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UPDATING THE ANSI STANDARD ON MEASUREMENT

OF EXHAUST EMISSIONS '

J.M. Vaught
Vaught Engineering Incorporated
Indianapolis, Indiana

III infau fill111

ABSTRACT • Method 20(2), the USEPA measurement procedure for gas

The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) required
that the source testing Standard on Measurement of Exhaust
Fmisions from Stationary Gas Turbine Engines, B133.9, be
brought up to date with today's regulatory requirements and best
measurement technology. . The criteria for the design of the
Standard along with its content and format are discussed. The
selection of measurement methods for gaseous components,
smoke, and particulates emitted by present day emission
controlled industrial gas turbine engines is presented.
INTRODUCTION
A competitive program was initiated by an ASME Research
Task Force on Gas Turbine Emissions Standards to provide for
the development of a new ANSI Standard for measuring,
analyzing, and reporting exhaust emissions from stationary gas
turbine engines. Applications were sought from individuals and
organizations wishing to participate in a research project to
clarify and document the best measurement procedures and
standards that were either in use or being reduced to practice.
Competitive bids were obtained and a contract issued for the
project.
This new source testing Standard, "Measurement of Exhaust
Emissions from Stationary Gas Turbine Engines" was needed
because.
• Procedures and techniques had continued to evolve since the
publication of the last Standand(I).
• Measurement and reporting requirements were unclear,
were obsolete, and varied from agency to agency.
turbines, was limited as it covered only oxides of nitrogen
(N0x) and sulfur
These obsolete and limited methods left many measurement
and reporting problems unsolved or incorrectly solved.
Significant funding and technical resources were being spent
unnecessarily in conducting source testing for stationary gas
turbines.
Note: The term "Standard" is used by ANSI to connote a
practice or measurement method not the regulation of
emission levels as is used by regulatory authorities in the
United States.
DESIGN OF THE STANDARD
A program to develop the Standard was begun in February
1992. This work included research on measurement methods
and emissions regulations as well as standards development. A
coordinated final draft of the Standard was submitted to ANSI
for approval on June 1, 1993.
Steering Committee
Representatives from ASME Research, the gas turbine
industry, EPRI, and USEPA and the contractor formed a
committee to provide technical direction and review progress
during the development of the Standard. Meetings were held to
monitor progress of the program and to revtaci4v and comment on
the criteria, the content of the Standard, 'cal findings of the
research, and an the draft Standard. The membership of the
Committee is listed at the end of this paper.

Presented at the International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition
The Hague, Netherlands — June 13-16, 1994
This paper has been accepted for publication in the Transactions of the ASME
Discussion of it will be accepted at ASME Headquarters until September 30, 1994
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 Program Objectives
The Standard is written to provide guidelines for the emissions
measurement of stationary gas turbine engines It is designed to
simplify, standardize, and reduce the cost of the measurement
process wherever possible. The expected users are engineers
and measurement technicians who require information on the
immurement of emissions from gas turbines. The Standard also
is written to inform project managers, contract and procurement
stag and engineers not directly involved with emissions of the
measurement control and compliance of gas turbines.
Specific criteria for the Standard were established by the
Steering Committee early in the program. These criteria were:
1. To standardize measurement techniques, analysis
procedures, and reporting criteria.
2. To follow ANSI format and the ASME Guide to Writing
Codes and Standards.
3. To be applicable to all industrial gas turbine engines
operating on natural gas and distillate fuel oil
4. To be applicable to engines with emission controls such as
water injection and selected catalytic reduction (SCR).
5. To provide reference to other turbine regulations and
measurement procedures.
6. To have general approval of industry and the USEPA
7. To not set regulatory limits or control regulations.
S. To incorporate the International Standards Organization
(ISO) gas turbine emissions measurement specification to
the extent feasible.
Since there are many different sizes and applications of
stationary gas turbines throughout the world, it was an objective
of the program that these differences be considered in the
development of the new Standard. Emissions measurement of
turbines using heat recovery after firing and steam and water
injection for NOx controls was included. The very low
concentration of pollutants typical of turbines using dry low
NOx combustion and SCR after treatment also was considered.
Current measurement methods were researched to find the
best methods, reduced to commercial practice, to include in the
Standard. Where applicable, the measurement methods are
referenced to EPA protocols. Since the development of
measurement instrumentation is ongoing, future improvements
will require periodic updating of the Standard.
It also was necessary to incorporate methods to measure each
of the exhaust components controlled by the various regulatory
agencies and emission regulations. Laws and rules were
researched, and the results became one of the bases for the
Standard.
Concurrently, the specification "Gas Turbines — Exhaust Gas
Measurement" was being developed by IS0(3X4). While this
specification did not provide for use of USEPA protocols and
was not acceptable for use in the United States, considerable
effort by an international working group bad been expended in
its development It was an objective of the program that the new
Standard incorporate as much of the ISO document as was
practical.
2
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Other measurement specifications such as those used for
aircraft gas turbines(5) and for reciprocating engines(6) were
reviewed for methods and content. These specifications were
found to be only indirectly applicable to the testing of stationary
gas turbines in the United Slates.
CONTENT
The Standard contains information that will guide the user in
the technologies of emissions compliance and control as well as
measurement During their review of requirements, the Steering
Committee found that many agency staffs had little experience
with most of the gas turbines used in the United States that are
operated on clean fuels, natural gas, and distillate oil. Also,
they found that agency personnel were unfamiliar with the
practical aspects of engine operation, the formation, identity,
and concentration of the various components in the exhaust of
turbines, the measurement of these components, and methods of
emission control As a result, the Standard was designed to
provide information and references on these subjects as well as
to establish the best measurement practices. The subjects
covered in the Standard are as follows:
Definitions. Terms most likely to be encountered in emissions
measurement, compliance, and control.
Exhaust Components. Description of each of the chemical
components in the gas turbine exhaust
Responsibilities. Gas turbine manufacturer and user
environmental responsibilities.
Operating and Test Conditions. Specification of system
operating and test conditions.
Measurements. Recommended methods of measurement of
gaseous components, smoke, particulates, and fuel. Definition
of the measurement system, sampling, instrumentation, and
quality provisions.
Calculations and Conversions. Specification of methods of
calculating emissions.
General References. Information on reference conditions,
physical properties, air laws, regulations, air toxins, and
emission control methods.
MEASUREMENT OF GASEOUS COMPONENTS
The Standard specifies the gaseous components in the exhaust
and the methods to be used to measure them. These
components are listed in Table 1. This listing was determined
by the Steering Committee based on the regulatory requirements
of the EPA, the state agencies, and the collective experience of
the members. It is recognized that measurement technology is
advancing rapidly, and this listing deserves regular updating.
 Measurement System
The three basic elements of the measurement system are (1)
the sampling probe, (2) transfer and conditioning, and (3)
analytical instruments and data acquisition. These elements are
described in detail in the Standard and refer to EPA protocols.
A schematic of the measurement system is shown in Figure 1.
With the exception of sulfur dioxide, sulfuric acid mist, and
water vapor, the gaseous measurements are to be made by
continuous flow sampling instruments. These instruments are
combined into a measurement system.
Sampling
The approach taken to sampling gaseous components is
designed to save test time and effort. It differs from the
multipoint traverse usually required by the USEPA in Method
2(7), which requires at least eight and normally many more
sampling locations in two planes.
The Standard recommends that the sample be proven to be
representative using a carbon balance. Once that is done,
sampling may be achieved using a three-holed sampling probe
tube or a single probe located at 16.7, 50, and 83.3% of a
measurement line taken through the centroid of the duct area.
Ducts larger than 2.4 meters can be sampled at 0.4, 1.2, and 10
meters from the wall to reduce probe ovediang. The use of three
sampling points is based on the EPA Continuous Emission
Monitoring Specification 2(8) and is illustrated in Figure 2.
The number of sampling points is reduced because, in the
majority of industrial turbine installations, the exhaust gas
stream is well mixed and the concentration of the individual
components is, from a practical standpoint, uniform across the
entire exhaust duct This uniformity is due to the length
of exhaust ducting, the changes in direction and cross section
required for the installation of boilers and silencers, and the
requirement for stack heights. As a result, the number of sample
points required for sampling gas turbine gaseous components is
far less than that required for most industrial plants. The EPA
CEM Specification provides substantiation that a representative
gas sample can be obtained with three sampling points.
Sample Transfer and Conditioning
Long lines are often unavoidable in the measurement of large
turbine systems; however, the sample transfer time should be
kept as short as possible. It is important to avoid condensation
of the various constituents, particularly water vapor,
hydrocarbons, and sulfates. It is recommended that the entire
sample line be heated above the condensation temperature of
each constituent, considering its concentration. The sample is
to be conditioned in a manner compatible with the various
analyzers.
Instrumentation
Descriptions, general requirements, and performance
specifications are given for each of the instruments and
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TABLE 1 GASEOUS EXHAUST COMPONENTS
Component Recommended Method
Oxides of nitrogen (N0,) Chemiluminescence
Carbon monoxide (CO) Nondispersive infrared
Carbon dioxide (CO2) Nondispersivicinfrared
Sulfur dioxide (S02) Fuel analysis
Sulfuric acid mist (112504) Impinger train • -
Total hydrocarbons Flame ionization detector
NMHC and VOC Gas chromatograph
Ammonia IN113) Chemiluminescence difference
Oxygen (02) Electrochemical or paramagnetic
Water vapor (H2E) Impinger train
measurement methods that are recommended. These are
listed in Table 1. For additional detailed information, specific
USEPA methods and ISO standards are given as references.
Each of these measurement methods listed in Table I will not
be covered in this summary paper. Some of the findings and
recommendations on measurement methods that were
formulated during the development of the Standard are
discussed below.
Hydrocarbons and VOC. In most instances in the United
States, a measurement of the volatile organic e. ompormds (VOC)
emitted by the engine is required. VOC are usually defined as
the total of all hydrocarbons (HC) emitted minus the methane
and ethane components. In many instances the term non
methane hydrocarbons (NMHC) is used synonymously with
VOC. In modem engines, emissions of VOC are often at a very
low concentration, less than I to 10 ppmC (methane equivalent).
Their measurement requites the accurate determination of
concentrations of both the total and methane exhaust
components. This determination is accomplished by measuring
total HC and subtracting measured methane
It is recommended that the measurement of total
hydrocarbons be made using a flame ionization analyzer and
volatile organic compounds by gas chromatograph (GC). Direct
analyzers combine the features of both these instruments to
obtain VOC concentrations.
Separate analyzers can also be used to obtain VOC emissions.
To improve accuracy, it is recommended that the ratio of VOC
to total HC be obtained using the GC, and this ratio be applied
to the total HC obtained by FM to obtain the concentration of
VOC in the exhaust
Ammonia. Ammonia in the exhaust of a turbine resulting from
NOx emission control equipment, such as SCR, must be
controlled to low concentration level, typically 10 ppm. The
chemilanxinescence difference method was listed as the best
method then available However, none of the methods
commercially available was considered accurate enough. It was
recognized that considerable research on ammonia measurement
is in progress, and the Standard will require subsequent
updating
 12

VOC
(CH4 a OsM4)
Gas Grecinstogra;41

HC
11 Raertaantalisn
detezzor

10

NOx
2 Chernilersnescenca

02
Zirconium a**
at paramagnetic

Legend
CO

1 Probe Nanespe"she
2 Gas inlet for system check
3 Sample line
4 Dump pump to vent, if required
CO2
5 Filter
6 Sample pump
Fdrand
7 Back pressure reducer
8 Chillier/separator operating s3°C
9 Gas inlet for instrument calibration SO2
10 NO2 —■ NO converter
NcedSpersin
11 Heated section Onveel
12 Analyzer

N H3
Gneenturninescence
&Enna

FIGURE 1 MEASUREMENT SYSTEM FOR GASEOUS COMPONENTS

Water Vapor. The exhaust from a gas turbine can contain
varying quantities of water vapor, approximately 2 to 15% by
volume. The absolute amenmt depends on the products of
combustion that are fuel related, the absolute humidity of the air
ingested into the engine, and the amount of water injected into
the engine for emission control or power augmentation. Water
entering the engine from evaporative inlet coolers and water fuel
emulsions also must be considered.
The water vapor content of the exhaust is used in making
emission calculations, and determining this value accurately is
important The quantity of water in the exhaust can be
determined either by direct measurement or by measurement
and summation of all sources. In the case where direct
measurement is required, the reference method cited in EPA
Method 4(9) is recommended.
Instrument Calibration Gases
The calibration of instruments through the use of calibrating
gases is described in the Standard. These gases, introduced at
the sampling probe, are to have certificates of compliance per
ISO standards or USEPA protocols. Accuracy requirements for
a number of calibration gases, including zero gas, are
recommended in the Standard.

4
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 CIRCULAR EXHAUST DUCT
Iteestnement
plane
Measurornent line established Drat to flow enough the eardrold of exhaust
duet meastwentent plane and In direction of expected stratification.
FIGURE 2 SAMPLING POINTS
SMOKE MEASUREMENT
Smoke emitted from gas turbines is measured in two general
ways: (1) visible plume opacity, and (2) smoke density that
measures soot in the exhaust. Smoke measurements are made
of engines operating on liquid fuels. Engines operating on
natural gas will normally have no visible exhaust plume
Visual Opacity
Currently, visual determination using I.JSEPA Method 9(10) is
the only accepted and practical method of determining the visual
opacity of the exhaust plume of a gas turbine. However, this
method does not produce results of acceptable accuracy.
Other methods were examined and found deficient. LIDAR
measurements(11) were found to be too expensive for routine
source testing. Transmissometers(12) measure the light
obscuration caused by smoke in the exhaust duct but do not take
into accmmt plume behavior or plume illumination.
Method 9 requires that a trained observer, holding a valid
USEPA certificate, make and record one or more sets of
observations. The positive error of Method 9 for black plumes
is cited as less than 5%. Evaluations of Method 9 during
certification training(13) show that at the opacity values of 10%
and 20%, which are the usual compliance levels for gas
turbines, the standard deviation of measurement was 3.16% and
5.25% opacity, respectively.
When the standard deviation is as high as 25 to 33% of the
measured value, compliance difficulties can be expected,
particularly in cases where compliance is marginal. When this
deviation occurs, referee measurements of smoke density are
recommended. These measurements would be made using a
smokemeter or in-stack tzansmissometer that was correlated
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with visual opacity tests made during source testing. In order to
be effective, this procedure must be agreed to by the cognizant
regulatory agency so that when questioned by an inspector,
compliance during routine operation of the engine can be
demonstrated using the referee method.
Smoke Density
In the United States regulations do not require smokemeter
readings. Since these readings are required in Europe and other
regions, smoke density measurement was included in the
Standard.
Two different methodologies are available: smoke spot and
optical. In the smoke spot procedure, a metered quantity of
exhaust is passed through a filter paper and the density of the
smoke stain on the paper is graded optically. In the optical
procedure, a continuous flow of exhaust is extracted, metered,
and passed through a cell that measures its light obscuration.
Three of the most common methods of measuring smoke from
gas turbines were evaluated for inclusion in the Standard. These
are described below.
ICAO/SAE Aircraft Method. The SAE Aircraft Method is a
spot filtration procedure that is designed and used to measure
the smoke density of aircraft gas turbine exhaust In this
method, the mass of exhaust collected and the optical grading of
the stain are closely controlled. This method is specified by the
International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) and aviation
agencies throughout the world(14).
Bacharach/ASTM. Bacharach is the spot filtration method
specified by ISO(3) and used throughout Europe to measure
both turbine and diesel engines. It is not as precise as the
aircraft method and employs a different scale for smoke density.
The method, also identified as ASTM D2156, was designed for
use with oil heating equipment(15).
Rolls-Royce Optical Smokemeter. The Rolls-Royce optical
smokemeta was designed to measure smoke from gas turbines
and component rigs on a continuous basis. It provides a
measurement of the carbon density based on a standard cell that
can be calibrated in units of carbon mass (milligrams per cubic
meter) or in terms of Bacharach or SAE Smoke Numbers(16).
Comparison of Methods
These methods were compared for accuracy in the range of
low smoke density typical of modem gas turbine engines. This
evaluation based on the accuracy stated in the description of
each method, was to determine if a difference in accuracy that
could be easily discernible and lead to a recommended method
acisted.
Figure 3 shows the results of the accuracy evaluation. In
order to obtain a direct comparison between the methods, the
smoke number values from the SAE and Bacharach methods
were converted to carbon mass per unit of exhaust gas using
published conversion data.
 Recommendations
In reviewing the commercially available methods of
measuring smoke, the Steering Committee decided not to
recommend a specific method at this time. While the optical
smokemeter is the most accurate, it could not be recommended
for use in the Standard because there were no commercially
developed competitive methods.
The spot filtration methods were found to be of insufficient
accuracy in the low smoke density ranges required by industrial
gas turbines. The Steering Committee determined that no
method would be recommended in the Standard, but that the
most commonly used methods would be described for the
convenience of the user.
PARTICULATE MEASUREMENT
The measurement of particulate material (PM) is frequently
required in the United States by state and local agencies if the
gas turbine is run on liquid fuel. In some instances PM
measurement has been directed by local agencies even when the
engine is rim on natural gas.
Present Method 5
The method of measurement mandated by these agencies is
USEPA Method 5(17), a method that uses filtration and
collection of the particulates in the exhaust by traversing the
exhaust duct over a large number of specified sampling points.
It requires long sampling times because of low mass loading of
particulates in the exhaust stream. It also requires the
determination of the velocity profile of the exhaust at these
same points using a pitotstatic probe. From this profile, the
mass flow rate of the engine exhaust is computed. While this
method may be acceptable for use in measuring various
industrial sources such as cement kilns and coal fired boilers, it
is misapplied to gas turbine engines. This application is
expensive and time consuming and has high variability resulting
in inaccurate data.
Alternate Methods
Because of these difficulties an alternate method was sought to
determine PM emissions from turbines. Various procedures
were examined, including correlation of particulate mass with
the optical density of the exhaust(18) and the use of full sized
and miniature dilution tunnels similar to the diesel testing(19).
It was found that while research was continuing on optical
correlation, this method had not yet been brought to commercial
practice. Dilution tunnels, commonly used in automotive
testing would extend, not shorten, the sampling times and
would not give real time test results.
Recommended Modifications to Method 5
The possibility of modification of Method 5 was examined to
. see if it could be simplified and made more practical and less
costly. It was determined that a number of changes should be
6
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Is
3
IS 30
MIKE PLOW
FIGURE 3 VARIABILITY OF SMOKE MEASUREMENT
made when Method 5 is used to measure gas turbine PlvL These
changes, described below, were incorporated in the Standard.
Eliminate Isoldnetic Sampling. The particulate material in the
exhaust of a gas turbine operating on distillate fuel is composed
primarily of submicronic carbon particles and condensable
hydrocarbons and sulfates. With low sulfur distillate fuels all of
the particles present in the exhaust are submicronic and will
follow stream lines. Isokinetic sampling to assure that the
velocity into the probe and the stream velocity are equal, is
mmecessioy.
Increase Sample Flow. With the elimination of isokinetic
sampling the sample flow rate may be increased, reducing
collection times to obtain the required sample mass of 20 mg
Reduce The Number of Sampling Points. As was previously
discusser', the gas stream exiting from an industrial gas turbine
is well mixed. The number of sampling points was reduced to
the same three recommended for gas sampling Verification that
the gas sample is representative saves to determine that
particulate sampling will also be representative.
Eliminate Velocity Profiling. The determination of mass flow
from a gas turbine using the velocity profile measured in the
exhaust duct is not recommended due to inaccuracy in
measuring the true average flow velocity. Instead, the flow
through the system should be determined using fuel flow
measurements and a carbon balance. 'Ibis determination should
be verified by the computed exhaust flow using the engine
manufacturer's engine performance model (performance deck)
corrected to the source test conditions.
Eliminate PM Measurement From Gas Fired Engines. The
Standard states that the measurement of particulates from
natural gas fuels engines is not recommended. The level of
material in the exhaust resulting from the combustion of natural
gas is extremely low and is below the practical threshold of
 measurement using Method 5. In some instances, agencies have
required sampling times as long as 24 hours in order to obtain a
viable sample.
AIR TOXICS
As a result of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments, numerous
compounds have been listed as air toxics(20). The emission of
these compounds is regulated at the levels of 10 tons per year,
or 25 tons in combination.
Occurrence in Gas Turbine Exhaust
At these regulated levels, the emission of these quantities of
air toxic compounds from gas turbine engines operating on
natural gas and high quality distillate fuels is unlikely due to the
cleanliness of the fuels and the design and installation
characteristics of industrial turbine engines. Some air toxic
compounds cannot be generated by gas turbines. More specific
reasons are as follows:
1. High fuel quality is required to extend engine endurance life
and maintain performance. The level of contaminants in the
fuel must be closely controlled in order to prevent erosion
and corrosion of the engine gas path. ASTM specifications
require that trace metal concentrations of vanadium, sodium
and potassium (in combination), calcium, and lead be held
to 0.5 ppm by weight(21).
2. High combustion efficiency and large dilution ratios are
design characteristics of stationary gas turbine engines.
Typical combustion efficiencies are 99.99°% and air-to-fuel
ratios are approximately 50. In combination, these
characteristics along with careful design control of
combustors have resulted in total HC emission levels in the
exhaust gas of I to 10 ppm, measured as methane. As a
result, only minute fractions (ppb or less) of unburned fuel
components will be present in the exhaust.
3. Good fuel filtration is required in order to prevent finely
divided solids containing earth compounds and metals from
entering the fuel system and fouling and eroding control
orifices and fuel injectors.
4. High quality inlet air filtration is used to prevent airborne
particles from entering the engine and causing deterioration
of engine performance and life. These particles also are
prevented from subsequently being oxidized and reinjected
into the atmosphere.
5. Close specification control of other fluids such as water,
steam, and lubricating oil used in gas turbines is maintained.
These fluids have specifications that stipulate allowable
levels of contaminants to prevent deposition, corrosion, and
erosion in the engine. Particularly rigid control is required
to minimi7A the induction of halogen compounds to prevent
them from entering the gas path. This class of compounds is
particularly corrosive and greatly reduces engine life.
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Determination of Air Toxic Compounds
Air toxic compounds emitted by the engine must come from
the fluids introduced into the engine during its operation. These
fluids are fuel, air, lubricating oil, water, steam, and engine
washing compounds. Each installation should be considered as
specific. If determinations of the presence and quantity of
emissions of air toxic compounds must be obtained, it is
recommended that an analysis of each of the fluids used by the'
engine be made to determine the presence and expected
concentrations of compounds that can form air toxic
compounds.
Because of very low concentrations, direct measurement of
these compounds in the exhaust is not recommended. If exhaust
measurement is mandated, the prior identification of each air
toxic compound, its source, and probability of occurrence is
recommended.
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
B133.9 New Standard
The revised ANSI Standard B133.9 has been completed and is
available from the American National Standards Institute. Its
use will provide the following
1. The guidance and criteria for the measurement of exhaust
emissions from stationary gas turbines.
2. Standardized measurement techniques, analysis, and
reporting in the United States and internationally.
3. Reduced labor and cost of source testing by simplified
sampling, exhaust flow measurement, and measurement of
particulates.
4. Improved understanding of the character and measurement
of gas turbine emissions by industry and government staff
involved in the permitting process.
Contract Vs Committee Methods
In the past most standards, including ANSI BI33 Gas Turbine
Procurement Standards, have been written by volunteer
committee members whose membership and time were
sponsored by their various employers. Because this committee
activity was secondary to their main work, standards
development was a slow and limited process. Recent reductions
in technical staffs have made voluntary committee work even
less productive.
Changing this procedure to one in which research,
development, and drafting of the standard are performed by a
contractor under the technical direction of a steering committee
has proven to be advantageous to the sponsoring groups. Our
experience in writing the new B133 Exhaust Fmiccions Standard
has shown the following advantages of using the committee
method:
• Defined scope. The specific work requirements are defined
by contact that can be monitored and administered.
 • Reduced manpower. The technical man-hours and
involvement required of the sponsors' technical staff are
greatly reduced.
• Shortened time. The time to complete the Standard is
shortened to less than half the usual development time.
• Cost and time are controlled. The cost and time required
of each sponsor are known at the onset of the contract and
can be budgeted.
• Defined responsibility. It is the responsibility of the
contractor to produce a superior specification.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The author thanks the following for their assistance during the
development of this specification:
Steering Committee
R.P. Allen, General Electric Company, Schenectady, N.Y. (now
Clemson University, Clemson SC.)
RI Art, ASME Research, Washington, DC.
W. Gray, Special Consultant, Radian Corporation, Research
Triangle Park, NC
W.S.Y. Hung, Solar Turbines Incorporated, San Diego, CA
IL Huntley, Fmieeimi Measurement Branch, USEPA, Research
Triangle Park, NC
J.J. Macak, Westinghouse Electric Corporation, Orlando, a
G. Opdyke, Dykewood Enterprises, Stratford, CT
Schreiber, Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA
W.H von Klein Smid, Engineering Consultant, Corona del
Mar, CA
P. Westlin, Fmiecion Measurement Branch, USEPA, Research
Triangle Park, NC
Other Contributors
Allison Gas Turbine Division, General Motors Corporation,
Indianapolis, IN
Cook & Associates, Inc., Indianapolis, IN
Rolls Royce plc, Derby, England
U.S. Naval Air Warfare Center, Trenton, NJ
REFERENCES
(1) Procurement Standard for Gas Turbine Environmental
Requirements and Responsibilities, ANSI 8133.9, American
Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York, April, 1979.
(2) Standards of Performance for New Stationary Sources,
Subpart GG — Standards of Performance for Stationary Gas
Turbines, US Federal Register Title 40, Part 60.
(3) Gas Turbines — Exhaust Gas Emission — Measurement and
Evaluation," Draft International Standard 11042-1, ISO/TC 192,
International Standards Organization, Geneva, Switzerland,
1992.
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8
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(10) "Method 9 — Visual Determination of the Opacity of
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