method is the most extensive used technique

for data collection, especially in behavioural sciences. The draft of the

questionnaire was drawn out based on the researcher’s readings, previous

studies, and published thesis relevant to the study. In the preparation of the

instrument, requirements in the designing of good data collection instrument were

used. For instance, statements that contain sensitive ideas, statements describing

the issue of catcalling were toned down to avoid offending any respondent. Close-

ended questions were used to attain a more specific answer. The researchers

asked for the advice of the validators. The validators consists of Professors from

the PUP Laboratory High School and PUP Senior High School. The survey

questionnaire, consisting of two distinct parts, helped in extracting the most

relevant information and better analysis of data. The first part is used to get the

personal information of the respondents and the effect that catcalling have caused

them. On the other hand, the second part is in the form of a Likert Scale wherein

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the answer depends on the the scale of 1 to 5. 5 represents all of the time, 4-

often, 3-sometimes, 2-rarely, and 1 for never. Lastly, the respondents are

instructed to put a checkmark in the number of their corresponding answer.

Sampling Design

The sampling method used by the researchers for the study entitled: "The

Effects of Catcalling to the Social Relationship of the Victims from the Grade 11

Students of PUPSHS-ADT towards Its Opposite Sex" is proportional quota

sampling, under the non-probability sampling category. Non-probability sampling

is a sampling technique where the odds of any member being selected for

a sample cannot be calculated (Glen, 2018). Using this type of technique would

be beneficial for the researchers and chosen respondents because it is time-

saving and cost-effective. On the other hand, quota sampling, according to

Explorable (2009), is defined as a non-probability sampling technique wherein the

researcher ensures equal or proportionate representation of subjects depending

on which trait is considered as basis of the quota. The advantages of this

technique would include convenience in executing sampling study, feasibility, and

minimal amount of resources to be invested for conducting the survey.

Statistical Treatment

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After analyzing the hypothesis and the statement of the problem of this

study, the researchers used the following statistical tools to help them compute

the data that are gathered:

Percentage - Percentage refers to the number or ratio expressed as a fraction of

100. The formula for percentage is as follows:

Percentage Formula:

%= × 100

Where:

%= Percent

f= Frequency

N= Overall number of respondents

Weighted Mean - Mean in which each item being averaged is multiplied by a

number (weight) based on the item's relative importance. The result is summed

and the total is divided by the sum of the weights.

Weighted mean formula:

Weighted Mean=

Where:

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Σ = the sum of

w = the weights

x = the value

Arbitrary Scale – This scale shows the description of the weighted mean relevant

to the Likert Scale ratings. It gives meaning to the weighted mean computed.

5.00 – 4.50 = All of the time

4.49 – 3.50 = Often

3.49 – 2.50 = Sometimes

2.49 – 1.50 = Rarely

1.49 – 0.00 = Never

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