Life Science Review

SSA 2017-2018
Day 1: Cell Theory and Levels
of Organization

SC.6.L.14.1 Describe and identify patterns in the hierarchical

organization of organisms from atoms to molecules and cells to
tissues to organs to organ systems to organisms.
The Immortal Cell
Cell Theory
As we watch/listen to the video, write down the three parts of cell theory. (Also,
think about which part of cell theory the HeLa cells provide evidence for)
Explain the part of cell theory each picture
provides evidence for.
1.

• Cells come from

pre-existing cells.

2.

• Cells are the most basic unit

of life.
• All organisms are made of
cells.
What is a scientific law and how is
it different than a theory?
Law – what the natural phenomenon is
Example: Newton’s Laws
Theory – how or why a natural
phenomenon occurs
Example: Cell Theory
 Label the pictures below as: atom, molecule, cell,
tissue, organ, organ system, or organism.
Next, number them in order of increasing complexity.
Organism Organ
Organ Cell System Tissue
Molecule Atom

5 3 7 2 6 1 4
 Levels of
Organization
Modified Close Read Activity
 The Organization of Living Things
Getting the Idea
Suppose you and your friends want to start a band. Not everyone would play the guitar.
It is more likely that each of you would choose a different instrument. One person might
choose drums, one might choose keyboards, and another might choose the bass. To
succeed, you have to be organized and work together. You all have to play the same song
and keep the same beat. Cells have to be organized and work together, too.

Atoms and Molecules

Atoms are the basic building blocks of most matter on Earth. They make up both living
and nonliving things. Everything around you is made up of atoms -- your body, the floor,
trees, a fish, even air. Different atoms join together to make molecules. A molecule is made
of two or more atoms joined together.
You can think of atoms as letters. Letters go together to make words, just as atoms
combine to make molecules. Words are put together into sentences, just as molecules are
combined to form cells.
Cells
The first level of organization in living things is the cell. Remember that a cell is the
basic unit of life. Remember also that living things are called organisms. Animals are
multi-celled organisms. In multi-celled organisms, each cell has a certain job. For example,
some cells help organisms move. Other cells carry information from one part of the organism
to another.
Cells that have specific jobs cannot work alone. Each type of cell depends on other
cells to work properly. The muscle cells that help move an animal must have enough
oxygen. They depend on the red blood cells that carry oxygen in the blood. The diagram
below shows four different kinds of animal cells.
Tissues
In multi-celled organisms, cells are grouped together and organized. The second level
of organization is the tissue. A tissue is a group of similar cells that work together. Most if not
all the cells in a tissue look alike and have the same parts. These cells do one job. For
example, a group of muscle cells form muscle tissue.
Animals, including humans, have four major types of tissue: epithelial tissue, connective
tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue. The table below describes each kind of tissue and
gives examples of where it is found in the human body.

Kind of Tissue Description Examples

Closely packed cells that cover body

Epithelial Skin, blood vessels
structures and line internal structures

Connects different parts of the body

Connective with each other; has many different Bone, fat, cartilage, blood
forms and functions

Muscle Contracts to allow movement Biceps, diaphragm, tongue, heart

Nervous Transmits and processes information Spinal cord, brain, nerves

Organs
The third level of organization in many multi-celled organisms is the organ. An organ is a group
of different tissues that work together to do a particular job. An example of an organ is the stomach.
The stomach is made up of several different kinds of tissue, including epithelial, muscle, and
connective tissue. These tissues work together to digest food. Your brain, liver, ears, and even your
skin are all organs.

Organ Systems
The fourth level of organization in some multi-celled organisms is the organ system. An organ
system is a group of organs that work together to perform a particular job. For example, the
digestive system includes the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large
intestine. These organs work together to convert food into simpler molecules that the cells of the
organism can use.

Organisms
The final level of organization in multi-celled organisms is the organism. For example, a dog is
a multi-celled organism made up of many organ systems. Each of its organ systems is made up of
organs. These organs are made of tissues. The tissues are made of cells that each do one job. The
basis of this organization is the cell.
Day 1 Wrap-Up
Questions
Page 3
 Day 2: Organelles

SC.6.L.14.4 Compare and contrast the structure and

function of major organelles of plant and animal
cells, including cell wall, cell membrane, nucleus,
cytoplasm, chloroplasts, mitochondria, and
vacuoles.
Cell Organelles Rap
Engage
Below are models of a plant cell and an animal cell. Discuss with your shoulder
partner and complete the Venn diagram to compare/contrast the two.
 Plant vs. Animal Cells

Cell membrane
Cell wall
Nucleus
Many SMALL
Cytoplasm vacuoles
Chloroplast
Mitochondria

1 LARGE
vacuoles
vacuole
Organelles Found in Plant and Animal Cells
Nucleus Controls cell processes

Mitochondria Makes energy for the cell through cellular respiration

Cell Membrane Controls what enters and leaves the cell

Cytoplasm
Gel like fluid inside the cell

Vacuole Stores water, waste and other materials.

(Plant cells have one large one and animal cells have many.
Differences between Plant and Animal Cells

Cell Wall
Only in Plant Cells. Provides support.

Chloroplast
Only in Plant Cells. Captures radiant energy from the sun
and uses it along with CO2 and H2O to make energy
(photosynthesis).
 Read “Cell City” and fill in the
chart on pages 5 and 6.

Cell City
Answer the two “Write about
it” questions in complete
sentences.
Day 2 Wrap-Up
Questions
Page 7
 Day 3: Cellular Processes and The
Carbon Cycle.

SC.8.L.18.1 Describe and investigate the process of photosynthesis,

such as the roles of light, carbon dioxide, water, and chlorophyll;
production of food; and release of oxygen.
SC.8.L.18.2 Describe and investigate how cellular respiration breaks
down food to provide energy and releases carbon dioxide.
4pics1word: What word do these four pictures have in common?
How many
examples of
homeostasis can
you come up
with in a
minute?
Why do you think your
body would benefit
from maintaining
homeostasis?
 Explain why the cell membrane
plays an important role in
maintaining homeostasis in a cell.
The purpose of Homeostasis is to
… 1. Obtain and use energy
2. Make new cells
3. Exchange material (such as nutrients)
4. Eliminate waste
Why do all organisms have/need
homeostasis?
ALL living organisms have/need
homeostasis because they all have cell
membranes

homeostasis allows cells to reproduce, get energy, nutrients &

remove waste.
How do you think plants
maintain homeostasis?
 Plants maintain homeostasis by
Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration
Cellular Respiration occurs in the
MITOCHONDRIA of
ALL
EUKARYOTIC
CELLS.
The Carbon Cycle

Read the passage about the

Carbon Cycle and then explain the
parts of the carbon cycle pictured.
Day 3 Wrap-Up
Questions
Page 11
Day 4: Infectious Disease &
The Human Body

SC.6.L.14.5 Identify and investigate the general functions of the major

systems of the human body (digestive, respiratory, circulatory,
reproductive, excretory, immune, nervous, and musculoskeletal) and
describe ways these systems interact with each other to maintain
homeostasis.
Infectious
Disease
 Viruses are very small (about 0.0001 mm)

They are made of DNA protein

Virus
They are not living- they don’t have a nucleus and can’t reproduce on
their own

To reproduce, they have to enter a living cell. The cell is given instructions
by the viral DNA to produce lots more of the virus

Viruses can lay dormant for years before they become active in a living cell

Viruses can be transmitted through air, blood, feces…pretty much any way.
They just need a live cell to start dividing when they reach their
destination.

They can be fought off by the immune system in the body and vaccines,
but antibiotics have no effect on them

Examples: cold virus, influenza, measles

 Bacteria are single celled organisms

Bacteria They can be a range of different shapes and sizes, usually

about 0.001mm

Bacteria can divide just like other cells

They divide most rapidly if the conditions are just right for
that particular bacteria

You can get rid of a bacterial infection with antibiotics

Not all bacteria are bad- some can do good and useful
things inside our bodies

Examples: Salmonella (food poisoning), streptococcus (sore

throat), lactobacillus (used to make yoghurt)
 A parasite is an organism that depends on another
organism, known as a host, for food and shelter.

Parasite Parasites drain the host of important  resources such as

nutrients and can damage parts of the  body they infect.

A parasite usually gains all the benefits of this relationship.

In contrast, the host may suffer from various diseases,

infections, and discomforts as a result of the parasitic
attack.

Examples: tapeworms, mistletoe, fleas, ticks

Treatment: Although parasitic infections can be treated and

cured, the host may suffer lasting effects due to the harm
caused by the parasite.
 Some fungi can be seen with the naked eye and some are
made from single cells (much bigger than bacterial cells)

FUNGI Fungi can have lots of different shapes

Fungus cells are a little like plant cells except that there are
no chloroplasts so they can’t make their own food

Some fungi send out threads which grow into the body of a
dead organism

They respire, releasing carbon dioxide

Some fungi are useful

You can get rid of a fungal infection with a fungicide

Examples: Athletes foot, penicillin, yeast

 REMEMBER!

&
Organ systems work together to maintain
homeostasis.
Human Body
Systems

Complete the chart as

we watch the Video
Flocabulary: Human Body
Systems
Day 4 Wrap-Up
Questions
Page 15
Day 5: Mitosis & Meiosis
 Used for growth and repair

46

92

identical

identical to
46

Male Female
Each egg only gets 23
chromosomes (no pairs)

gametes

23

unique combination
of
 Characteristics Mitosis (Asexual) Meiosis(Sexual)
Number of Parent Cells
1 2
Number of Daughter
Cells 2 4
Parent Cells the same or
Same
different from daughter
(identical) Different
cells
Amount of DNA
daughter cells have Same Different
compared to parents
(same or half)
Uses (growth, Growth & Repair Reproduction
reproduction, repair etc)
Type of cell created (sex Body cells Sex cells
cells or body cells)
Day 5 Wrap-Up
Questions
Page 18
 Day 6: Genetics

SC.7.L.16.1 Understand and explain that every organism requires a set

of instructions that specifies its traits, that this hereditary information
(DNA) contains genes located in the chromosomes of each cell, and
that heredity is the passage of these instructions from one generation
to another.
SC.7.L.16.2 Determine the probabilities for genotype and phenotype
combinations using Punnett squares and pedigrees.
Write the vocabulary words (cell, nucleus, chromosome, DNA)
where you believe they belong on the diagram.

DNA

Chromosome
Nucleus
Cell
Intro

1.What is heredity?
Heredity is the passing of characteristics from one generation
to another

2. What does every living thing inherit?

Every living thing inherits traits.

Edpuzzle: Monohybrid Cross
Edpuzzle: Pedigrees
Day 6 Wrap-Up
Questions
Page 22
Day 7: Genetics Continued

SC.7.L.16.2 Determine the probabilities for genotype and

phenotype combinations using Punnett squares and
pedigrees.
Punnett Squares & Pedigrees

PRACTICE DAY!!!
Pages 23 - 26
Day 7 Wrap-Up
Questions
Pages 28-30
 Day 8: Classification
of Living Things

SC.6.L.15.1 Analyze and describe how and why organisms

are classified according to shared characteristics, with
emphasis on the Linnaean system combined with the
concept of Domains.
Engagement Video: Flocabulary - Classification

Why do you think scientists classify living things

based on shared characteristics and evolution?
Edpuzzle: Amoeba Sisters Classification
 Complete the chart to compare and contrast the three domains.
Membrane
Multicellular
Simple or Prokaryote or Bound organelles
Domain or
Complex? Eukaryote? and Nucleus or
Unicellular?
Not?

Simple - Unicellular
Archaea Unicellular *can live in extreme Prokaryote No membrane bound
conditions nucleus or organelles

Simple - Unicellular
Bacteria Unicellular *sensitive to Prokaryote No membrane bound
antibiotics nucleus or organelles

Both Eukaryote Membrane bound

Eukarya Both
nucleus and organelles
Day 8 Wrap-Up
Questions
Page 33
 Day 9: Ecology

SC.7.L.17.1 Explain and illustrate the roles of and relationships

among producers, consumers, and decomposers in the
process of energy transfer in a food web.
SC.7.L.17.2 Compare and contrast the relationships among
organisms, such as mutualism, predation, parasitism,
competition, and commensalism.
Symbiotic Relationships - special type of interaction
between species

Predation 1 organism benefits and the other is killed

Commensalism 1 organism benefits and the other is unaffected

Parasitism 1 organism benefits and the other is harmed

Mutualism Both organisms benefit

Competition Both organisms are harmed

 The Flea Story:
● Read the story
● Answer the questions on page 34
(underline your evidence in the story and label it with the question it goes with)
Plants make their own food Trees, flowers,
through photosynthesis. grass

Organisms that eat other Birds, frog,

organisms for energy. humans

Animals that feed on plants Deer, cows,

rabbits

Animals that eat both Lizards, Bears

plants and animals

Animals that feed on other Wolves, Lions,

animals Snakes
 Organisms that break down Bacteria and
the remains and waste of fungi
other organisms.
The feeding relationships Grass -> Rabbit ->
from one organism to Snake
another in an ecosystem

The position of an organism Secondary

in a food chain and how consumer
much energy it contains
A system of many See bottom page
interlocking food chains 36

The organization of trophic levels See page 37

based on how much energy the
organism provides if consumed
As we watch the Study Jams videos, complete the
definitions for Station 2 on page 35

Food Chains & Food Webs

Day 10: Limiting Factors

SC.7.L.17.3 Describe and investigate various

limiting factors in the local ecosystem and their
impact on native populations, including food,
shelter, water, space, disease, parasitism,
predation, and nesting sites.
Engage
 Limiting Factors
What are limiting factors?

• food
An ecosystem only has a certain amount of ___________, water
____________,
space
_____________ shelter
and ___________________ to support a certain number of
organisms.
• limiting factors
These are called _______________________________, or a condition or
resource that keeps a population at a certain size.
• Relationships between numbers of organisms and the resources
available in an ecosystem is described as the
balance of nature
_________________________________________________.
* What happens if there is a change?

• If any limiting factors change, animal and plant

populations
______________________________ may also change.
• decrease
Some changes may cause a population to _____________________
increase
others may cause a population to _________________________.

Examples:
• Giant Pandas are decreasing due to the loss of their habitat (limiting
factor = SPACE)
• Snow Leopard – decreasing due to loss of habitat and prey (limiting
factors = SPACE and FOOD)
* Increases in Populations
• over-crowding
Increase in populations may result in ______________________.
• large
May grow too ______________________________________ for
environment to support.

Examples:

predators
predators

prey
=
animals
plants

prey
= =
* Decreases in Population

Sometimes limiting factors cause decreases in population.

Examples:
• Water decreases , then animals needing water
decrease
_________________________ then animals eating those animals
will decrease
_____________________________________________
• If trees are cut down or die because of disease, then animals
will die
needing those trees __________________________________________
• If organisms no longer have enough space to survive, then they
move or die. This is influenced by human impact or natural hazards.
 Natural events
(fire)
Human invasion

competition
predators overcrowding
disease/hunting
changes in
decrease in prey
resources

climate
drought
weather changes
Day 10 Wrap-Up
Questions
Page 40
Saturday
Science
Evolution
Engage
Observe the image to
the the left. Predict
which frogs are more
likely to survive the
bird attack?Explain.