Professional Documents
Culture Documents
”
-Jon Mitchell
SITE PLANNING
Site Planning
SITE PLANNING
TAPP MODULE 4-1 (Ar.FL Capellan, JPT – Manila)
METHODS OF ESTABLISHING A SITE
SITE PLANNING
TAPP MODULE 4-1 (Ar.FL Capellan, JPT – Manila)
SITE ANALYSIS
Involves the study of the site in terms of the following :
1. Natural Factors
2. Cultural Factors
3. Aesthetic Factors
SITE PLANNING
TAPP MODULE 4-1 (Ar.FL Capellan, JPT – Manila)
SITE ANALYSIS
Involves the study of the site in terms of the following :
Natural factors :
1. Geology
2. Geomorphology – physiography, landforms, soils, drainage,
topography and slopes, and soil erosion
3. Hydrology – surface and ground water
4. Vegetation – plant ecology
5. Wildlife – habitats
6. Climate – solar orientation, wind, and humidity.
SITE PLANNING
TAPP MODULE 4-1 (Ar.FL Capellan, JPT – Manila)
SITE ANALYSIS
Cultural factors :
SITE PLANNING
TAPP MODULE 4-1 (Ar.FL Capellan, JPT – Manila)
SITE ANALYSIS
Aesthetic factors :
1. Natural features
2. Spatial patterns – spaces and sequences
3. Visual Resources – views and vistas
SITE PLANNING
TAPP MODULE 4-1 (Ar.FL Capellan, JPT – Manila)
SITE ANALYSIS
Natural factors
SITE PLANNING
TAPP MODULE 4-1 (Ar.FL Capellan, JPT – Manila)
SITE ANALYSIS
Natural factors
SITE PLANNING
TAPP MODULE 4-1 (Ar.FL Capellan, JPT – Manila)
SITE ANALYSIS
Natural factors
GEOMORPHOLOGY
(1) Confront the nature of the land
o Landform
o Slopes
o inherent capabilities for surface and subsurface discharge of water
supporting vertical and horizontal structures, and for resisting
erosion.
SITE PLANNING
TAPP MODULE 4-1 (Ar.FL Capellan, JPT – Manila)
SITE ANALYSIS
Natural factors
GEOMORPHOLOGY
The Four Geomorphologic Properties:
1. Soil Properties
2. Drainage
3. Topography & Slopes
4. Soil Erosion
SITE PLANNING
TAPP MODULE 4-1 (Ar.FL Capellan, JPT – Manila)
SITE ANALYSIS
Natural factors
GEOMORPHOLOGY
SOIL PROPERTIES
Several features, or properties, are used to describe soil for use in site
design. Of these ---
1. COMPOSITION
2. TEXTURE
are generally the most meaningful; from them we can make inferences about
bearing capacity, internal drainage, erodibility, and slope stability.
SITE PLANNING
TAPP MODULE 4-1 (Ar.FL Capellan, JPT – Manila)
GEOMORPHOLOGY
SOIL PROPERTIES:
1. COMPOSITION refers to the material that makes up soil:
SITE PLANNING
TAPP MODULE 4-1 (Ar.FL Capellan, JPT – Manila)
BEARING CAPACITY FOR ROCK AND SOIL MATERIALS
Class Material Allowable Bearing
Value (psf)
SOIL PROPERTIES:
1. COMPOSITION refers to the material that makes up soil:
SITE PLANNING
TAPP MODULE 4-1 (Ar.FL Capellan, JPT – Manila)
GEOMORPHOLOGY
SITE PLANNING
TAPP MODULE 4-1 (Ar.FL Capellan, JPT – Manila)
GEOMORPHOLOGY
TEXTURE
There are 12 basic terms for texture, at the center of which is Class LOAM,
which is an intermediate mixture of 40% sand, 40% silt and 20% clay.
SITE PLANNING
TAPP MODULE 4-1 (Ar.FL Capellan, JPT – Manila)
GEOMORPHOLOGY
DRAINAGE
SITE PLANNING
TAPP MODULE 4-1 (Ar.FL Capellan, JPT – Manila)
GEOMORPHOLOGY
TOPOGRAPHY & SLOPES
SITE PLANNING
TAPP MODULE 4-1 (Ar.FL Capellan, JPT – Manila)
Four basic slope forms are detectable on contour maps:
straight S - shape concave convex
SITE PLANNING
TAPP MODULE 4-1 (Ar.FL Capellan, JPT – Manila)
ANGLE OF REPOSE -- angle at which soil can be safely inclined and
beyond which it will fail.
SITE PLANNING
TAPP MODULE 4-1 (Ar.FL Capellan, JPT – Manila)
TOPOGRAPHIC MAP – a map
of a portion of the earth that
describes the shape of the
earth’s surface by contour lines.
SITE PLANNING
TAPP MODULE 4-1 (Ar.FL Capellan, JPT – Manila)
Contours – are imaginary lines that
join points of equal elevation on the
surface of the land above or below a
reference surface such as the mean
sea level.
Contours make it possible to measure
the height of mountains, depth of the
ocean bottoms, and steepness of
slopes .
SITE PLANNING
TAPP MODULE 4-1 (Ar.FL Capellan, JPT – Manila)
SLOPE ANALYSIS is an important analytical process made on a
topographic map that makes a proper match between land uses and
slopes and produces an overall pattern of slopes which helps the site
planner in determining the buildable portions of the site.
The process involves breaking down of topography into grades which
will establish the desired patterns for a given land use as in the following
example :
SLOPE PATTERN for ELEMENTARY AND HIGH SCHOOL CAMPUS
0 – 5% Generally flat Highly buildable
5 – 10% Gently rolling Moderately buildable
10 – 15% Gentle to mild slopes Moderately difficult to build
15 – 20% Mild to steep slopes Difficult to build
20% and over Harsh, steep slopes Unbuildable
SITE PLANNING
TAPP MODULE 4-1 (Ar.FL Capellan, JPT – Manila)
GEOMORPHOLOGY
D distance = 10.00 m .
X 100
5%
D distance = 200.00 m for slope pattern 0-5 %
This distance unit will figure in the graduated scale that will be
constructed for use in the slope map.
SITE PLANNING
TAPP MODULE 4-1 (Ar.FL Capellan, JPT – Manila)
GEOMORPHOLOGY
Slopes influence the alignment of modern roads according to class of roads; the
higher the class, the lower the maximum grades allowable.
SITE PLANNING
TAPP MODULE 4-1 (Ar.FL Capellan, JPT – Manila)
SLOPE REQUIREMENTS FOR VARIOUS LAND USES
Land Use Maximum Minimum Optimum
Housing Sites 20% - 25% 0% 2%
Playgrounds 2% - 3% .05% 1%
Public Stairs 50% --- 25%
Lawns (mowed) 25% --- 2% -- 3%
Septic Drainfields* 15% 0% .05%
Paved Surfaces
Parking Lots 3% .05% 1%
Sidewalks 8% 0% 1%
Streets and Roads 15% -- 17% --- 1%
20 mph 12%
30 mph 10%
40 mph 8%
50 mph 7%
60 mph 5%
70 mph 4%
Industrial Sites
Factories 3% - 4% 0% 2%
Lay Down Storage 3% .05% 1%
Parking 3% .05% 1%
* Special drainfield designs are required at slopes above 10 to 12 percent.
GEOMORPHOLOGY
SOIL PROPERTIES
SITE PLANNING
TAPP MODULE 4-1 (Ar.FL Capellan, JPT – Manila)
PREVENTION
Four factors to consider in forecasting erosion rates:
SITE PLANNING
TAPP MODULE 4-1 (Ar.FL Capellan, JPT – Manila)
SOIL EROSION
PREVENTION
1. Vegetation:
• Foliage intercepts
raindrops
• Organic litter on the
ground reduces
impact of raindrops
• Roots bind together • Cover density, in form of
aggregates of soil ground cover or tree
particles canopy, decreases soil
loss to runoff
SITE PLANNING
TAPP MODULE 4-1 (Ar.FL Capellan, JPT – Manila)
PREVENTION
2. Soil Type:
• Intermediate
textures like sand
will usually yield
(erode) first
• To erode clay, the
velocity of the runoff
should be high
enough to overcome
cohesive forces that • Similarly, high velocities would be
bind the particles needed to move masses of pebbles
together and particles larger than those of
sand
SITE PLANNING
TAPP MODULE 4-1 (Ar.FL Capellan, JPT – Manila)
SOIL EROSION
PREVENTION
3. Slope Size and Inclination:
• The velocity of runoff is
closely related to the
slope of the ground
over which it flows.
Slopes that are both
steep and long produce
the greatest erosion • Slope also influences the quantity
because they generate of runoff since long slopes collect
runoff that is high in more rainfall and thus generate a
velocity and mass. larger volume of runoff.
SITE PLANNING
TAPP MODULE 4-1 (Ar.FL Capellan, JPT – Manila)
SOIL EROSION
PREVENTION
4. Frequency and Intensity of
Rainfall:
• Intensive rainfalls produced
by thunderstorms promote
the highest rates of erosion.
• Accordingly, the incidence of
storms plus total annual
rainfall can be a reliable
measure of the effectiveness
of rainfall in promoting soil
erosion.
SITE PLANNING
TAPP MODULE 4-1 (Ar.FL Capellan, JPT – Manila)
SITE ANALYSIS
Natural factors
HYDROLOGY
the natural science that studies the Waters of the Earth, their
occurrence, circulation and distribution, their chemical and physical
properties, and their reaction to the living environment including
their relation to all living things.
Hydrologic cycle – or
the planet’s water cycle,
described by the
movement of water from
the oceans to the
atmosphere to the
continents and back to
the sea .
SITE PLANNING
TAPP MODULE 4-1 (Ar.FL Capellan, JPT – Manila)
Water table – is the upper boundary of the zone of groundwater;
the top of unconfined aquifer .
SITE PLANNING
TAPP MODULE 4-1 (Ar.FL Capellan, JPT – Manila)
Aquifer – A permeable geological stratum or formation that can
both store and transmit groundwater in significant quantities.
SITE PLANNING
TAPP MODULE 4-1 (Ar.FL Capellan, JPT – Manila)
Watershed – a
geographic area of land
bounded by topographic
features and height of
land that captures
precipitation, filters and
stores water and drains
waters to a shared
destination. Knowledge
of watershed
boundaries is critical to
water quality and storm
water management.
SITE PLANNING
TAPP MODULE 4-1 (Ar.FL Capellan, JPT – Manila)
SITE ANALYSIS
Natural factors
VEGETATION
1. Climatic control
2. Environmental Engineering
SITE PLANNING
TAPP MODULE 4-1 (Ar.FL Capellan, JPT – Manila)
VEGETATION:
1. Climatic control
a. Solar Radiation – is Earth’s source of light and heat. It warms
the earth’s surface, is reflected by paving and other objects,
and produces glare.
Trees are one of the best controls for solar radiation because:
• they block or filter sunlight;
• they cool the air under their canopies providing natural air
conditioning;
Scientists have recorded that with an air temperature of 84deg F,
surface temp of a concrete paving was 108 deg, while surface temp
under shade trees were 20deg lower.
SITE PLANNING
TAPP MODULE 4-1 (Ar.FL Capellan, JPT – Manila)
VEGETATION:
1. Climatic control
SITE PLANNING
TAPP MODULE 4-1 (Ar.FL Capellan, JPT – Manila)
VEGETATION:
1. Climatic control
SITE PLANNING
TAPP MODULE 4-1 (Ar.FL Capellan, JPT – Manila)
2. Environmental Engineering
SITE PLANNING
TAPP MODULE 4-1 (Ar.FL Capellan, JPT – Manila)
VEGETATION:
2. Environmental Engineering
b. Noise
SITE PLANNING
TAPP MODULE 4-1 (Ar.FL Capellan, JPT – Manila)
VEGETATION:
2. Environmental Engineering
SITE PLANNING
TAPP MODULE 4-1 (Ar.FL Capellan, JPT – Manila)
VEGETATION:
2. Environmental Engineering
SITE PLANNING
TAPP MODULE 4-1 (Ar.FL Capellan, JPT – Manila)
VEGETATION:
2. Environmental Engineering
d. Erosion Control
Vegetation with extensive root
systems imparts stability to
slopes.
SITE PLANNING
TAPP MODULE 4-1 (Ar.FL Capellan, JPT – Manila)
VEGETATION:
3. Architectural and Aesthetic Uses
SITE PLANNING
TAPP MODULE 4-1 (Ar.FL Capellan, JPT – Manila)
3. Architectural and Aesthetic Uses
SITE PLANNING
TAPP MODULE 4-1 (Ar.FL Capellan, JPT – Manila)
VEGETATION:
3. Architectural and Aesthetic Uses
c. Mood – Plants affects peoples’ moods.
SITE PLANNING
TAPP MODULE 4-1 (Ar.FL Capellan, JPT – Manila)
SITE ANALYSIS
Natural factors
WILDLIFE
Wildlife relates closely to habitats provided by plant communities. The three
groups of habitat elements essential to the different species of wildlife are:
SITE PLANNING
TAPP MODULE 4-1 (Ar.FL Capellan, JPT – Manila)
SITE ANALYSIS
Natural factors
CLIMATE
a. Solar orientation
for buildings;
SITE PLANNING
TAPP MODULE 4-1 (Ar.FL Capellan, JPT – Manila)
CLIMATE:
Solar orientation
SITE PLANNING
TAPP MODULE 4-1 (Ar.FL Capellan, JPT – Manila)
CLIMATE:
SITE PLANNING
TAPP MODULE 4-1 (Ar.FL Capellan, JPT – Manila)
CLIMATE:
Wind flows
Abrupt forms cause unpleasant air Smooth forms induce smooth flow
turbulence. of air.
SITE PLANNING
TAPP MODULE 4-1 (Ar.FL Capellan, JPT – Manila)
SITE PLANNING CONCEPT USING NATURAL FACTORS:
• Vegetation
• Water Bodies
SITE PLANNING
TAPP MODULE 4-1 (Ar.FL Capellan, JPT – Manila)
THE CULTURAL FACTORS
EXISTING LAND USE:
Land Use Plans are available in each city and municipality to determine the
areas for commercial, institutional, industrial, residential, and open space
uses. These were planned according to the most rational use of land in
relation to the natural and socio-economic factors, and in accordance with
compatibility with adjacent land uses.
Each site must conform to the land use plan: a residential subdivision, for
example, cannot be developed in a site designated as Industrial.
SITE PLANNING
TAPP MODULE 4-1 (Ar.FL Capellan, JPT – Manila)
THE CULTURAL FACTORS
TRAFFIC AND TRANSIT SYSTEMS:
The relationship of traffic pattern to each other and to the site must be
studied for adequacy of access and efficiency of circulation within and
outside of the site.
Direction of dominant traffic flow, both vehicular and pedestrian will also
help establish points of highest visual impact for the site.
SITE PLANNING
TAPP MODULE 4-1 (Ar.FL Capellan, JPT – Manila)
THE CULTURAL FACTORS
DENSITY AND ZONING:
Density refers to the population per unit land area. This data will determine
whether existing utilities and land areas will be sufficient to sustain additional
future development, which will naturally add to the existing population and
bear on the capacity of these utilities.
Density influences the privacy, social contact among people, and freedom of
movement of an individual or a group of people.
Zoning regulations, laws and codes are present in every city and municipality
to regulate the type of development. It divides the city or municipality into
land use areas that are designated by building height, building coverage,
density of population, and open space.
SITE PLANNING
TAPP MODULE 4-1 (Ar.FL Capellan, JPT – Manila)
THE CULTURAL FACTORS
SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS:
The study of the community and its social and economic structures are done
to determine whether there is a need, an interest, or any objections on the
project.
Any proposed project must be compatible with the economy of the particular
community. For example, a high-end boutique is hardly suitable in a low-
income community.
The social structure of the community must be taken into consideration to
ensure that a proposed development will not result in any displaced families,
and any major disruption in their businesses and other activities.
SITE PLANNING
TAPP MODULE 4-1 (Ar.FL Capellan, JPT – Manila)
THE CULTURAL FACTORS
UTILITIES / SERVICES:
• Sanitary/sewage system
• Electric power supply
• Water supply
• Drainage
Most water systems will supply domestic, industrial, and fire stand-by supply
from a distribution system. Storm drains collect surface water and conduct it
to rivers, creeks, or other bodies of water.
SITE PLANNING
TAPP MODULE 4-1 (Ar.FL Capellan, JPT – Manila)
THE CULTURAL FACTORS
HISTORIC FACTORS:
1. Historic Buildings
2. Historic Landmarks
3. Archeology
SITE PLANNING
TAPP MODULE 4-1 (Ar.FL Capellan, JPT – Manila)
THE AESTHETIC FACTORS
NATURAL FEATURES:
SITE PLANNING
TAPP MODULE 4-1 (Ar.FL Capellan, JPT – Manila)
THE AESTHETIC FACTORS
SPATIAL PATTERNS:
SITE PLANNING
TAPP MODULE 4-1 (Ar.FL Capellan, JPT – Manila)
THE AESTHETIC FACTORS
VISUAL RESOURCES:
A view can be a theme that may The full view is not always the
suggest and give added meaning to best view.
buildings.
SITE PLANNING
TAPP MODULE 4-1 (Ar.FL Capellan, JPT – Manila)
VISUAL RESOURCES: