T PAUL Uni DuE 2014-10-07

Project PAUL
Duisburg, 07.10.2014
The Ultra Low Pressure Ultra‐Filtration
(ULPUF) process:
(ULPUF) process:
Decentralized water supply in emergencies,
disasters and for permanent use
disasters and for permanent use
– Project PAUL –
Professor Dr.‐Ing. Franz‐Bernd Frechen
University of Kassel
Chair, IWA Specialist Group
“Membrane Technology”
Vice‐Dean of the Faculty of Civil and
Environmental Engineering
Environmental Engineering
Head of the Department of Sanitary
and Environmental Engineering (DESEE) Winner 2011 in the
category „society“
Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering (DESEE)
Slide 1
Head: Prof. Dr.‐Ing. F.‐B. Frechen
www.uni‐kassel.de/fb14/siwawi
Project PAUL
content Duisburg, 07.10.2014
 First, a short introduction: The University of Kassel and the
Fi t h t i t d ti Th U i it f K l d th
Department for Sanitary and Environmental Engineering
(DESEE) th
(DESEE), then ….
 Project PAUL – The Ultra Low Pressure Ultra‐Filtration (ULPUF)
process: Decentralized water supply in emergencies, disasters
and for permanent use:
 why?
 how?
 what is special with ULPUF? in this application?
 observations
 Conclusions
Concl sions
 …followed by some slides documenting the use of PAUL
worldwide
ld id
Slide 2
Project PAUL
University of Kassel Duisburg, 07.10.2014
Nature
Technology
h l
Culture
Society
Slide 3
Project PAUL
University of Kassel – where is Kassel? Duisburg, 07.10.2014
● Staff 2012
307 Professors (2012)
Professors (2012)
(State Money)
1 592 Scientific
1,592 Scientific, Technical and
Technical and
Administrative
(State Money)
526 Third Party Funds
183 Studentenwerk
2,608 Total 2012
22,084 Students, whereof
1 689 International
1,689 from more than
International from more than
120 countries (7.6%)
Slide 4
Project PAUL
University of Kassel – fields of teaching & research Duisburg, 07.10.2014
Mathematics, Natural Sciences
In the field of
Agriculture, Nutrition Science
g , Architecture
Architecture
Engineering Civil & Environmental Engineering
Fine Arts Art Studies
Fine Arts, Art Studies Electrical Communication Engineering
Electrical Engineering
Linguistics and Cultural Studies Industrial Engineering
Law Economics and Social
Law, Economics and Social Mechanical Engineering
Mechanical Engineering
Mechatronics
Sciences Optical Nano Technologies Engineering
T h ’ T i i
Teacher’s Training R
Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency
bl E dE Effi i
Structural Engineering
Urban Planning and Regional Planning
g g g
The Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering (DESEE)
is located in the Faculty of Civil & Environmental Engineering
Slide 5
Project PAUL
DESEE: courses and lectures Duisburg, 07.10.2014
 Introduction into Sanitary & Environmental Engineering
Introduction into Sanitary & Environmental Engineering
 Sewer systems, Combined Sewer Overflow Biological Treatment
 Wastewater Treatment
 Sludge Treatment, Anaerobic Processes, Renewable Energy
 Advanced Wastewater Treatment, Membrane Technology
 Dynamic Simulation
i Si l i
 Industrial wastewater Treatment
 Design Build Operate (Dipl ‐Ing
Design, Build, Operate (Dipl. Ing. Maus)
Maus)
 Drinking water (Prof. Dr.‐Ing. Müller‐Schaper)
 Water Chemistry
 Selected problems of Sanitary & Environmental Engineering & Water Reuse
 Environmental Pollution Prevention, Odour Emissions and Odour Abatement
technologies
 Energy recovery from wastewater, Renewable Energy production, Biogas
 Seminar Water, Wastewater, Waste
 Practical Exercises Environmental Protection
 Excursions
Slide 6
Project PAUL
Facilities Duisburg, 07.10.2014
 Central Building
C t l B ildi
Slide 7
Project PAUL
 Central Building
C t l B ildi
Slide 8
Project PAUL
 Laboratory on the premises of the Kassel wwtp
L b t th i f th K l t
Slide 9
Project PAUL
 Laboratory on the premises of the Kassel wwtp
L b t th i f th K l t
Slide 10
Project PAUL
 Test pilot
T t il t
plants on
th
the premises
i
of the
K
Kassel wwtp
l t
Slide 11
Project PAUL
DESEE: Fields of Research – Examples Duisburg, 07.10.2014
Retention Soil filters for biological

g CSO Treatment
Slide 12
Project PAUL
I d t i l wastewater
Industrial t t treatment:
t t t membrane
b technology
t h l
Slide 13
Project PAUL
Inlet Membrane
Int. recycle tank
MLSSIntS
Permeate
MLSSAT
MLSSAT
Intermediate
Sieving (IntS) MLSSMT
Excess sludge
Return sludge
g
Sludge
g management
g in separate
p membrane systems
y
Slide 14
Project PAUL
reduction
d ti off RS flow
fl vs.
reduction of MLSSred compared with MLSSDN/N
500%
of inlett flow
400%
desired: MLSSFC = 120% of MLSSDN/N
300%
S flow in % o
desired: MLSSFC = 150% of MLSSDN/N

200%
100%
RS
0%
100% 75% 50% 25%
reduction of MLSSred compared with MLSSDN/N in %
Sludge
g management
g in separate
p membrane systems
y
Slide 15
Project PAUL
BFM
M1 M2 Lauge BFHM
C(O2)
t2 pH
2
t1
MB VK SE
BioR
SP
Qzu
Zur Schlamm-
t5 g
behandlung
t4
QL
Rücklaufschlamm Überstand Zur Einleitung
t3
Industrial wastewater treatment: biological treatment of

salt-saturated wastewater
Slide 16
Project PAUL
Industrial wastewater treatment: biochemical metal

elimination and sulphate recovery
Slide 17
Project PAUL
fermentation-
residue repository
pit storage
fermenter
plug-flow-
fermenter
Feeder block heating

station
Renewable Energy via anaerobic Biogas processes

 500 kWel /550 kW
/ thermal natural resources Biogas plant
 Expansion with a 366 kW power plant making the village 100%
renewable
 Ongoing research in cooperation with DESEE
Ongoing research in cooperation with DESEE
Slide 18
Project PAUL
New Emscher Sewer

 length: 51 km
 diameter 1.4 to 2.8 m
 depth: 8 to 40 m
 shafts: 113, diameter 12 m
 cost: >2 bn Euro
 waste air treatment concept
designed by DESEE
Odourless air
Diluted sample
sample
Odour measurement and abatement technology

gy
Slide 19
Project PAUL
Odour measurement: electronic noses

S1 (aromatic)
100%
S10 ((methane-
th
S2 (broadr.)
aliph) 80%
60%
40%
S9 (sulphur, chlor) S3 (aromatic)
20%
0%
S8 (broad,
S4 (hydrogen)
alcohol)
S7 (sulphur,
S5 (arom-aliph)
organic)
S6 (broad,
methane)
Slide 20
Project PAUL
content Duisburg, 07.10.2014
 The Ultra Low Pressure Ultra‐Filtration (ULPUF) process:
Th Ult L P Ult Filt ti (ULPUF)
Decentralized water supply in emergencies, disasters and for
permanent use:
t
 why?
 how?
 what is special with ULPUF? in this application?
 observations
 conclusions
Slide 21
Project PAUL
why? Duisburg, 07.10.2014
why?
Slide 22
Project PAUL
Haiti, earthquake, February 2010 Duisburg, 07.10.2014
http://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Datei:Downtown_Port_au_Prince_after_earthquake.jpg&filetimestamp=20100402131754
Slide 23
Project PAUL
Haiti, earthquake, follow‐up Cholera, since mid 2010 Duisburg, 07.10.2014
Slide 24
Project PAUL
Pakistan, flooding, July 2010 Duisburg, 07.10.2014
Slide 25
Project PAUL
Thailand, flooding, October 2011 Duisburg, 07.10.2014
Slide 26
Project PAUL
water supply in cases of emergencies Duisburg, 07.10.2014
 are there standards for this task? and
th t d d f thi t k? d
 what is the most severe problem?
 what can be done in rural areas?
Slide 27
Project PAUL
potable water supply in cases of emergencies Duisburg, 07.10.2014
 are there standards for this task:
th t d d f thi t k
 Sphere standards (2011) and
 WHO guidelines for Drinking‐water Quality (2011)
WHO guidelines for Drinking water Quality (2011)
 what are the most severe problems:
 quantity of supply (even with intermediate quality)
i f l ( i hi di li )
 faecal pathogens
Slide 28
Project PAUL
water supply in cases of emergencies in rural areas Duisburg, 07.10.2014
h t b d i l ?
 in cities, mobile waterworks are installed to serve 20,000+ people. These
mobile waterworks need energy chemicals and skilled operation
mobile waterworks need energy, chemicals and skilled operation
personnel
Slide 29
Project PAUL
h t b d i l ?
personnel
 due to limited availabilityy of devices and personnel, due to their huge
p , g
capacity, due to transportation problems (destroyed infrastructure) and
due to cost, application in remote rural areas is impossible
Slide 30
Project PAUL
h t b d i l ?
personnel
p , g
 Solutions so far:
 chlorination
Slide 31
Project PAUL
chlorination Duisburg, 07.10.2014
use of chlorination  chlorination cannot be used by

chlorination cannot be used by
illiterates
 dirty water makes it difficult to
dirty water makes it difficult to
assess chlorine demand
 chlorine as with any other
chlorine – as with any other
chemical – can be overdosed,
leading to health damage
leading to health damage
 chlorine – as with any other
chemical can be underdosed,
chemical – can be underdosed
thus being not effective
 if chemicals are used up no
if chemicals are used up, no
water treatment is possible
 the water is still dirty and not
the water is still dirty and not
aesthetic
© Humanity Care Stiftung 2010
Slide 32
Project PAUL
h t b d i l ?
personnel
p , g
 chlorination
 SODIS (solar disinfection)
Slide 33
Project PAUL
SODIS Duisburg, 07.10.2014
http://climatelab.org/index.php?title=Solar_Water_
T t
Treatment&highlight=SODIS
t&hi hli ht SODIS
http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_gmzQyaivE_U/
Sth5aqTKEyI/AAAAAAAAArU/
SdAgNffZWzE/s576/SODIS.jpg
http://www.3sat.de/page/?source=/nano/cstuecke/46883/index.html
SODIS ist eine günstige und einfache Methode, um die mikrobiologische Trinkwasserquali‐
tät in Entwicklungsländern wesentlich zu verbessern. Wasser wird dabei in PET Flaschen
für einen Tag an der Sonne exponiert Das Sonnenlicht (UVA und UVB im Bereich von ca
für einen Tag an der Sonne exponiert. Das Sonnenlicht (UVA und UVB im Bereich von ca.
300 ‐ 400 nm) inaktiviert einen grossen Teil der Keime im Wasser. (…) Die primäre Schädi‐
gung der Zellen (…) erfolgt, indem (…) zuerst Transportprozesse an der Membran beein‐
trächtigt werden. (…) Bei der Bestrahlung verschiedener Bakterienarten (Escherichia coli,
werden ( ) Bei der Bestrahlung verschiedener Bakterienarten (Escherichia coli
Salmonella typhimurium, Shigella flexneri) gingen die Zellfunktionen immer in der gleichen
Reihenfolge verloren, was andeutet, dass es sich wahrscheinlich um denselben Mechanis‐
mus handelt. S. typhimurium
handelt S typhimurium war bei weitem der resistenteste Organismus und konnte
war bei weitem der resistenteste Organismus und konnte
sich zudem von leichten Zellschäden wieder erholen. (01.11.2010)
http://www.eawag.ch/forschung/umik/schwerpunkte/trinkwasser/licht_desinfektion/sodis/index_FR
note: the higher turbidity, the
note: the turbidity the lower efficiency
Slide 34
Project PAUL
h t b d i l ?
personnel
p , g
 chlorination
 Sari filtration
Slide 35
Project PAUL
Sari filtration Duisburg, 07.10.2014
 Water is filtered through a sari folded 4 times („fabric filter“)
W t i filt d th h i f ld d 4 ti ( f b i filt “)
 Cost zero, reduces cholera cases down to 43% 
 But: has to be used in practice already, cannot be
pp pp
applied as a new method after a disaster happened 
Sari Cloth Filtration Reduces Cholera Cases
Fall, 2000
4
000People
2
Cases / 1,0
1
0
Sari Filtration No Filtration
S
Source: Dr.
D Rit
Rita Colwell,
C l ll Director
Di t off The
Th National
N ti l Science
S i Foundation
F d ti Quelle: Dr. Rita R. Colwell: A Voyage of Discovery: Cholera, Climate and Complexity
Quelle: Dr. Rita R. Colwell: A Voyage of Discovery: Cholera, Climate and Complexity
http://www.nsf.gov/news/speeches/colwell/rc01_anatlesson/sld017.htm (slide 36)
Slide 36
Project PAUL
h t b d i l ?
personnel
p , g
 chlorination
 Sari filtration
 transportation of water (bottled or in tank trucks)
Slide 37
Project PAUL
h t b d i l ?
personnel
p , g
 chlorination
 Sari filtration
 transportation of water (bottled or in tank trucks)
 decentralized water supply – but how?
Slide 38
Project PAUL
how? Duisburg, 07.10.2014
how?
Slide 39
Project PAUL
which technology to be used? Duisburg, 07.10.2014
Table 7.8 Reductions of bacteria, viruses and protozoa achieved by household
water treatment technologies
Slide 40
Project PAUL
filtration is mostly done by the cake layer Duisburg, 07.10.2014
raw cake layer

water (filtration active) filtrate
1/ of the
1 000
diameter of a
human hair
human hair
(MWCO 150 kDalton)
Solids (organic, anorganic,
(organic anorganic
bacteria, pathogens, …) membrane
typical pore width 20 to
20 to 100 nm
100 nm (0.020 to
(0 020 to 0.100 µm)
0 100 µm)
Slide 41
Project PAUL
removal of bacteria, example cholera Duisburg, 07.10.2014
© wikipedia
cholera bacteria
diameter 300 to
300 to 500 nm, length
500 nm length 2 000 nm
2 000 nm ( 2 µm)
( 2 µm)
membrane
20 to 100 nm
100 nm (0.020 to
(0 020 to 0.100 µm)
0 100 µm)
Slide 42
Project PAUL
WaterBackpack “PAUL” designed by DESEE: Duisburg, 07.10.2014
 at DESEE, starting 2001, we
t DESEE t ti 2001
designed the WaterBackpack
called “PAUL”, a small
ll d “PAUL” ll
membrane ultrafiltration (UF)
unitit
 membrane area 9.5 m2
 1,200 L/d for 400 people
 weight: 23 kg
weight: 23 kg
 height: 1.2 m
 size: 0.4 m x 0.4 m
 6 unit fit on a standard
Euro‐palette
Slide 43
Project PAUL
The requirements are: Duisburg, 07.10.2014
 No chemicals needed
No chemicals needed
 No energy needed
N d d
 No operation personnel needed
i l d d
 No maintenance needed
 Absolutely robust
 Instant delivery
 Easily transportable
Slide 44
Project PAUL
The solutions of the WaterBackpack “PAUL”: Duisburg, 07.10.2014
 No chemicals
No chemicals needed – Membrane (A 9 5 m2) to filter pathogens,
Membrane (Amem 9.5 m ) to filter pathogens
nominal pore size 40 nm (0.04 µm) (MWCO 150 kDalton)
 No energy needed
N d d
i l d d
Slide 45
Project PAUL
 No chemicals
 No energy
N needed –
d d Uses gravity: TMP provided by the water level
U it TMP id d b th t l l
difference (max. 0.80 m) due to height of the WaterBackpack
i l d d
0,80 m
 Instant delivery max.
Slide 46
Project PAUL
 No chemicals
 No energy
N needed –
 No operation personnel needed –
i l d d Simple pictograms explain usage
Si l i l i
even to illiterates
Slide 47
Project PAUL
 No chemicals
 N
No energy needed –
Si l i l i
even to illiterates
 No maintenance needed – just pour water
in over months and months
0,80 m
Slide 48
Project PAUL
 No chemicals
 N
Si l i l i
even to illiterates
 Absolutely robust – no moving parts,
lifetime of the membrane ≈ 10 years 0,80 m
Slide 49
Project PAUL
 No chemicals
 N
Si l i l i
even to illiterates
 Instant delivery – can be stored ready max.
to use, 6 fit on an Euro‐Palette
Slide 50
Project PAUL
 No chemicals
 N
Si l i l i
even to illiterates
 Instant delivery – can be stored ready max.
to use, 6 fit on an Euro‐Palette
 Easily transportable – weighs 20 kg,transport
on the back, by bike, by lorry, by helicopter ....
Slide 51
Project PAUL
The complete operation manual Duisburg, 07.10.2014
 no moving parts, no energy, no chemicals, no maintenance
i t h i l i t ,
extremely robust, to be operated by anyone – even illiterates
 See the complete operation manual!
Portable
t bl
Aqua
Unit for
L ifesaving
L if i
Slide 52
Project PAUL
what is special with ULPUF? Duisburg, 07.10.2014
what is special with ULPUF?
in this application?
Slide 53
Project PAUL
operation principles PAUL Duisburg, 07.10.2014
 dead end filtration
d d d filt ti
 ultra low pressure: 0.00 to 0.08 bar (0.04 typical)
 9.5 m² membrane surface area
 nominal flux 5 LMH, nominal yield 1,200 L/d
nominal flux 5 LMH nominal yield 1 200 L/d
 flat sheet vertically mounted
Slide 54
Project PAUL
operation principles Duisburg, 07.10.2014
d d d filt ti
 according to literature, the permeate flow will come to zero
(with TMP between 0.3 and 10 bar)
feed = raw water decay of filtrate flow rate
membrane
filtrate = permeate
Melin/Rautenbach: Membranverfahren. 3rd edition 2007. ISBN 978‐3‐540‐34327‐1 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York
Slide 55
Project PAUL
1. Bacterial activity keeps up cake layer permeability Duisburg, 07.10.2014
100.00
Chriesbach, renewed, 24h Chriesbach River water:
90.00
Chriesbach, NaN3, 5mmol/l DOC 3.1 - 4.6 mgC/l
80.00 T bidit 1
Turbidity: 1.5
5 - 24 NTU
70.00
With and without 5M NaN3
60 00
60.00
J, l/h/m2
2
50.00
40.00
J
30.00
Daily fluctuation but on
20.00 average stable flux
10.00
0.00 Slow but steady flux
0 5 10 day 15 20 25 reduction
From Presentation Peter/Pronk (EAWAG) 2005, Techneau workshop, Berlin
Slide 56
Project PAUL
2. dead end filtration – no sizing effect Duisburg, 07.10.2014
 acc. to Ripperger, high velocities (= forces) along the membrane
t Ri hi h l iti ( f ) l th b
surface have a sizing effect, leaving higher percentages of small
particles on the membrane: increased likeliness of pore clogging
ti l th b i d lik li f l i
 in the ULPUF, vertical force is much lower than with cross flow
filtration !
particle size
1 no crossflow (original particle
distribution)
ntage of p
2 … 5 increasing crossflow velocity
from 0.3 m/s to 1.5 m/s
percen
Rippberger ,S.(1993): Berechnungsansätze zur
Crossflow‐Filtration.
particle size
particle size Ch
Chem‐Ing‐Tech. 65, Nr
I T h 65 N 5, 533‐540
5 533 540
Slide 57
Project PAUL
3. Low TMP Duisburg, 07.10.2014
 The higher the TMP as the driving force for small particles to be
Th hi h th TMP th d i i f f ll ti l t b
dragged into the pores, the lower the occurrence of pore
bl ki
blocking
 With ultra low TMP, the small particles presumably cannot even
pass the cake layer
Slide 58
Project PAUL
operation principles Duisburg, 07.10.2014
d d d filt ti
 dead end filtration is only recommended with very low
suspended solids content – as can be found in surface waters
(in general and during emergencies)
 cake layer has to be removed somehow – but if simple operation
is essential, this cannot be done by backflush
, y
Slide 59
Project PAUL
models of cake layer with cross flow … Duisburg, 07.10.2014
Slide 60
Project PAUL
fl t h t ti ll t d
 forces at a cake layer particle during filtration
Fg force of gravity
feed
permeate
FN filtration force
FF friction force
membrane
Slide 61
Project PAUL
 forces at a cake layer particle during filtration and filling
f t k l ti l d i filt ti d filli
F? force due to tur‐
bulence when filling
Fg force of gravity
feed
permeate
FN filtration force
FF friction force
membrane
Slide 62
Project PAUL
 forces at a cake layer particle during filtration pause
f t k l ti l d i filt ti
Fg force of gravity
FS sticky force
membrane
Slide 63
Project PAUL
 forces at a cake layer particle during filtration pause and filling
f t k l ti l d i filt ti d filli
F? force due to tur‐
bulence when filling
Fg force of gravity
FS sticky force
membrane
Slide 64
Project PAUL
 forces at a cake layer particle during tap closing
f t k l ti l d i t l i
Fg force of gravity
pl s short term s rge hen closing tap

plus short term surge when closing tap
FS sticky force
membrane
Slide 65
Project PAUL
fl t h t ti ll t d
 spacing (gap between membrane plates) is crucial
 PAUL: gap between membrane plates: 3.5 mm(in activated
g , y y gg g)
sludge treatment, usually >8 mm is necessary to avoid clogging)
→ high packing density
3.5 mm 10 mm
Slide 66
Project PAUL
how much water is filtered per day? Duisburg, 07.10.2014
water for 400 affected people: 1,200 L/d (800 bottles

people: 1 200 L/d (800 bottles 1.5 Liter each)
1 5 Liter each)
– see picture: 1 day production (1.2 tons of water)
Slide 67
Project PAUL
capacity of PAUL Duisburg, 07.10.2014
 According to our tests at University of Kassel, we found a
A di t t t tU i it f K l f d
capacity to be 1,200 Liter per day (minimum)
 All measurements of PAULs onsite (Columbia, Benin, Myanmar
etc.) indicate 6000 5400 5400
ed per dayy
5000
higher 5000
4320
4800 4800 4824
amounts: 4000
Liter filtere
3323
2880 2880
3000 2400
1920
2000
1200
1000
Slide 68
Project PAUL
capacity of PAUL: influence of EPS & temperature Duisburg, 07.10.2014
 in cases of emergency and in rural areas (well water or surface
i f di l ( ll t f
water), usually low EPS concentrations are observed
 also, temperatures are higher
permeability development PES membrane with 150 kDalton
700 rainwater storage pond,
rainwater storage pond,
dw+solids
C_EPSdissolved = 2.06 mg/L
Myanmar
600
DOC = ? mg/L
bar)
SS = 700 mg/L
n L/(m²*h*b
500
river
400 C_EPSdissolved = 2.60mg/L
DOC = 3.53 mg/L
meability in
SS 4 20 /L
SS ca.4 ‐20 mg/L
eff final sedimentation
300
C_EPSdissolved = 9.32mg/L
DOC = 8.79 mg/L
TS ca. 4 mg/l
200
perm
100 dw+eff. primary

sedimentation (1:1)
C_EPSdissolved = 15.4 mg/L
g/
0 DOC = 29.5 mg/L
0 12 24 36 48 SS ca. 26‐41 mg/l
time in h
Exler, H.; Telgmann, U.; Frechen, F.‐B (2013): Einfluss gelöster organischer Verbindungen (EPS) auf die hydraulische Leistungsfähigkeit von Membranen
g ( ) g g g ( ) y g g
gwf ‐ Wasser|Abwasser, June 2013
Slide 69
Project PAUL
filtration is mostly done by the cake layer Duisburg, 07.10.2014
raw cake layer

water (filtration active) filtrate
Solids (organic, anorganic,
(organic anorganic
bacteria, pathogens, …) membrane
20 to 100 nm
100 nm (0.020 to
(0 020 to 0.100 µm)
0 100 µm)
Slide 70
Project PAUL
bacteria removal Duisburg, 07.10.2014
e LRV
6
on‐Value
5
4
Reductio
3
2
Log‐R
1
0
Fresenius Fresenius Fresenius Fresenius Fresenius Fresenius
e.coli coliforme I.E. e.coli coliforme I.E.
ISO 9308‐1 ISO 9308‐1 ISO 7899‐2 ISO 9308‐1 ISO 9308‐1 ISO 7899‐2
PAUL A PAUL A PAUL A PAUL B PAUL B PAUL B
Min
min 5,301 5,368 4,444 5,672 5,929 5,041
avgg
Mittel 5,689
, 5,704
, 5,092
, 6,013
, 6,144
, 5,245
,
max
Max 6,362 6,415 5,568 6,380 6,431 5,544
analyzed by Institut Fresenius,

Fresenius Göttingen
Slide 71
Project PAUL
virus removal (Federal Environment Agency UBA) Duisburg, 07.10.2014
added virusses
human adenovirusses
analyzed by Federal Environment Agency

Agency, Dessau/Roßlau
Slide 72
Project PAUL
total amount filtered in m³
feed: drinking water

Slide 73
Project PAUL

Slide 74
Project PAUL

Slide 75
Project PAUL
conclusions Duisburg, 07.10.2014
conclusions
Slide 76
Project PAUL
conclusions Duisburg, 07.10.2014
 advantages of the ULPUF in this application
d t f th ULPUF i thi li ti
1. the ULPUF process achieves LRV from 3 up to more than 6 for bacteria as
well as for viruses
ll f i
2. the membrane more or less only serves as a support for the filtrating cake
layer → this is also exemplified by the high LRV for viruses
this is also exemplified by the high LRV for viruses
3. no cross flow, thus no sizing effect of the cake layer → low risk of pore
blocking
4. TMP is ultra low, this means driving force of small particles through the
cake layer into the pores is very low → low risk of pore blocking
cake layer into the pores is very low → low risk of pore blocking
5. if EPS occur, they will be transported down to the bottom volume and not
be recycled to the membrane surface
y
6. structure of the cake layer and bacterial activity keep up the cake layer’s
p
permeability y
Low invest, small area: high high invest, large area: low main‐
maintenance & replacement costs
maintenance & replacement costs tenance & no replacement costs
& no replacement costs
Slide 77
Project PAUL
finally: logistics … Duisburg, 07.10.2014
50,000 victims
50 000 i ti have to be supplied with 3 L/(cap.*d)
h t b li d ith 3 L/( *d) over 6 months,
6 th
and the average distance is 20 km.
 transportation of water:
total freight transport volume: 547,500 tokm
 after 6 months: no more supply!
 transportation of WaterBackpacks:
transportation of WaterBackpacks:
 125 units necessary, weight 20 kg per unit
 total freight transport volume: 50 tokm
total freight transport volume: 50 tokm
 this is less than 0.01 percent of the total freight transport volume when
distributing water
 after 6 months, victims still can get their water from the units – „Aid for
self‐aid“.
 the first PAULs that were distributed are in use since March 2010 …!
Slide 78
Project PAUL
observations Duisburg, 07.10.2014
observations
Slide 79
Project PAUL
Colombia Duisburg, 07.10.2014
E.coli [KbE/100ml] Trübung [NTU] Färbung [Pt/Co]

Einsatzort
Rohwasser PAUL Rohwasser PAUL Rohwasser PAUL
C/marca 20 0 8 90
8,90 0 01
0,01 7 1
Cauca 6.000 0 7,83 0,01 39 1
La Guajira 3.000 0 40,70 0,01 28 11
Nariño 52 0 11,40 0,50 100 50
Slide 80
Project PAUL
field inspection of PAUL Duisburg, 07.10.2014
 As part of the research project, field inspections
As part of the research project field inspections were undertaken recently as
were undertaken recently as
the distribution of the units started in Sept 2010 and some 900 units are in
use worldwide by now in more than 50 countries worldwide from Afghanistan
y g
to Zimbabwe
 Field inspections were undertaken by DESEE in Benin, Colombia, Myanmar,
p y y
Nepal and Pakistan
 Third party field inspections were undertaken in Cambodia, Gambia,
Indonesia and Tanzania.
 Even after three years of usage, no case is known where a chemical cleaning
was undertaken
 a minority of units are non operational today, mostly due to misuse (dry out
of the membrane)
f h b ) → to be overcome by a hint on storage
b b hi
 No case is known where the organization that brought PAUL into use has
recollected it –
ll t d it all units stay in place for permanent use
ll it t i l f t
 PAUL – due to its long lifetime – is more and more used in schools etc.,
improving health conditions effectively
improving health conditions effectively
Slide 81
Project PAUL
field inspection of PAUL Duisburg, 07.10.2014
 in practice, the daily flow
in practice the daily flow is far beyond our design value of 1,200 L/d, up to
is far beyond our design value of 1 200 L/d up to
10,000 L/day (most in the range between 2,000 L/d and 6,000 L/d),
p
presumably due to low EPS and a “good” particle size distribution, forming an
y g p , g
effective cake layer
6000 5400 5400
ed per dayy
5000
4800 4800 4824
5000
4320
4000
Liter filtere
3323
2880 2880
3000 2400
1920
2000
1200
1000
Slide 82
Project PAUL
… and two two new projects Duisburg, 07.10.2014
As the membrane unit lasts at least 10 years, we started
A th b it l t t l t 10 t t d
two new projects:
 improved PAUL with 2 filters – project “Bénin” together with the
GIZ
 drinking water
drinking water “PAULa”
PAULa as a permanent drinking water
as a permanent drinking water supply
supply –
actual research project in Vietnam
Slide 83
Project PAUL
Bénin Duisburg, 07.10.2014
 The drinking water supply in Bénin is
The drinking water supply in Bénin is
problematic as seasonal water shortages
regularly occur, particularly in rural areas,
g y ,p y ,
where only about 50% of the population has
access to clean drinking water. About half of
the population Bénin takes its drinking water
from open ponds and rivers or other hazardous
water sources Water borne diseases are
water sources. Water‐borne diseases are
therefore among the most common diseases.
 Within the frame of a cooperation with GIZ
Within the frame of a cooperation with GIZ
(Deutsche Gesellschaft für internationale
Zusammenarbeit) six PAULs were located for
permanent water supply in southeast Bénin in
2012 and were monitored over an operation
period of 15 months. The sites are individual
i d f 15 th Th it i di id l
settlements or schools in rural areas.
Slide 84
Project PAUL
Bénin Duisburg, 07.10.2014
 The population at these sites is supplied usually from shallow wells; the
The population at these sites is supplied usually from shallow wells; the
microbiological quality of the well water is bad as can be seen from the
results of the raw and the PAUL‐filtrated water analyzed in July 2013.
y y
© DESEE © DESEE
© DESEE
E.coli [KbE/100ml] Enterokokken [KbE/100ml] Durchfluss
Einsatzort
Rohwasser PAUL Rohwasser PAUL l/d
676 Djonougoui 3.800 0 8.600 0 2.880
677 Dj
Djonougouii 3 800
3.800 0 8 600
8.600 0 4 320
4.320
675 Akplenou 8.200 0 9.100 3 5.400
695 Akplenou 8.200 0 9.100 1 3.323
693 Awacou 180 0 1.000 0 1.920
694 Kl
Kladjieme
dji 450 0 1 600
1.600 0 4 800
4.800
Slide 85
Project PAUL
Project “Bénin” – joint project with the GIZ Duisburg, 07.10.2014
 since April 2012 –
i A il 2012 permanent water supply for schools
t t l f h l
© DESEE © DESEE © DESEE
 At some places in combination with a subsequent filter with
nano‐silver
Slide 86
Project PAUL
Project “Bénin” – joint project with the GIZ Duisburg, 07.10.2014
 since April 2012 –
i A il 2012 permanent water supply for schools
t t l f h l
© SAT 1
Slide 87
Project PAUL
Project “Vietnam” Duisburg, 07.10.2014
 Drinking water supply with “PAULa” for the Tam Nong
D i ki t l ith “PAUL ” f th T N h it l
hospital,
financed by the German Consulate General in Ho Chi Minh City
 PAULa – PAUL and subsequent chlorination to assure residual
chlorine content without electric energy demand!
 raw water from the river
Slide 88
Project PAUL
hospital,
financed by the German Consulate General in Ho Chi Minh City
 PAULa – PAUL and subsequent chlorination to assure residual
chlorine content without electric energy demand!
© SAT 1
© Preussner © Preussner
Slide 89
Project PAUL
hospital
Slide 90
Project PAUL
latest development stage and accessories Duisburg, 07.10.2014
Slide 91
Project PAUL
side view
t view
top i
front
valve closed
valve open
tile with valve incl.

float, replaces
sieve
Slide 92
Project PAUL
raw water tank
optional:
pre-sieve
optional:
valve detail
tile
valve closed
side view
valve float t view
top i
front
valve open
valve closed
valve open
tile with valve to be

mounted in the
filtered water tank at
proper height
float, replaces
sieve
filtered
filt d
water
tank
Slide 93
Project PAUL
raw water tank
optional:
pre-sieve
optional:
valve detail
tile
valve closed
side view
valve float t view
top i
front
valve open
valve closed
valve open
tile with valve to be

mounted in the
filtered water tank at
proper height
float, replaces
sieve
filtered
filt d
water
tank
Slide 94
Project PAUL
PAUL in use worldwide Duisburg, 07.10.2014
PAUL i
PAUL in use worldwide
ld id
used in
in emergencies
emergencies
and as a permanent decentralized
water supply solution
Slide 95
Project PAUL
distribution of PAUL Duisburg, 07.10.2014
Comoros: 13
Comoros: 13 Congo: 17
Congo: 17 Cuba:
Cuba: 12
12 Mexico: 2
Mexico: 2 Mongolia: 3
Mongolia: 3
Malaysia: 4 Mozambique: 2 Niger: 1
Colombia: 7
Kenya/ Madagascar: 9
Malawi: 1
Namibia: 1 Nigeria: 4 1,375 PAUL
Somalia: 31 (as of 02.10.2014)
Kenya: 3
Kenya: 3
Cameroon: 7
Cambodia: 6
Indonesia: 12 Pakistan: 255
Pakistan: 257
India: 13
India: 13 Peru: 10
Peru: 10
Haiti: 167 Philippines: 162

Philippines: 162
Serbia: 55
Serbia: 55
United
Vietnam: 94 Russia: 1
Kingdom: 2
Sambia: 1
Ghana: 8
i
Switzer
Gambia: 1 land: 1
Ecuador: 5
Senegal: 1
Dom. Rep.: 1 Zimbabwe: 1
Chile: 2 Bolivia: 1
Tanzania: 7 Somalia: 11
Somalia: 11
Bulgaria: 1 Bénin: 10
Turkey/Syria: 2 St. Lucia: 2
Ethiopia: 22 South Sudan: 1
Egypt: 5 Afghanistan: 14 Venezuela: 10 Uganda: 9 Swaziland: 1
Taiwan: 2
Taiwan: 2
Slide 96
Project PAUL
some parties who brought PAUL into service are Duisburg, 07.10.2014
Stiftunglife
g
Slide 97
Project PAUL
Pakistan Duisburg, 07.10.2014
© Humanity Care Foundation © Humanity Care Foundation

Slide 98
Project PAUL
© Humanity Care Foundation
Slide 99
Project PAUL
© HDL
© HDL
Slide 100
Project PAUL
Thailand Duisburg, 07.10.2014
41 t b k k for
41 waterbackpacks f disaster
di t relief
li f in the
i th flooding
fl di area
Minister Werner Hoyer, Federal Foreign Office, delivers PAULs
Slide 101
Project PAUL
Indonesia Duisburg, 07.10.2014
© Lessan © DESEE
© Humanity Care Stiftung
Slide 102
Project PAUL
Haiti Duisburg, 07.10.2014
© HDL
© HDL
Slide 103
Project PAUL
Haiti Duisburg, 07.10.2014
© HDL
© HDL
Slide 104
Project PAUL
Peru Duisburg, 07.10.2014
© SAT 1
© Gravenkötter (Peru) © Gravenkötter (Peru)
Slide 105
Project PAUL
Peru Duisburg, 07.10.2014
© DESEE © HDL
© HDL
Slide 106
Project PAUL
India Duisburg, 07.10.2014
© DESEE
Slide 107
Project PAUL
India Duisburg, 07.10.2014
© DESEE
Slide 108
Project PAUL
Kenia Duisburg, 07.10.2014
© HDL
© HDL
© HDL © HDL
© HDL
Slide 109
Project PAUL
East Africa Duisburg, 07.10.2014
© HDL
Slide 110
Project PAUL
East Africa Duisburg, 07.10.2014
© HDL
© HDL
© Humanity Care Stiftung
Slide 111
Project PAUL
Tanzania Duisburg, 07.10.2014
© Schaupp
pp
© Schaupp
pp
 installed March 2012
 since then, no more cases
since then no more cases of diarrhea,
of diarrhea
cholera or other waterborne diseases
© Schaupp
© S h according to locals
according to locals
Slide 112
Project PAUL
Myanmar Duisburg, 07.10.2014
© HDL
© HDL
Slide 113
Project PAUL
Myanmar Duisburg, 07.10.2014
e.de
w.stiftunglife
© www
© HDL
© HDL
Slide 114
Project PAUL
Cameroon Duisburg, 07.10.2014
© Klussmann
Slide 115
Project PAUL
Phillipines Duisburg, 07.10.2014
© Christian Wagner
g
Slide 116
Project PAUL
Phillipines
Slide 117 Duisburg, 07.10.2014
Project PAUL
thank you very much for your attention ! Duisburg, 07.10.2014
www.uni-kassel.de\fb14\siwawi
www uni-kassel de\fb14\siwawi
www.waterbackpack.org
Winner 2011 in
the category
„society“

Slide 118

T PAUL Uni DuE 2014-10-07

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

T PAUL Uni DuE 2014-10-07

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Project PAUL

Retention Soil filters for biological

desired: MLSSFC = 150% of MLSSDN/N

Industrial wastewater treatment: biological treatment of

Industrial wastewater treatment: biochemical metal

Feeder block heating

Renewable Energy via anaerobic Biogas processes

New Emscher Sewer

Odour measurement and abatement technology

Odour measurement: electronic noses

use of chlorination  chlorination cannot be used by

raw cake layer

feed = raw water decay of filtrate flow rate

Melin/Rautenbach: Membranverfahren. 3rd edition 2007. ISBN 978‐3‐540‐34327‐1 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York

pl s short term s rge hen closing tap

water for 400 affected people: 1,200 L/d (800 bottles

100 dw+eff. primary

raw cake layer

analyzed by Institut Fresenius,

analyzed by Federal Environment Agency

total amount filtered in m³

analyzed by Federal Environment Agency

total amount filtered in m³

analyzed by Federal Environment Agency

total amount filtered in m³

analyzed by Federal Environment Agency

E.coli [KbE/100ml] Trübung [NTU] Färbung [Pt/Co]

© DESEE © DESEE © DESEE

tile with valve incl.

raw water tank

tile with valve to be

raw water tank

tile with valve to be

Haiti: 167 Philippines: 162

© Humanity Care Foundation © Humanity Care Foundation

© Humanity Care Foundation

© Humanity Care Foundation

© Humanity Care Foundation

You might also like