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“They paved paradise and put up a parking lot.


-Jon Mitchell
SITE PLANNING
Site Planning

(1) Kevin Lynch (Site Planning)


• the art of arranging structures on the land and shaping the spaces between
• an art linked to architecture, engineering, landscape architecture and city planning

(2) Harvey M. Rubenstein (A Guide to Site and Environmental Planning, 1980)


• the art and science of arranging the uses of portions of land
• designated in detail by selecting and analyzing sites, forming land use plans,
organizing vehicular and pedestrian circulation, developing visual form and
materials concepts, readjusting the existing landforms by design grading,
providing proper drainage, and developing the construction details necessary
to carry out the projects

SITE PLANNING
TAPP MODULE 4-1 (Ar.FL Capellan, JPT – Manila)
METHODS OF ESTABLISHING A SITE

1. SITE SELECTION PROCESS


This process selects from a list of potential sites one that suits best the
given use and requirements of the project .

2. DEVELOPMENT SUITABILITY PROCESS


This process selects the best possible use and development suited for a
given site .

SITE PLANNING
TAPP MODULE 4-1 (Ar.FL Capellan, JPT – Manila)
SITE ANALYSIS
Involves the study of the site in terms of the following :

1. Natural Factors
2. Cultural Factors
3. Aesthetic Factors

SITE PLANNING
TAPP MODULE 4-1 (Ar.FL Capellan, JPT – Manila)
SITE ANALYSIS
Involves the study of the site in terms of the following :

Natural factors :

1. Geology
2. Geomorphology – physiography, landforms, soils, drainage,
topography and slopes, and soil erosion
3. Hydrology – surface and ground water
4. Vegetation – plant ecology
5. Wildlife – habitats
6. Climate – solar orientation, wind, and humidity.

SITE PLANNING
TAPP MODULE 4-1 (Ar.FL Capellan, JPT – Manila)
SITE ANALYSIS

Cultural factors :

1. Existing land use – ownership of adjacent property, off-


site nuisances
2. Traffic and transit – vehicular and pedestrian circulation
on or adjacent to site
3. Density and zoning – legal and regulatory controls
4. Socio-economic factors
5. Utilities – sanitary, storm-water, water supply, power
supply, and communications.
6. Historic factors – historic buildings, landmarks, and
archeology

SITE PLANNING
TAPP MODULE 4-1 (Ar.FL Capellan, JPT – Manila)
SITE ANALYSIS

Aesthetic factors :

1. Natural features
2. Spatial patterns – spaces and sequences
3. Visual Resources – views and vistas

SITE PLANNING
TAPP MODULE 4-1 (Ar.FL Capellan, JPT – Manila)
SITE ANALYSIS
Natural factors

GEOLOGY is the natural science that studies the Earth – its


composition; the processes that shaped its surface; and its history.
Earth is made up of rocks (including soil, sand, silt and dust); rocks are
composed of minerals; minerals are made up of atoms :

Igneous Rocks – rocks produced by crystallization from a liquid.


Sedimentary Rocks – when igneous rocks are exposed to surface and
weathering reduces them to particles, these particles are moved by
erosional process and deposited in layers into rivers and oceans .
Metamorphosed Rocks – when sedimentary rocks are pushed to
deeper levels of the earth, they transform into metamorphosed
rocks due to changes in pressure and temperature .

SITE PLANNING
TAPP MODULE 4-1 (Ar.FL Capellan, JPT – Manila)
SITE ANALYSIS
Natural factors

GEOMORPHOLOGY - branch of Geology that deals with the origin, nature


and distribution of landforms.
Physiography – refers to the description of landforms.
Landforms – are irregularities on the earth’s surface. Derived from
volcanic, glacial, or erosional processes.

SITE PLANNING
TAPP MODULE 4-1 (Ar.FL Capellan, JPT – Manila)
SITE ANALYSIS
Natural factors
GEOMORPHOLOGY
(1) Confront the nature of the land
o Landform
o Slopes
o inherent capabilities for surface and subsurface discharge of water
supporting vertical and horizontal structures, and for resisting
erosion.

SITE PLANNING
TAPP MODULE 4-1 (Ar.FL Capellan, JPT – Manila)
SITE ANALYSIS
Natural factors
GEOMORPHOLOGY
The Four Geomorphologic Properties:

1. Soil Properties
2. Drainage
3. Topography & Slopes
4. Soil Erosion

SITE PLANNING
TAPP MODULE 4-1 (Ar.FL Capellan, JPT – Manila)
SITE ANALYSIS
Natural factors
GEOMORPHOLOGY
SOIL PROPERTIES

In site planning, it is important to establish the relationship between soil


composition and land uses (other than agriculture). Soil surveys help guide in
site selection for residential, industrial, and other forms of development that
involve surface and subsurface structures.

Several features, or properties, are used to describe soil for use in site
design. Of these ---

1. COMPOSITION
2. TEXTURE

are generally the most meaningful; from them we can make inferences about
bearing capacity, internal drainage, erodibility, and slope stability.
SITE PLANNING
TAPP MODULE 4-1 (Ar.FL Capellan, JPT – Manila)
GEOMORPHOLOGY

SOIL PROPERTIES:
1. COMPOSITION refers to the material that makes up soil:

a. Mineral Particles comprise 50% to 80% of the volume of the


soil and form the all important skeletal structure of the soil.

Sand and gravel particles provide for the greatest stability,


usually yield a relat-ively high bearing capacity,

• Bearing capacity is a soil’s resistance to penetration


from a weighted object such as a building foundation.

SITE PLANNING
TAPP MODULE 4-1 (Ar.FL Capellan, JPT – Manila)
BEARING CAPACITY FOR ROCK AND SOIL MATERIALS
Class Material Allowable Bearing
Value (psf)

1 Massive crystalline bedrock, e.g. granite, 200,000


Rock gneiss
2 Metamorphosed rock, e.g. schist, slate 80,000

3 Sedimentary rocks, e.g. shale, sandstone 30,000

4 Well compacted gravels and sands 20,000


5 Compact gravel, sand/gravel mixtures 12,000

6 Soil materials Loose gravel, compact coarse sand 8,000

7 Loose coarse sand; loose sand/gravel 6,000


mixtures, compact fine sand, wet coarse
sand
8 Loose fine sand, wet fine sand 4,000
9 Stiff clay (dry) 8,000
10 Medium-stiff clay 4,000
11 Soft clay 2,000
12 Fill, organic material, or silt (fixed by field
tests)
Source: Code Manual, New York State Building Code Commission
SITE PLANNING
TAPP MODULE 4-1 (Ar.FL Capellan, JPT – Manila)
GEOMORPHOLOGY

SOIL PROPERTIES:
1. COMPOSITION refers to the material that makes up soil:

b. Organic Matter varies radically in soils and usually imposes a


limitation to any building structure. Organic matter is important only
for soil fertility, moisture absorption and retention and for
landscaping.
c. Water content varies with particle sizes, local drainage, topography
and climate. Most water occupies the spaces between particles; only
in organic soils do the particles themselves actually absorb
measurable amounts of water.
d. Air is what occupies remaining space that is not occupied by water.
In layers where groundwater is formed by gravity water in the subsoil
and underlying rock, there is absence of air.

SITE PLANNING
TAPP MODULE 4-1 (Ar.FL Capellan, JPT – Manila)
GEOMORPHOLOGY

TEXTURE - is the term used to describe the composite sizes of


particles in a soil sample.

SITE PLANNING
TAPP MODULE 4-1 (Ar.FL Capellan, JPT – Manila)
GEOMORPHOLOGY

TEXTURE

There are 12 basic terms for texture, at the center of which is Class LOAM,
which is an intermediate mixture of 40% sand, 40% silt and 20% clay.

Sand Loam Clay


SITE PLANNING
TAPP MODULE 4-1 (Ar.FL Capellan, JPT – Manila)
GEOMORPHOLOGY
DRAINAGE

GOOD DRAINAGE refers to the soil’s ability


to transfer gravity water downward through:
1. Infiltration - the rate at which water
penetrates the soil surface (usually
measured in cm or inches per hour);
2. Permeability - the rate at which water
within the soil moves through a given
volume of material (also measured in
cm or inches per hour)
3. Percolation - the rate at which water in
a soil pit or pipe within the soil is taken
up by the soil (used mainly in
wastewater absorption tests and
measured in inches per hour)

SITE PLANNING
TAPP MODULE 4-1 (Ar.FL Capellan, JPT – Manila)
GEOMORPHOLOGY
DRAINAGE

POOR DRAINAGE - means that gravity


water is not readily transmitted by the soil
and soil is frequently or permanently
saturated and may have water standing on
it caused by :
1. The local accumulation of water ;
2. A rise in the level of groundwater within
the soil column;
3. The size of the particles in the soil
being too small to transmit infiltration
water.

SITE PLANNING
TAPP MODULE 4-1 (Ar.FL Capellan, JPT – Manila)
GEOMORPHOLOGY
TOPOGRAPHY & SLOPES

SLOPE ANALYSIS -- Understanding slope forms for site design requires


understanding of local geologic, soil, hydrologic, and
vegetative conditions.

SLOPE FORM -- is expressed graphically in terms of a slope profile, a


silhouette of a slope drawn to known proportions with
distance on the horizontal axis and elevation on the
vertical axis

SITE PLANNING
TAPP MODULE 4-1 (Ar.FL Capellan, JPT – Manila)
Four basic slope forms are detectable on contour maps:
straight S - shape concave convex

SITE PLANNING
TAPP MODULE 4-1 (Ar.FL Capellan, JPT – Manila)
ANGLE OF REPOSE -- angle at which soil can be safely inclined and
beyond which it will fail.

SITE PLANNING
TAPP MODULE 4-1 (Ar.FL Capellan, JPT – Manila)
TOPOGRAPHIC MAP – a map
of a portion of the earth that
describes the shape of the
earth’s surface by contour lines.

SITE PLANNING
TAPP MODULE 4-1 (Ar.FL Capellan, JPT – Manila)
Contours – are imaginary lines that
join points of equal elevation on the
surface of the land above or below a
reference surface such as the mean
sea level.
Contours make it possible to measure
the height of mountains, depth of the
ocean bottoms, and steepness of
slopes .

SITE PLANNING
TAPP MODULE 4-1 (Ar.FL Capellan, JPT – Manila)
SLOPE ANALYSIS is an important analytical process made on a
topographic map that makes a proper match between land uses and
slopes and produces an overall pattern of slopes which helps the site
planner in determining the buildable portions of the site.
The process involves breaking down of topography into grades which
will establish the desired patterns for a given land use as in the following
example :
SLOPE PATTERN for ELEMENTARY AND HIGH SCHOOL CAMPUS
0 – 5% Generally flat Highly buildable
5 – 10% Gently rolling Moderately buildable
10 – 15% Gentle to mild slopes Moderately difficult to build
15 – 20% Mild to steep slopes Difficult to build
20% and over Harsh, steep slopes Unbuildable

SITE PLANNING
TAPP MODULE 4-1 (Ar.FL Capellan, JPT – Manila)
GEOMORPHOLOGY

TOPOGRAPHY AND SLOPES


In the analysis of the slopes, the
distances for each Slope Pattern
are computed from the given
topographic map, for use on the
Slope Map.
To compute the Distance of a slope from a
topographic contour map :
contour interval
D distance = X 100
% slope

D distance = 10.00 m .
X 100
5%
D distance = 200.00 m for slope pattern 0-5 %
This distance unit will figure in the graduated scale that will be
constructed for use in the slope map.

SITE PLANNING
TAPP MODULE 4-1 (Ar.FL Capellan, JPT – Manila)
GEOMORPHOLOGY

TOPOGRAPHY AND SLOPES


A Slope Map is prepared to
visually express these slope
patterns on the topographic
map. Here’s how to:
a. Establish the site
boundaries on the map.
b. Make a constructed
c. Place the scale on the map (see
graduated scale on the
illustration above) and mark the
edge of a cardboard
edges where the scale matches the
sheet, representing the
distances between contour lines.
distances of each slope
pattern (using same scale d. Color- or hatch-code each area
as the topo map). delineated by these edges.

The result is a colored or gradient-hatched SLOPE MAP.


SITE PLANNING
TAPP MODULE 4-1 (Ar.FL Capellan, JPT – Manila)
DESIRABLE SLOPES – when slopes
are selected according to building
type and the activities associated
with it.
-- Flat or gently sloping sites are
preferred for industrial and
commercial buildings
-- Hilly sites are preferred for
fashionable suburban residences.

Slopes influence the alignment of modern roads according to class of roads; the
higher the class, the lower the maximum grades allowable.

SITE PLANNING
TAPP MODULE 4-1 (Ar.FL Capellan, JPT – Manila)
SLOPE REQUIREMENTS FOR VARIOUS LAND USES
Land Use Maximum Minimum Optimum
Housing Sites 20% - 25% 0% 2%
Playgrounds 2% - 3% .05% 1%
Public Stairs 50% --- 25%
Lawns (mowed) 25% --- 2% -- 3%
Septic Drainfields* 15% 0% .05%
Paved Surfaces
Parking Lots 3% .05% 1%
Sidewalks 8% 0% 1%
Streets and Roads 15% -- 17% --- 1%
20 mph 12%
30 mph 10%
40 mph 8%
50 mph 7%
60 mph 5%
70 mph 4%
Industrial Sites
Factories 3% - 4% 0% 2%
Lay Down Storage 3% .05% 1%
Parking 3% .05% 1%
* Special drainfield designs are required at slopes above 10 to 12 percent.
GEOMORPHOLOGY
SOIL PROPERTIES

SOIL EROSION – when rocks are


broken down (weathered) into small
fragments, and carried by wind, water,
ice and gravity. Energy for this
process is solar and gravitational.

SITE PLANNING
TAPP MODULE 4-1 (Ar.FL Capellan, JPT – Manila)
PREVENTION
Four factors to consider in forecasting erosion rates:

vegetation soil type slope size and frequency and


inclination intensity of rainfall

SITE PLANNING
TAPP MODULE 4-1 (Ar.FL Capellan, JPT – Manila)
SOIL EROSION
PREVENTION
1. Vegetation:
• Foliage intercepts
raindrops
• Organic litter on the
ground reduces
impact of raindrops
• Roots bind together • Cover density, in form of
aggregates of soil ground cover or tree
particles canopy, decreases soil
loss to runoff

SITE PLANNING
TAPP MODULE 4-1 (Ar.FL Capellan, JPT – Manila)
PREVENTION
2. Soil Type:
• Intermediate
textures like sand
will usually yield
(erode) first
• To erode clay, the
velocity of the runoff
should be high
enough to overcome
cohesive forces that • Similarly, high velocities would be
bind the particles needed to move masses of pebbles
together and particles larger than those of
sand

SITE PLANNING
TAPP MODULE 4-1 (Ar.FL Capellan, JPT – Manila)
SOIL EROSION
PREVENTION
3. Slope Size and Inclination:
• The velocity of runoff is
closely related to the
slope of the ground
over which it flows.
Slopes that are both
steep and long produce
the greatest erosion • Slope also influences the quantity
because they generate of runoff since long slopes collect
runoff that is high in more rainfall and thus generate a
velocity and mass. larger volume of runoff.

SITE PLANNING
TAPP MODULE 4-1 (Ar.FL Capellan, JPT – Manila)
SOIL EROSION
PREVENTION
4. Frequency and Intensity of
Rainfall:
• Intensive rainfalls produced
by thunderstorms promote
the highest rates of erosion.
• Accordingly, the incidence of
storms plus total annual
rainfall can be a reliable
measure of the effectiveness
of rainfall in promoting soil
erosion.
SITE PLANNING
TAPP MODULE 4-1 (Ar.FL Capellan, JPT – Manila)
SITE ANALYSIS
Natural factors
HYDROLOGY

the natural science that studies the Waters of the Earth, their
occurrence, circulation and distribution, their chemical and physical
properties, and their reaction to the living environment including
their relation to all living things.
Hydrologic cycle – or
the planet’s water cycle,
described by the
movement of water from
the oceans to the
atmosphere to the
continents and back to
the sea .
SITE PLANNING
TAPP MODULE 4-1 (Ar.FL Capellan, JPT – Manila)
Water table – is the upper boundary of the zone of groundwater;
the top of unconfined aquifer .

SITE PLANNING
TAPP MODULE 4-1 (Ar.FL Capellan, JPT – Manila)
Aquifer – A permeable geological stratum or formation that can
both store and transmit groundwater in significant quantities.

SITE PLANNING
TAPP MODULE 4-1 (Ar.FL Capellan, JPT – Manila)
Watershed – a
geographic area of land
bounded by topographic
features and height of
land that captures
precipitation, filters and
stores water and drains
waters to a shared
destination. Knowledge
of watershed
boundaries is critical to
water quality and storm
water management.

SITE PLANNING
TAPP MODULE 4-1 (Ar.FL Capellan, JPT – Manila)
SITE ANALYSIS
Natural factors
VEGETATION

The relevance of Plant Materials in site planning is in their role in :

1. Climatic control

2. Environmental Engineering

3. Architectural and Aesthetic Uses

SITE PLANNING
TAPP MODULE 4-1 (Ar.FL Capellan, JPT – Manila)
VEGETATION:

1. Climatic control
a. Solar Radiation – is Earth’s source of light and heat. It warms
the earth’s surface, is reflected by paving and other objects,
and produces glare.

Trees are one of the best controls for solar radiation because:
• they block or filter sunlight;
• they cool the air under their canopies providing natural air
conditioning;
Scientists have recorded that with an air temperature of 84deg F,
surface temp of a concrete paving was 108 deg, while surface temp
under shade trees were 20deg lower.

SITE PLANNING
TAPP MODULE 4-1 (Ar.FL Capellan, JPT – Manila)
VEGETATION:
1. Climatic control

b. Wind – helps to control temperature. When winds are of low


velocity, they may be pleasant, but when velocity increases,
may cause discomfort or damage.
Trees help to buffer winds in urban areas caused by convection
and Venturi effects.

SITE PLANNING
TAPP MODULE 4-1 (Ar.FL Capellan, JPT – Manila)
VEGETATION:
1. Climatic control

c. Precipitation . Plants help to control precipitation reaching the


ground. By intercepting rain and slowing it down, they aid in
moisture retention, and in the prevention of soil erosion. They
also help soil retain water by providing shade, or protection
from the wind, or by water shedding function of trees’ roots.

SITE PLANNING
TAPP MODULE 4-1 (Ar.FL Capellan, JPT – Manila)
2. Environmental Engineering

a. Air Purification – Plants


clean air through the
process of photosynthesis
where they use up carbon
dioxide emissions of cars
and trucks and in the
process release oxygen
into the air.
Trees also help filter out
other pollutants, i.e. sulfur
dioxide, dust, pollen, and
smoke.
SITE PLANNING
TAPP MODULE 4-1 (Ar.FL Capellan, JPT – Manila)
2. Environmental Engineering
b. Noise – To understand noise:
The sound level of normal conversation is about 60 decibels; a
plane taking off produces 120 decibels at a distance of 200 ft.
Sound energy usually spreads out and dissipates in transmission.
Sound waves can be absorbed, reflected or deflected.
Plants absorb sound waves through their leaves, branches,
twigs, especially those with thick fleshy leaves and thin petioles.

SITE PLANNING
TAPP MODULE 4-1 (Ar.FL Capellan, JPT – Manila)
VEGETATION:
2. Environmental Engineering
b. Noise

Tree trunks deflect


sounds and it has
been estimated that
a 100 ft. depth of
forest can reduce
sound by 21
decibels.

SITE PLANNING
TAPP MODULE 4-1 (Ar.FL Capellan, JPT – Manila)
VEGETATION:
2. Environmental Engineering

c. Glare and Reflection –


Plants reduce glare and
reflection caused by sunlight.
A light source received
directly produces primary
glare while reflected light is
secondary glare. Plants may
be used to filter or block
glare by use of plants with
the appropriate size, shape,
and foliage density.

SITE PLANNING
TAPP MODULE 4-1 (Ar.FL Capellan, JPT – Manila)
VEGETATION:
2. Environmental Engineering

d. Erosion Control – Plants are a primary means of preventing


erosion from stormwater runoff and of controlling erosion during
construction. Erosion is also minimized by the plants action of
intercepting rain, decreasing splash, and increased water
absorption.

SITE PLANNING
TAPP MODULE 4-1 (Ar.FL Capellan, JPT – Manila)
VEGETATION:
2. Environmental Engineering
d. Erosion Control
Vegetation with extensive root
systems imparts stability to
slopes.

On sandy slopes, the presence


of woody vegetation can Vitiveria ziziainoides or
increase the angle of repose Vitiver Grass ‘miracle’ grass
by 10 to 15 degrees. of amazing bio-engineering
capabilities.

SITE PLANNING
TAPP MODULE 4-1 (Ar.FL Capellan, JPT – Manila)
VEGETATION:
3. Architectural and Aesthetic Uses

A. SPACE DEFINITION as wall elements to form outdoor


spaces, as canopies to provide
shade, or as ground covers to provide color and texture on the
base plane.

SITE PLANNING
TAPP MODULE 4-1 (Ar.FL Capellan, JPT – Manila)
3. Architectural and Aesthetic Uses

b. View Control – While


trees and shrubs can
screen out objectionable
views, they can also
provide backdrops for
sculpture and fountains.

Additionally, they may


provide filtered views of
buildings or spaces, or
frame a view,
maximizing its effect.

SITE PLANNING
TAPP MODULE 4-1 (Ar.FL Capellan, JPT – Manila)
VEGETATION:
3. Architectural and Aesthetic Uses
c. Mood – Plants affects peoples’ moods.

SITE PLANNING
TAPP MODULE 4-1 (Ar.FL Capellan, JPT – Manila)
SITE ANALYSIS
Natural factors
WILDLIFE
Wildlife relates closely to habitats provided by plant communities. The three
groups of habitat elements essential to the different species of wildlife are:

1. Openland Wildlife – includes birds and mammals commonly associated


with crop fields, meadows, pastures, and non-forested lands. Habitat
elements essential for openland wildlife include:
a. Grain and seed crops
b. Grasses and legumes
c. Wild herbaceous upland plants
d. Hardwood woody plants

2. Woodland Wildlife – These species need various combinations of:


a. Grasses and legumes
b. Wild herbaceous upland plants
c. Hardwood woody plants
d. Cone-bearing shrubs such as pines. SITE PLANNING
TAPP MODULE 4-1 (Ar.FL Capellan, JPT – Manila)
WILDLIFE:
3. Wetland Wildlife – wetland species include birds and mammals needing
habitats with:
a. Wetland food plants or wild herbaceous plants of moist to wet
sites, excluding submerged or floating aquatic plants;
b. Shallow water development with water impoundments not deeper
than 5 ft.;
c. Excavated ponds with ample supply of water at least one acre and
average 6ft depth.
d. streams

SITE PLANNING
TAPP MODULE 4-1 (Ar.FL Capellan, JPT – Manila)
SITE ANALYSIS
Natural factors
CLIMATE

Climates can be generally classified into four types: COLD, TEMPERATE,


HOT ARID and HOT HUMID.

a. Solar orientation
for buildings;

b. The best facing


slopes; and

c. Wind flows for


breezes.

SITE PLANNING
TAPP MODULE 4-1 (Ar.FL Capellan, JPT – Manila)
CLIMATE:

Solar orientation

SITE PLANNING
TAPP MODULE 4-1 (Ar.FL Capellan, JPT – Manila)
CLIMATE:

Best facing slopes

Temperatures vary with elevation – by The more perpendicular a slope is to


about 3 deg for every 1000 ft. (300m) the rays of the sun, the warmer the
in the daytime. surface temperature.

SITE PLANNING
TAPP MODULE 4-1 (Ar.FL Capellan, JPT – Manila)
CLIMATE:

Wind flows

Abrupt forms cause unpleasant air Smooth forms induce smooth flow
turbulence. of air.
SITE PLANNING
TAPP MODULE 4-1 (Ar.FL Capellan, JPT – Manila)
SITE PLANNING CONCEPT USING NATURAL FACTORS:

PASSIVE COOLING – the technology of cooling spaces


through proper siting of structure and use of energy-efficient
materials, with the overall objective of energy conservation.
• Solar Orientation
• Altitude
• Topography

• Vegetation

• Water Bodies

SITE PLANNING
TAPP MODULE 4-1 (Ar.FL Capellan, JPT – Manila)
THE CULTURAL FACTORS
EXISTING LAND USE:

Land Use Plans are available in each city and municipality to determine the
areas for commercial, institutional, industrial, residential, and open space
uses. These were planned according to the most rational use of land in
relation to the natural and socio-economic factors, and in accordance with
compatibility with adjacent land uses.

Each site must conform to the land use plan: a residential subdivision, for
example, cannot be developed in a site designated as Industrial.

SITE PLANNING
TAPP MODULE 4-1 (Ar.FL Capellan, JPT – Manila)
THE CULTURAL FACTORS
TRAFFIC AND TRANSIT SYSTEMS:

The relationship of traffic pattern to each other and to the site must be
studied for adequacy of access and efficiency of circulation within and
outside of the site.

Efficient traffic and transportation systems will result in successful


integration of the different developments in the vicinity.

Direction of dominant traffic flow, both vehicular and pedestrian will also
help establish points of highest visual impact for the site.

Access must also consider pedestrian movement.

SITE PLANNING
TAPP MODULE 4-1 (Ar.FL Capellan, JPT – Manila)
THE CULTURAL FACTORS
DENSITY AND ZONING:

Density refers to the population per unit land area. This data will determine
whether existing utilities and land areas will be sufficient to sustain additional
future development, which will naturally add to the existing population and
bear on the capacity of these utilities.

Density is expressed in number of families or dwelling units per hectare. It


may also be expressed in Floor Area Ratio (FAR).

Density influences the privacy, social contact among people, and freedom of
movement of an individual or a group of people.

Zoning regulations, laws and codes are present in every city and municipality
to regulate the type of development. It divides the city or municipality into
land use areas that are designated by building height, building coverage,
density of population, and open space.
SITE PLANNING
TAPP MODULE 4-1 (Ar.FL Capellan, JPT – Manila)
THE CULTURAL FACTORS
SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS:

The study of the community and its social and economic structures are done
to determine whether there is a need, an interest, or any objections on the
project.
Any proposed project must be compatible with the economy of the particular
community. For example, a high-end boutique is hardly suitable in a low-
income community.
The social structure of the community must be taken into consideration to
ensure that a proposed development will not result in any displaced families,
and any major disruption in their businesses and other activities.

SITE PLANNING
TAPP MODULE 4-1 (Ar.FL Capellan, JPT – Manila)
THE CULTURAL FACTORS
UTILITIES / SERVICES:

It is important to determine the existing availability of utilities on site in terms


of adequacy and efficiency. This includes:

• Sanitary/sewage system
• Electric power supply
• Water supply
• Drainage
Most water systems will supply domestic, industrial, and fire stand-by supply
from a distribution system. Storm drains collect surface water and conduct it
to rivers, creeks, or other bodies of water.

SITE PLANNING
TAPP MODULE 4-1 (Ar.FL Capellan, JPT – Manila)
THE CULTURAL FACTORS

HISTORIC FACTORS:

1. Historic Buildings

2. Historic Landmarks

3. Archeology

SITE PLANNING
TAPP MODULE 4-1 (Ar.FL Capellan, JPT – Manila)
THE AESTHETIC FACTORS
NATURAL FEATURES:

When sites are


characterized by
outstanding natural
features of earth,
rock, water or plant
material, these may
be incorporated in the
site development as
natural assets of the
land.

SITE PLANNING
TAPP MODULE 4-1 (Ar.FL Capellan, JPT – Manila)
THE AESTHETIC FACTORS
SPATIAL PATTERNS:

Spatial pattern is defined as the way an open space of a given site is


configured according to an arrangement of elements that evoke activity or
flow, both physically or

SITE PLANNING
TAPP MODULE 4-1 (Ar.FL Capellan, JPT – Manila)
THE AESTHETIC FACTORS
VISUAL RESOURCES:

1. View – is a scene observed from a vantage point.

A view can be a theme that may The full view is not always the
suggest and give added meaning to best view.
buildings.
SITE PLANNING
TAPP MODULE 4-1 (Ar.FL Capellan, JPT – Manila)
VISUAL RESOURCES:

2. Vista – is a confined view, usually directed toward a terminal or


dominant feature. It has three components: a viewing station, a view,
and a foreground.

A view is usually better


if enframed or seen
through an appropriate
screen.
SITE PLANNING
TAPP MODULE 4-1 (Ar.FL Capellan, JPT – Manila)

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