Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Let S be the sample space of a random experiment. Let X and Y be two random
variables defined on S. Then the pair (X,Y) is called a two dimensional random variable.
If both the random variables X and Y are discrete then (X,Y) is called a discrete random
variable.
p ( xi , y j )
• Of X given Y=yj PX / Y ( xi / y j ) = , i = 1,2,… , n
pY ( y j )
p( xi , y j )
• Of Y given X=xi PY / X ( y j / xi ) = , j = 1,2,… , m
p X ( xi )
If X and Y are both continuous then (X,Y) is a continuous bivariate random variable.
dx dx dy dy
Px − ≤ X ≤ x+ ∩y− ≤ Y ≤ y + = f XY ( x, y )dxdy then f(x,y) is called the
2 2 2 2
joint pdf of (X,Y) provided (i) f ( x, y ) ≥ 0, ∀( x, y ) ∈ R XY (ii) ∫∫ f ( x, y )dxdy = 1 .
R XY
∂ 2 F ( x, y )
Note: f ( x, y ) =
∂x∂y
∞
• Of X f X ( x) = ∫ f ( x, y )dy
−∞
∞
• Of Y f Y ( y ) = ∫ f ( x, y )dx
−∞
Marginal Probability Distribution Function
x
• Of X FX ( x) = ∫ f X ( x)dx
−∞
y
• Of Y FY ( y ) = ∫ f Y ( y )dy
−∞
Conditional Probability Density Function
f ( x, y )
• Of Y given X = x f Y / X ( y / x) =
f X ( x)
f ( x, y )
• Of X given Y = y f X / Y ( x / y ) =
f Y ( y)
Independent random variables
(4) E ( X ) = ∑ xi p X ( xi ) (discrete)
2 2
i
∞
= ∫ x 2 f X ( x)dx (continuous)
−∞
(5) E (Y 2 ) = ∑ y j pY ( y j ) (discrete)
2
j
∞
= ∫ y 2 f Y ( y )dy (continuous)
−∞
Covariance
(2) Var(aX+bY)=a2Var(X)+b2Var(Y)+2abCov(X,Y).
Correlation Coefficient
This is measure of the linear relationship between any two random variables X and Y.
The Karl Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient is
Regression lines
σX
The regression line of X on Y: X − X = r (Y − Y )
σY
σ
The regression line of Y on X: Y − Y = r Y ( X − X )
σX
gUV (u , v ) = f XY ( x, y ) J
∂x ∂y
∂ ( x, y ) ∂u ∂u i.e., it is the modulus value of the Jacobian of
where |J| = =
∂ (u, v ) ∂x ∂y
∂v ∂v
transformation and f XY ( x, y ) is expressed in terms of U and V.