CHAPTER II

Theoretical Framework

Review of Related Literature

This chapter presents the review of related literature on the students profile and

their computer skills. Researchers conduct this study because of the students that are

struggling in their chosen work or course during their work immersion. This study motivate

the researchers because of the 12-TVL CSS students the computer skills to them are very

important on their work immersion. A lot of them need this study to help and guide them

during their immersion.

Sex. Basically, sexual orientation alludes to sets of connections characteristics,

parts, convictions and demeanors that characterize what being a man or a lady is inside the

general public. It is a socially credited ascribe instead of sex which is a natural

characteristic (Oghiagbephan and Asamaigo, 2010).

Because of sex parts doled out by distinctive societies numerous ladies have been

raised to see innovation and its utilization as saved for on the male sexual orientation. As

per Munusamy and Ismail (2009) ladies take a gander at PCs and see more than machines,

along these lines considering PCs as manly and muddled to utilize.

As per Tella and Mutula (2008), the issue of sexual orientation value the extent that

entrance to and utilization of ICTs keeps on being a topical subject in creating nations as

well as the world over. Be that as it may, accessible files have started to recommend that,
in spite of the fact that there is a sexual orientation hole in all nations, with the huge

development in access to and expanded instructive open doors for more ladies, the relative

contrast amongst men and ladies is reducing (Sorenson, 2002, Kay, 2008 and Munusamy

and Ismail, 2009).

It’s like a computer with slow, fast-paced and intuitive information, but while it

lasts slowly because long after it’s been a long time to keep up with knowledge no matter

how long or old it is, it’s a bit more knowledgeable than it’s time for others to be

overwhelmed because of old age we know the advantage of having a computer skills to

them and also the many advantages on the teenagers especially on the students.

Age. Research is uncertain with regards to the constructive psychosocial impacts

of ICT use on senior prosperity and subsequently, its effect on the change of psychological

aptitudes, for example, memory and consideration is thought to be extremely weak.

However, as opposed to prevalent thinking, more seasoned individuals react decidedly to

utilizing PCs, prompting great changes to their greatest advantage and certainty because of

the acknowledgment of these advances as useful devices and because of utilizing them in

preparing and learning programs ( Gonzales et.al. 2015).

The young old grown-ups made less execution and engine control mistakes, needed

less help, and set aside less time for preparing than the old grown-ups. Some overlooking

of verifiable data about the PCs and how to perform a portion of the methods occurred after

some time in both age gatherings. Also, measures of spatial and verbal working memory

2
were huge indicators of PC aptitude procurement in a few occasions (Katharina V. Echt,

Roger W. Morell 2007).

Boechler, Foth, and Watchorn considered roughly 40 more established grown-ups

by having them finish PC practices and estimated their outcomes to students who already

finished the activities. The investigation gives a rundown of proposals to help even the

playing field for more established grown-ups, for example, expanding text dimensions to

suit vision issues, guaranteeing that verbal guidelines are conveyed at a fitting volume with

negligible clamor diversions and giving exhibitions of the errands early to diminish tension

(Invacare Medical Warehoouse 2007).

Women in past time have no rights unlike men. But now the both sex are equal in

all aspects. If men know how to do hard things also women can do it. Also in terms of

knowledge. Knowledge on different aspects that women can do. Gender is not the

interference in terms of having a computer skill.

Financial Status. Research has taken a gander at how an absence of computerized

proficiency can influence individuals with less training, regardless of whether they can get

to the Internet. A recent report from Duke University infers that understudies who access

a home PC often demonstrate a decrease in math and perusing scores, as screen time

swarms out homework time. Researchers have since quite a while ago supported an

attention on information and use designs, not simply get to (John Wihbey 2013).

In numerous nations, youngsters from well off and poor foundations spend

generally a similar measure of time on the web. In any case, it's the means by which they're

utilizing the web, not to what extent they're utilizing it that truly matters. This is as

3
indicated by new research from the OECD, which found that wealthier young people will

probably utilize the web to scan for data or to peruse news as opposed to visit or play

computer games (Rosamund Hutt 2016).

Numerous understudies trust that monetary issues are adversy affecting their

scholastic execution, an overview of University of Central England students has appeared.

A little more than 20 for each penny said that their monetary status positively affected their

scholarly execution. Understudies who likewise had low maintenance employments will

probably believe that monetary issues were influencing their scholastic work, with extents

ascending to more than 60 for each penny for those working at least 11 hours for each

week, against 49 for each penny for those with no low maintenance work (The World

University Rankings 2007).

Financial status are the state that talking about the money a family has. It can affect

computer skills for example if you don’t have money and having a computer at home are

very important to your study, you are just going to the computer shop to do your homework

or your activities. Another example is when there is an activity that you need to use

computer and you know what to do, it can help you by helping your classmates that has a

computer and in exchange you can also use their computer to make your own activity.

Spreadsheets as a Computer Skills. The offices of spreadsheets make

computations less demanding to comprehend by showing phases of the advancement of a

total, with the capacity to compose notes clarifying each line. The lattice encasing the cells

in the spreadsheet can either be unmistakable or covered up in print outs, empowering

reports to be organized from the show of the spreadsheet. Layouts containing the equations

for frequently utilized spreadsheets increment profitability by expelling the requirement

4
for exceedingly instructed administrators. Spreadsheets can likewise collaborate with

databases to populate reference fields, mechanizing nearly the whole creation period of the

spreadsheet (Byron Cooper 2010)

All in all, Microsoft Excel Spreadsheet has been an extremely helpful apparatus to

Accountants furthermore, Auditors in money related examinations over the University of

Ibadan a long time. In established truth, the significance and advantage of Microsoft Excel

in the Auditing Calling can't be over emphasized. I subsequently urge everybody to

acclimate with the product (Omosunlade S.H).

Spreadsheets commonly have a wide range of unpredictability and use. It is

imperative to isolate the unpredictability and use issues, as the control necessities might be

distinctive for a complex spreadsheet utilized by one individual with specific ability than

for a spreadsheet utilized also, modified by numerous individuals. Whatever the

circumstance, organizations need to precisely assess on the off chance that it is conceivable

to actualize satisfactory controls over the spreadsheets supporting signify can’t records and

revelations (Price Waterhouse Coopers).

Spreadsheet can be used for data entry, manipulation and presentation and it also

offers a suite of statistical analysis functions and other tools that can be used to run

descriptive statistics and to perform several different and useful inferential statistical tests

that are widely used in business and research studies. Spreadsheet is very important for the

students and also for the teachers for making the result of their survey and also for making

their students grades. Having a knowledge in spreadsheet is very useful.

5
 PowerPoint as a Computer Skills. In a PowerPoint introduction, the educator can

convey more data than by customary address. The sum of data moved in a customary

address is regularly constrained by the composition speed of the teacher on blackboard. In

any case, in a PowerPoint introduction, all diagrams were composed beforehand in slides.

Particularly, when guideline of science courses need to show substantial measure of

information, utilizing PowerPoint could altogether increment the adequacy of an address.

Contrasted and blackboard writing in conventional address, a PowerPoint document can

be effectively duplicated, kept up, exchanged and printed. To understudies, the document

possibly accessible on-web previously or after the class, and may in this way be saw or

checked on. This might be the most refreshing element of PowerPoint. When consolidating

PowerPoint with web, the planning of PowerPoint accessibility to understudies is vital. In

the event that PowerPoint record is accessible previously class, understudies may feel in

charge of knowing how to utilize slides for taking notes, and they may go to and take an

interest in the address more easily. On the other hand, PowerPoint introduction spares time

for understudies with learning contrasts that require more opportunity to take notes, since

they may download PowerPoint records from web and acquire sorted out notes or freebees

and precisely drawn graphs. Therefore, PowerPoint may upgrade the execution of

understudies at class (Ding Xingeng, Liu Jianxiang 2012).

Understudies who were at first educated with PowerPoint and afterward got

customary addresses turned out to be less propelled amid the conventional address arrange.

These understudies may have seen the educator’s choice to quit utilizing PowerPoint as

mirroring a lessening in the exertion he connected to planning addresses. On the off chance

6
that the teacher was not seen as keen on the class, it isn't shocking that the understudies’

inspiration likewise declined. This recommends if teachers routinely execute innovation,

they ought not to surrender it mid-semester. Notwithstanding whether the innovation

accomplishes the impact that the teacher wants, it influences the understudies essentially

enough with the end goal that its nonattendance may produce diminishes in energy and

even interest in the class. Nonetheless, as there does not appear to be an issue with

presenting innovation halfway through the semester, educators can begin utilizing

PowerPoint introductions anytime in the course as long as they keep on using the

innovation for the span of the course (Joshua E. Susskind 2006)

PowerPoint is an intense instructing device. The two its favorable circumstances

and disservices ought to be perceived. The work of PowerPoint ought to be founded on the

theory that the teacher is exceptionally acquainted with the address substance and the

gathering of people. Just based on altogether comprehension of foundations and

requirements of understudies, by adaptably mixing it with other viable procedures, the

energy of PowerPoint could be explained.

PowerPoint is a modern visual presentation now. It is very popular for the use of it.

PowerPoint is very important for the teachers, students, and also in the companies. It lessen

the work you have to do if you are having a report. It is fuller of information than using

traditional visual presentation. It can use for lessons, reporting, and also for company use.

Microsoft Word as a Computer Skills. In the current past, email promoting

rapidly turned into the favored technique for contact for organizations hoping to cut costs,

7
associate with purchasers and increment benefits. In any case, as the dynamic universe of

promoting has advanced, examiners are have experienced a few hindrances to email

promoting that have influenced different other options to like direct promoting efforts or

content battles look more engaging (E. Fariborzi and M. Zahedifard 2012).

The upsides of Microsoft Word is it can undoubtedly remedy any slip-ups which

are made. It can spare numerous forms of reports and effortlessly sort them with the goal

that you can backpedal to past adaptations of a similar record. Spell and language structure

checking Configuration the content and general page design with the goal that you can

influence the page to look additionally engaging or less demanding to peruse. Mail

converge from a database with the goal that you can undoubtedly convey letters to various

individuals at once and it duplicates can without much of a stretch be made, which saves

money on printing and it is substantially simpler to do (Andrew Dally 2013).

Microsoft word is an essential training application. It is critical to process crude

certainties into important data. Microsoft word can benefits instructors and understudies to

make new creative strategies for learning and educating. Microsoft word and Microsoft

office suite for understudies help to transmit instructive materials and practice efficiently

in school and college speedier with higher quality (Vijay Sharma 2017).

Microsoft Word is used for creating a new document. It is very easy to use because

all you need is a computer or a laptop that has this application. Even now, it can be used in

smartphones too. It is made to make the study or work easier.

8
 Email as a Computer Skills .Email is a phenomenal method to keep in contact

with individuals. It's quick and it's as simple to email somebody on the opposite side of the

world as it is somebody on the opposite side of the room. You may get your email account

through similar individuals who give your network access - or you may join to one of the

devoted email suppliers, for example, Hotmail, Gmail, or Yahoo! (WebWise 2011).

Email or Electronic mail is considered as one of the head employments of Internet.

It is an adaptable and helpful device of correspondence by means of the electronic medium.

Its most alluring highlights are: speed, transportability and adaptability. Email is an

arrangement of worldwide com munication in which the client can form a message in his

or her record and send it to individual/s having email accounts. It is a trade of data among

online specialist organization clients . The message sent can be recovered at the recipient's

email acc ount inside seconds. Throughout the years, various devices of electronic

correspondence, for example, Facebook, Twitter, web journals and so on have developed

yet email has held its appeal and will keep on doing so later on. Because of its one of a

kind highlights and versatility, it fits various employments. The headway of innovation and

the flooding of shrewd web empowered telephones, in show times, checking, sending and

accepting messages isn't just confined to PC or PCs however it can be gotten to on the cell

- telephones additionally making email correspondence open consistently. Email

correspondence is utilized as a part of all parts of human association. It is utilized for formal

and in addition casual correspondence It is utilized for association in showcasing, news,

scholastics, broking and so on alongwith substantial number of different regions. The

present paper centers on the noteworthiness of email and its different employments (Rajani

Suthar 2008).

9
 Email is one way to gathered information that can access by anyone. It is important

to know more about email cause it can help a lot to the daily lives especially on the future

job it helps make things easy and it’s not time consuming. Just sign in and start.

Social Media as a Computer Skills. The positive part of online groups is that

adolescents can use them for scholarly help and support. Because of the capacity of web-

based social networking to upgrade associations by making them effortlessly open, online

networking can yield numerous benefits for the youthful, including giving a virtual space

to them to investigate their interests or issues with comparable people, scholastic help,

while reinforcing on the web relational abilities and learning (International Conference on

Advances in Information Technology and Management ICAIM – 2016).

Training is extremely fundamental piece of any person's life. For each youngster,

training is more essential than anything. Today youngster demonstrates especially

enthusiasm for utilizing social organizes however shockingly Social Networks influence

instruction severely. Past research done has officially ascertained that more than 90% of

understudies utilize informal organizations. Innovation has demonstrated a quick

advancement by creating little specialized gadgets yet these little correspondence gadgets

can be utilized for getting to interpersonal organizations whenever anyplace (International

Conference on Advances in Information Technology and Management ICAIM – 2016).

Online networking applications are a fundamental part of interchanges for an

expansive bit of the Canadian open. Most general wellbeing associations have just put

resources into Web 1.0 stages, for example, association sites, which are planned to give a

one-stop shop for neighborhood general wellbeing administrations and a stage for

10
wellbeing advancement, in the case of giving updates on sustenance advanced, centers or

instructive courses on bosom sustaining, or offering smoking end assets (A Report for Peel

Public Health).

Social Media is very popular now not only for the teenagers but also for the adults.

It can help for the people in their school works, works, and even entertainment. Some are

using it for communication, some are for their assignments and activities, but some are

using it in a wrong way. But if the users of social media realized the benefits that will get

on social media they will probably use it on proper ways. Social Media is very important

on our lives especially on the school.

Blogging as a Computer Skills. The fuse of blogging as a device in the written

work process can, because of its intuitive nature, raise understudies' level of inspiration.

The blog venture in this examination managed the understudies the open door not just to

ponder the substance of their different undertakings, yet in addition to express their

perspectives on their associates' blog passages with a view to enhancing phonetic execution

(Ruby Vurdien 2011).

Sites originate from the web log. It is a sort of online diary, built and refreshed by

the blog's proprietor. He\she can express his\ her emotions, thoughts and thought in his

own particular words. It is simple for the vast majority to distribute his own blog. It doesn't

require learning in HTML or programming dialect. He\she can change the blog interface

or include or change picture (Said Fathy El Said Abdul Fattah 2016).

Online journals could assume a fundamental part through joining

records, pictures, writings, sound documents and connections. Also, it has a powerful part

11
on understudies' execution in dialect abilities. Additionally, Research demonstrates that the

utilization of web journals plays a vital part in creating collaborations among understudies

and amongst instructors and understudies in the objective dialect (Ayden 2014).

Blogging is also popular now for the teenagers in terms of their studies and also for

entertainment. Blog sometimes can use as a video presentation for their activities. Blog can

also use for your trip and for other entertainment. Blog is very useful if you only know the

use of it and also the benefit that it can give to you. Blogging is one of the important skills

on computer that can use in the study.

Related Studies

This research entitled The Effect of Computer Literacy on Academic Performance

2010 conducted by K. Allen, M.S Wolff 2010 says that, Dental school education includes

multiple computer based resources. At New York University College of Dentistry, our

textbooks are all on-line using VitalBook, course material is distributed only on

BlackBoard, and all official communication is via e-mail. The purpose of this study was to

determine if self-reported computer literacy was correlated to the grade received in D2

courses. Methods: Using survey monkey, 347 second year dental students were asked to

participate in an IRB approved anonymous survey. The survey required participants to: 1)

provide demographic information, 2) self-report computer skills, and 3) self report their

grades in two courses. The two courses selected were chosen because they represent

different types of learning. Course 1, Complex Restoration I, has both a lecture and

laboratory (6 hours / week) component. Course 2, Diagnosis and Treatment of Oral

Diseases, has only a lecture component. Results: The response rate was 51% (N=171

12
respondents). The responding students mirrored the class in age and gender distribution.

Computer skills were reported on a four point scale i.e. excellent, very good, good and

poor. The majority of students (35.5%) reported very good' skills. When stratified based

upon age, the majority (39.5%) of those students over 29 years old reported have only good'

computer skills. Using SPSS, analysis showed that there was no statistically significant

relationship between grades and computer skills. However, the grades in Complex

Restorations I had a closer relationship (but still not statistically significant) with computer

skills when compare to the grades in Diagnosis and Treatment of Oral Diseases.

Conclusion: For high achieving dental students, self-reported computer skills are not an

accurate predictor of success D2 academic courses.

This research entitled The Impact of Computer Literacy on Students’ Academic

Performance in Senior 2014 conducted by Johnson Oseghale Dr. Aitokhuehi, John Dr.

Ajogho 2014 says that, The Impact of Computer Literacy on Students’ Academic

Performance in Senior Secondary Schools in Esan West Local Government Area, Edo

State, Nigeria Dr. Aitokhuehi, Johnson Oseghale; Dr. Ojogho, John Abstract The study

examined the impact of computer literacy on students’ academic performance in EsanWest

Local Government Area of Edo State, Nigeria. To guide the study, four (4) questions were

raised and answered. This is to determine the impact of computer literacy in the academic

performance of students in the senior secondary schools in Esan West Local Government

Area of Edo State. Data were got with the use of an instrument titled: Questionnaire on

Students’ Computer Literacy Level and Computer Usage (QSCLLCU). One hundred and

twenty (120) out of 1,200 final year students, representing 10% were used from the

13
fourteen (14) existing secondary schools in Esan west local government area of Edo State,

Nigeria. The findings revealed that: computer literate students perform better than non-

computer literate; computer literate female students perform better than male students who

are also computer literate; computer literate students who are not addicted to the use of

computer facilities perform better than those who are addicted; computer literate students

in co-educational secondary schools perform slightly better than those in single sex

schools. Based on the findings, one of the recommendations was that, all the students in

Esan West Local Government Area of Edo State should be taught how to use computer

facilities to search for valid information related to their academic activities. Full Text: PDF

DOI: 10.15640/jehd.v3n3a21 The Impact of Computer Literacy on Students’ Academic

Performance in Senior Secondary Schools in Esan West Local Government Area, Edo

State, Nigeria Dr. Aitokhuehi, Johnson Oseghale; Dr. Ojogho, John Abstract The study

examined the impact of computer literacy on students’ academic performance in EsanWest

Local Government Area of Edo State, Nigeria. To guide the study, four (4) questions were

raised and answered. This is to determine the impact of computer literacy in the academic

performance of students in the senior secondary schools in Esan West Local Government

Area of Edo State. Data were got with the use of an instrument titled: Questionnaire on

Students’ Computer Literacy Level and Computer Usage (QSCLLCU). One hundred and

twenty (120) out of 1,200 final year students, representing 10% were used from the

fourteen (14) existing secondary schools in Esan west local government area of Edo State,

Nigeria. The findings revealed that: computer literate students perform better than non-

computer literate; computer literate female students perform better than male students who

are also computer literate; computer literate students who are not addicted to the use of

14
computer facilities perform better than those who are addicted; computer literate students

in co-educational secondary schools perform slightly better than those in single sex

schools. Based on the findings, one of the recommendations was that, all the students in

Esan West Local Government Area of Edo State should be taught how to use computer

facilities to search for valid information related to their academic activities.

This research entitled The Importance of Undergraduate’s Computer Competency

and Information Literacy Skills: Marketing Faculty’s Perspectives in Thailand conducted

by Dr. Bob Stewart 2008 says that, Computer technology has become a significant part of

life for many people. Because of this, undergraduate students should prepare themselves

to learn this technology in order to meet the needs of the workplace. Incorporating

computer and related technology into the curriculum has been a challenging task for many

educators. The primary purpose of this study was to investigate faculty perceptions of the

computer competency and information technology literacy skills of undergraduate students

in the Department of Marketing in selected universities in Thailand. The second purpose

was to examine the perceived level of computer and information technology literacy

needed for success in the workplace. The last purpose was to compare the level of perceived

computer competencies and information literacy skills students had when they entered and

when they graduated from the universities. The study was conducted in the 2007 academic

year in six selected universities in Thailand. Six research questions were proposed. Three

hypotheses were constructed to correspond to the purpose of the research study. Fifty-six

faculty members in the Department of Marketing from six selected universities in Thailand

were surveyed to obtain their demographics profiles, the perceived computer competency

and information literacy skills of the undergraduate iii students when they entered and

15
graduated from the university and those needed for the workplace. Descriptive statistics

were performed to report the frequencies, means, standard deviations, and percentages for

each research question. MANOVA and ANOVA were conducted to test hypotheses

regarding faculty's perception towards undergraduate student’s computer competency and

information literacy skills. The results showed that there was statistically significant

difference only in the level of computer competency and information literacy of

undergraduate students in the Department of Marketing when they enter and graduate from

the university. However, there was no statistically significant difference in the level of

computer competency and information literacy of undergraduate students in the

Department of Marketing in three universities in Bangkok and in three universities in the

other provinces. There was no statistically significant difference in the level of computer

competency and information literacy between students when they graduate and skills

needed to be successful in the workplace.

The results of the research were the same that computer literate students perform

better than non-computer literate. They are more knowledgeable and more active than

those who are not knowledgeable on computer.

16
 Conceptual Framework

 Computer Skills

-Microsoft Word  Work Immersion

 Age
-Spreadsheet performance
 Sex
-PowerPoint
 Strands
-E-mail
 Financial Status
-Social Media

-Blogging

Research Hypothesis

There is no significant relationship between the Computer Literacy Skills and the

Performance of students in their work immersion.

Definition of Terms

To understand and clarify the terms used in the study the following are here by defined:

Hierarchical- Arranged in an order from the most to the least important

Venture- An undertaking involving uncertainty as to the outcome especially a risky or

dangerous one

17
Microsoft Word- a graphical word processing program that users can type with. Its

purpose is to allow users to type and save documents. It has helpful tools to make

document.

Spreadsheet- it is a sheet of paper that shows accounting or other data in rows and

columns.

PowerPoint- the software that allows users to create anything from basic slide shows to

complex presentation.

E-mail- also called as electronic mail is the exchange of computer-stored messages by

telecommunication.

Social Media- it is a form of electronic communication through which users create online

communities to share information, ideas, personal messages, and other content.

Blogging-also known as weblog. It is a personal online diary you can say journal which

allows you to share your thoughts and ideas, you can add video, games, pictures, music,

etc.

18
Notes in Chapter II

(2007, july). Retrieved from Price Water House Coopers:

https://www.spreadsheetdetective.com/main/PwC-SpreadsheetsSoX.pdf

(2007, March 17). Retrieved from Science Daily:

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/03/070316140944.htm

(2011). Retrieved from WebWise: http://www.bbc.co.uk/webwise/2010/pdf/level-

one/scenarios/email/what-is-email.pdf

(2012, november 15). Retrieved from University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa:

https://manoa.hawaii.edu/assessment/workshops/pdf/Excel_techniques_exercise_han
dout_2012-11.pdf

Antonio González, M. P. (2015, july 26). Retrieved from Hindawi:

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/cggr/2015/849308/

Bernard Poole, L. J. (2007). Retrieved from

http://www.pitt.edu/~edindex/OfficeXPTutorials/Lesson4XP.pdf

Ding Xingeng, L. J. (2012, September). Retrieved from http://www.mecs-press.org/ijeme/ijeme-

v2-n9/IJEME-V2-N9-10.pdf

Dr. Aitokhuehi, J. O. (n.d.). Retrieved from

http://jehdnet.com/journals/jehd/Vol_3_No_3_September_2014/21.pdf

Dr. Bob R. Stewart. (2008, May). Retrieved from

https://mospace.umsystem.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10355/5588/research.pdf?seq
uence=3

Hutt, R. (2016, July 27). Retrieved from Worls Economic Forum:

https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/07/rich-and-poor-teenagers-spend-a-similar-
amount-of-time-online-so-why-aren-t-we-closing-the-digital-divide/

Indhu Rajagopal, N. B. (2007, January). Retrieved from First Monday:

http://firstmonday.org/article/viewArticle/1023/944

Jayshree Jha, N. J. (2016). Retrieved from

http://research.ijcaonline.org/icaim2016/number2/icaim201666.pdf

Johnson Oseghale Dr. Aitokhuehi, J. D. (2014, January). Retrieved from Research Gate:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/286347455_The_Impact_of_Computer_Liter
acy_on_Students'_Academic_Performance_in_Senior_Secondary_Schools_in_Esan_We
st_Local_Government_Area_Edo_State_Nigeria

Katharina V. Echt, R. W. (2007, July 09). Retrieved from Educational Gerontology:

http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/0360127980240101

19
REBECCA SCHEIN, K. W. (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://www.peelregion.ca/health/resources/pdf/socialmedia.pdf

S.H., O. (2012, March 2). Retrieved from

https://www.ui.edu.ng/sites/default/files/LECTURE%20ON%20MIC%20n.pdf

Susskind, J. E. (2004, July 13). Retrieved from Elsevier:

http://web.boun.edu.tr/topcu/PPTPapertoRead2.pdf

Suthar, R. (2014, January). Retrieved from Research Gate:

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280562044_Significance_of_Email_Commun
ication_in_Today's_World

V.E Ikolo, R. O. (2012). Retrieved from Stat Counter:

https://www.webpages.uidaho.edu/~mbolin/ikolo-okiy.pdf

VOOGT, J. (2007, May). Retrieved from https://ris.utwente.nl/ws/portalfiles/portal/6738649

Vurdien, R. (2011). Retrieved from Euro Call: https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED544534.pdf

Wihbey, J. (2013, August 19). Retrieved from Journalist's Research:

https://journalistsresource.org/studies/society/internet/computer-usage-access-low-
income-urban-communities

Zahedifard, E. F. (2012, June). Retrieved from http://www.ijeeee.org/Papers/116-CZ02024.pdf

Chapter III

Waters, D. J. (2017). Retrieved from Capilano University: https://www.capilanou.ca/programs-

courses/psychology/student-resources/research-guidelines/Correlational-Research-

Guidelines/

Notes in Chapter 1

(n.d.). Retrieved from Wikiversity: https://en.m.wikiversity.org/wiki/computer_Skills

(n.d.). Retrieved from nidirect: https://www.nidirect.gov.uk/articles/improving-your-computer-

and-it-Skills

20
(2015, September 10). Retrieved from Trade Union Congress of the Philippines:
http://tucp.org.ph/2015/09/immersion-in-k-to-12/

(2017, April). Retrieved from K to 12 BASIC EDUCATION CURRICULUM:

http://www.deped.gov.ph/sites/default/files/page/2017/Work%20Immersion%20CG.pd
f

21