Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of Study

The world’s demand for good quality water continues to increase as the surface and
ground water supply continue to dwindle. Water support life; sustain health, food
production and economic development, making it vital even for countries with
adequate water supply to balance water resources with the ever growing water
demand (Ganguly R. et al., 2016; Roudi-Fahimi F. et al., 2002).

On the past decades it is evident that groundwater is one of the most important
natural resource of many countries. As compared to surface water, groundwater has
numerous advantages: it is of higher quality, better protected from pollution and
contamination, less subject to seasonal and perennial fluctuations and more
uniformly spread on large regions which resulted in wide use of groundwater for
water supply (Zekster I. and Everett L., 2004). Since most countries in the world
rely on groundwater, so much is pumped and aquifers are rapidly depleted and wells
are going dry (https://www.usatoday.com/pages/interactives/groundwater/).

Water availability is now an issue of increasing global concern. Population increases

at an exponential rate while development and modernizations has resulted in the
average person having higher water consumption (Devon H. et al, 2015). According
to (Macedonio et al, 2012 as cited in Devon H. et al, 2015) if the current
consumption trends continue, two-thirds of the global population will be living with
severe water scarcity by 2025.

The existence of these challenges requires a more sustainable approach to water

management, which is why Alternative Water Resources (AWR) are considered very
important in meeting water demand especially in larger areas. One form of AWR is
rainwater harvesting, which is seen promising because of low treatment needs
 (Hardy D. et al., 2015). Rainwater harvesting is the process of collecting, conveying
and storing rainwater coming from the roof or in surface runoff for future use
(Sivinappan, 2006). It can be done in different ways depending on the area setting.
In some countries the harvested rainwater are used as a supplement to water
scarcity, groundwater recharge, agriculture and sometimes treated for drinking
purposes ( Blue drop series-2; RWH in India appraisal). – ASK PAULO

In the Philippine setting, urbanization has led to an increase of water demand.

Water scarcity has been very evident in some parts of the country due to several
factors; disparities between supply and demand, water allocation, depletion of
groundwater, public and private competition in control of freshwater, weak water
regulation and reinforcement and more (Greenpeace Southeast Asia, 2007). As a
tropical country, rainwater harvesting is considered to beis one of the easiest and
cheapest form of alternative water supply. For an instance, Davao, Philippines has
been identified as among the cities suffering from shortage of fresh water supply
(Tupas, J. 2007 as cited in Greenpeace South East Asia, 2007). As a response, the
local government of Davao formulated an ordinance that requires business
establishments to install rainwater catchments to save water. It aims to cut down
use of water from aquifers ad utilize rain as an abundant and free water supply
(http://mindanaotimes.net/harvest-rainwater/).

DepEd is building a lot of classroom to support the number of enrolees because of the Formatted: Normal, Indent: Left: 0"

implementation of the K-12 program(http://www.deped.gov.ph/k-to-12/faq). Because

of the increasing number of population of DNHS it is a need to provide building with
proper fire protection and fire safety devices including fire extinguishing equipment that
is complying with the “Fire code of the Philippines of 2008”. Formatted: Font: (Default) Tahoma, 12 pt

<Need of study on the lightest basis>

 Among the fixtures used in the restroom, the toilet consumes the most water, using
about 1-6 liters per flush (http://www.home-water-works.org/indoor-use/toilets).
DNHS uses pour-flush type toilets which consume only 2 liters per flush, but require
a constant supply of water. When left to dry these fixtures might clog, as in the case
with some of the water closets in DNHS. To reduce the amount of water supply
taken from primary sources, recycled water or rainwater can be used for flushing Commented [JFT1]: Not sure if this should be mentioned here
or at a later portion instead.
(http://www.sswm.info/content/pour-flush-toilet).

(2nd – 3rd) gusto sagutin ng research (green building codes-) (self-sufficient)

(efficient, preservation, conservation, mitigation and adaptation)
1.2 Objective
The study aims to create a comprehensive plan to collect, treat and distribute
rainwater to buildings as suitable water for fire protection and flushing to
supplement Dasmariñas National High School’s water demand. In order to achieve
this aim, the following objectives are presented:
 To determine hydrological conditions of the area
 To design systems that will convey rainwater to the harvesting system
 To design a system that will treat rainwater for safe flushing and fire
 extinguishing purposes Formatted: Indent: Left: 0.5", No bullets or numbering

 To create a detailed engineering design of the rainwater harvesting system.

Formatted: Font: Bold

1.3 Significance of Study Formatted: Font: Bold, Not Highlight

Importance to water system, Philippines, local, DNHS,DLSUD researchers

DLSUD- research publication
 Environment Formatted: Font: Bold

The rainwater harvesting system will manage some storm water runoff and Formatted: Indent: Left: 0.5", No bullets or numbering,
Tab stops: 2.64", Left
thereby reduce flooding, erosion and possible groundwater contamination. It will
also decrease the consumption from water main that is extracted from
groundwater. Formatted: Font: (Default) Tahoma, 12 pt
 Philippines Government (Dasmariñas City Government) Formatted: Bulleted + Level: 1 + Aligned at: 0" + Indent
at: 0.25"
Rainwater harvesting will decrease the annual water bill of the school which is Formatted: Indent: Left: 0.5", No bullets or numbering

funded by the Dasmariñas City Government. Formatted: Font: Not Bold

Formatted: Font: (Default) Tahoma, 12 pt
 Dasmariñas National High School
Formatted: Font: Bold
Dasmariñas National High School’s faculty and students will have an additional
supply of water that will help in maintaining sanitation in comfort rooms and
provide fire sprinkler system and gardening activities. The school will also
experience less flooding because of better drainage plan which serves as a
component of the rainfall runoff harvesting system.
 Environment
Since 90% of water runs off in urbanized areas because of all the hard surfaces,
the development of a rainwater harvesting system will manage storm water
runoff and thereby reduce flooding, erosion and possible groundwater
contamination. (clean water and sanitation, sustainable cities and communities,
climate action)
Use the ff. ref

Ref: http://ecovieenvironmental.com/environmental-benefits/
https://rainbank.info/environmental-benefits-rainwater-harvesting/
Read: http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-development-goals/ :
use the sustainable community and clean water and sanitation for this part.
 Future Researchers Formatted: Font: Bold

 Future researchers will obtain valuable data related to rainwater runoff Formatted: Normal, Indent: Left: 0.5", No bullets or
numbering
harvesting and can be used for other related researches.

 DLSUD-D Formatted: Font: Bold

Formatted: Bulleted + Level: 1 + Aligned at: 0" + Indent
at: 0.25"
 DLSU-D will benefit from the publication by having access to the research. Formatted: Font: (Default) Tahoma, 12 pt
Formatted: Normal, Indent: Left: 0.5"
Contents of the research can be studied and/or adopted by the DLSU-D
community for their own beneficial use.

1.4 Scope and Limitations Formatted: Font: Bold

 The surface rainwater harvesting system will obtain water from the DNHS’s field
grounds
1.5 Conceptual Framework – IEEDIT PA Commented [JFT2]: Made a SmartArt figure for easier editing

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

•Topographic Map •Determine surface •Detailed engineering

•Rainfall IDF data area of catchment
•Determine amount
•Sturctural and
sanitary plans of of rainfall
the building •Design rainwater
harvesting system
•Hydrological Study
•Design water
treatment method
to adapt
•Determine pump
requirements
•Overflow provision
design of rainfall
harvesting system
•Detailed design of
fire protection
system
•Detailed design of
distribution system
for flushing
Adopted from: THESIS
Figure 1.1
1.6 Definition of Terms
DNHS – Dasmariñas National High School

Rainwater Harvesting Formatted: Normal, Indent: Left: 0.25", No bullets or

numbering

1.6 Formatted: Font: (Default) Tahoma, 12 pt