PPG1 - Lesson1 As of 2-3-18

2/8/2018
Chapter 1:
Politics and the Study of Politics
Instructor: PAUL ENRIQUE C. CASAS, LPT
Philippine Politics and Governance
Overarching Questions
• What is politics?
• Why do we study politics?
• What is political analysis?
• What are the central concepts in the study of politics?
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Key Concepts
• Globalization • Nation
• Governance • Politics
• Government • Power
• Ideology • State
Activity (Pre‐test)
• Answer the pre‐test provided for the lesson in pp. 4‐5 of Politics
Without Borders (PPG Textbook)
• The pre‐test would assess your prior knowledge of the about politics
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Introduction
Exploring what is political
Defining politics
• There is no single definition
• No universal agreement about its scope
• Definitions are conflicting
• No clear criteria or standards to judge politics
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Politics is ubiquitous
• Politics is present everywhere at once
• There is politics in every kinds of social interaction and relationships
• Can be manifest, load and visible
• Lawmakers debate over a bill in Congress
• President declares a state of emergency
• Can be latent, subtle and discreet
• Paying for what is more than necessary for goods services
• Complying to rules without necessarily understanding why
Dual‐character
• Politics is good
• It is important to the functioning of any society or community
• Politics is bad
• It is associated with undesirable practices outcomes (e.g. corruption, violence,
fraud, partisanship, discrimination, etc.)
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It affects everyone
• The homeless living in esteros / The filthy rich residing in gated
villages
• Hourly‐paid laborers / Highly paid executives
• Street parliamentarians / Members of Congress
• Unborn / Centenarians
• Fanatics / Faithful
• Ultra‐conservative / Queer
Assignment
• Bring broadsheet newspaper (e.g. Philippine Daily Inquirer, Star,
Manila Bulletin, Manila Times)
• Notes: The newspapers must be not more than 1 week old.
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Reading about Politics
• Pair with your seat mate and examine the titles of the headline
stories of one of the broadsheet newspaper.
• You’ll asked to answer questions related to the headlines once all the
has been shown.
Note: You may need to copy the headlines on a piece of paper, to help you
remember
Reading about Politics
1. Stop Killings, Bishops Urge PNP, Military (PDI, 11.6.17)
2. Invasion Eyed to rid N. Korea of Nukes (PDI, 11.6.17)
3. CA: Taguig owns BGC, not Makati (PDI, 11/6/17)
4. Isabel Granada succumbs to aneurysm (PhilStar, 11.6.17)
5. Duterte excited at meeting Trump next week (PhilStar, 11.6.17)
6. Some domestic flights canceled due to bad weather (PhilStar,
11.6.17)
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Reading about politics
7. Marawi siege won’t affect bar examinees (MB, 11.6.17)
8. No frequency jamming during ASEAN – Cuy (MB, 11.6.17)
9. Solon seeks rationalization of PUV routes (MB, 11.6.17)
10. Oil firms again to hike pump prices (MNL Times, 11.6.17)
Analyzing the headline stories
Guide Questions
• Which of the stories do you think depicts politics? Why?
• Which of the stories do you think do not depict politics? Why?
• Focusing on news story identified as depicting politics, what is the
issue or problem identified?
• Why is it an issue or problem?
• Is it important to solve or address the issue? Why or why not?
• Whose responsibility is it to solve the problem?
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Politics: Arena vs. Process
Guide questions
• What is politics?
• Why is it important to study politics?
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Narrow vs. Broad
• Arena approach
• A narrow interpretation of politics
• Where politics happens (the venue)
• Process approach
• A broad interpretation of politics
• How politics happens (the activity/process)
Arena Approach ‐ Formalistic
• Limits politics to the state and all its instrumentalities and related
institutions
• Includes the hierarchy of offices, personnel, laws and policies
• Covers activities and actions sanctioned by the state (e.g. elections)
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Venue of politics
• In the context of arena approach politics can only happen within the
formal institutions of the state
• Political behavior can be explained as effects of outcomes of
processes engaged by the state, government and related institutions
Electoral politics
• Elections serve as the mechanism whereby citizens get the chance to
be involved in the choosing who will hold public office
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Process Approach – Premium on Governance
• Process approach puts premium on the activity of governance
• It looks into the role and interaction between the formal and informal
institutions and processes in decision making
Informal institutions (corridors of power)
• Civil Society Organizations (CSOs)
• Nongovernment organizations (NGOs)
• People’s organizations (POs)
• Advocacy groups
• Catholic church, other religious organizations
• Labor groups
• Other sector‐based organization
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Informal processes
State sanctioned processes Informal processes
• Elections • Protests
• Legal means of citizen • Rebellion
participation • Civil disobedience
• Other activities outside the
constitutional and legal
framework
Power relations
• In process approach political outcomes is the sum‐total of the
interaction/intersection between state and non‐state actors.
• Such interaction/intersection would necessarily involve power relations
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Power relations and the nature of power
• "Power over"
• the ability to dominate another person or group
• Usually comes from force and threat.
• "Power to“
• the ability to do something on one’s own‐‐it refers to one’s abilities.
• These resources give some people the power to accomplish things that others
cannot.
• "Power with"
• the ability to work with others to get something done by cooperation.
• This is the power of consensus‐‐the power of people working together to
solve a common problem.
2 seminal works
To understand the process approach, it is important to look at two
seminal works in the study of politics:
• A Framework for Political Analysis ‐ David Easton (1953)
• Politics is “authoritative allocation of values for a society”
• Political science is “understanding how authoritative decisions are made and
executed for a society”
• Politics: Who Gets What, When and How ‐ Harold Lasswell (1936)

• Politics is “who gets what, when and how”
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Politics as Governance
Guide Questions
• What is the ultimate purpose of politics?
• What does it mean to say politics is “about governing” or politics is
“the authoritative allocation of values for a society,” or politics is
“who gets what, when, and how”?
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Activity
• Distinguish Easton’s and Lasswell’s
definition of politics using Venn Diagram
• Based on the diagram, conclude what you
think is the ultimate purpose of politics.
• Note:
• Use ½ collegiate pad (yellow paper)
• Answer individually, or in pairs.
Ultimate purpose of politics
• While articulated differently, the two definitions are complimentary
• Both Easton and Lasswell outline the dynamics of politics
• Both definitions help us understand the that ultimate purpose of
politics is governing
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Politics as about governing
• Governing vs. Government
• Government
• Generally used to describe the formal institutions through which a group
of people is ruled and governed
• It is extended to include the persons and organizations that make, enforce
and apply political decisions for a society
Politics as about governing
• Governing vs. Government
• Governing
• Extends the management of public policy beyond the boundaries of
formal government institutions
• These other institution can include labor and trade unions, corporations,
universities, church organizations, social movement organizations
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Governing leads to governance
• Governance refers to the act or style or process of governing.
• As such by doing good in governance, you are governing well.
Politics as “the authoritative allocation of
values … ”
• Inputs ‐ raw values within the system
• Demands – anything that the citizens and groups would want to ask from
their government
• Supports – favorable political environment such as public support, and
presence of enabling laws
• Outputs – authoritative allocation of values
• Decisions
• Policies
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Internal environment
Demands
Outputs
Decisions
Inputs
Political System and actions
A Support A
Internal Feedback
External environment /
External Feedback Other system
• Environment
• Internal – actual physical and territorial boundaries of the state
• External – Foreign influences, forces, dynamics outside the boundaries of the
state
• Feedback
• A means to communicate to the political system the response of the public to
the decisions and policies outputs
• Also acts as raw values which affect inputs
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Politics as “Who gets what, when and how”
• The influential for Lasswell
• “those who get the most out of what there is to get”
• Status of the influential
• “those who get most are elite, the rest are mass”
Politics is a battlefield
• it is the place where political actors subdue each other by any means
• the elite can only exercise power if it can defend itself from any
attempts that challenge them
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The case of the local politics in the Philippines
Advanced Political Systems Philippine Political Systems
Social Family A
Class
Religion
Family B
Ideology POWER
Ethnicity Source:
Family C Anarchy of Families
(McCoy, 1994, 51)
Families
Applying Lasswell’s
definition of politics
Political dynasties in the Philippines
• Using Lasswell’s definition, the following are the effects of political
dynastics in the Philippines
• Encourages nepotism
• Emphasis is put on preserving family wealth and status
• Political patronage (that hinders formation of real class consciousness)
• Lawmaking is focused on family interests n (instead of class or interest
legislative)
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Quiz
Topic Outline ‐ Chapter 1
• What is politics? • Nature of power
• Arena • Values in Easton’s System model
• Process
• Easton • The elite and the battlefield in
• Lasswell Lasswell’s definition
• State and non‐state actors.
• Seminal works in the study of
politics.
• What is the ultimate and
defining purpose of politics?
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Quiz (Items 1 to 2)
1. This approach in understanding politics views what is political as
limited to the activities revolving and operating within the
institution of the state.
2. This approach in understanding politics takes the notion that
politics is about power relations, it explores how power is
distributed in the society.
Quiz (Item 3)
3. The following are examples of informal political institutions, EXCEPT
for:
A. Iglesia ni Cristo
B. Philippine Red Cross
C. Department of Education
D. Teacher’s Dignity Coalition
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Quiz (Items 4 and 5)
• Match the Name with the appropriate Book and Definition using the
corresponding columns below.
Name Book Definition
4. Lasswell A. The Human Polity X. Politics is “who gets what, when and how.”
5. Easton B. Framework for Political Analysis Y. The art or science of government or governing.
C. Politics: Who Gets What, When and Z. Politics is the authoritative allocation of values
How for a society.
Sample answer:
4) AZ
5) BY
Quiz (Item 6)
6. The ultimate and defining purpose of politics using the intersection
between Easton and Lasswell’s definition of politics.
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Quiz (Item 7)
7. This nature of power refers to the ability to dominate another
person or group.
A. Power Over
B. Power with
C. Power to
Quiz (Item 8)
8. This is the power of consensus‐‐the power of people working
together to solve a common problem.
A. Power to
B. Power over
C. Power with
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Quiz (Item 9)
9. Among the elements of Easton’s systems approach politics which
could be primarily considered as “raw values.” (Choose one BEST
answer)
A. Input
B. Output
C. Feedback
D. Environment
Quiz (Item 10)
10. Which among the following could be considered as the mass
(“masa”) in Lasswell’s conception of politics? (Choose one BEST
answer)
A. Those who get least power
B. Those who gets most power
C. Those who influence others to grab power from the elite
D. Those who defend themselves from those who want to get their power
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Political Ideologies
Guide Questions
• What are ideologies?
• What are the different types of ideologies?
• Why are ideologies important?
• How do ideologies bring about social change?
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Political Typology Quiz SName, FName MI
PPG
<SECTION>
<DATE>
Answer Sheet Format Political Typology Quiz
1 11 21 31
2 12 22 32
3 13 23 33
4 14 24 34
5 15 25 35
6 16 26 36
7 17 27 37
8 18 28 38
9 19 29
10 20 30
Score: ___ /40
__Liberal
__Conservative
Activity – Are you a liberal or conservative
• Answer the quiz provided for Activity 3 (pp. 21‐24) of Politics
Without Borders (PPG Textbook)
• The quiz would will give you a general idea on whether you are liberal
or conservative.
• Note:
• The interpretation of scores for the quiz is not based on any known or used scale
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1(Agree) | 0 (Disagree)
1. The government must regulate business to protect public interest.
2. Government regulation cause more harm than good.
3. Most people can succeed if they work hard.
4. Hard work does not guarantee success in life.
5. This country should do whatever it takes to protect the
environment.
6. This country has neglected the environment.
7. The use of military force is the best way to defeat terrorism.
8. Reliance on the use of military force to defeat terrorism causes
hatred that leads to more terrorism.
9. Discrimination against women leads to injustice in the society.
10. Women are to be blamed for their situation in the society.
11. Business corporations in the country make too much profit.
12. Most business corporations in the country make a fair and
reasonable amount of profit.
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13. The government provides sufficient social services.
14. The government is inadequate in providing social services.
15. Government must intervene for population control.
16. Government must let couples decide on how many children they
want.
17. The government is inefficient.
18. The government is always under appreciated in its performance.
19. Too much power is concentrated in the hands of a few
elites/oligarchy.
20. Power in the society must be distributed fairly.
21. The best way to ensure peace is through military strength.
22. Good diplomacy is the best way to ensure peace.
23. One must have a religion to be moral and have good values.
24. Having a religion does not ensure morality and good values.
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25. Filipinos are naturally independent and hardworking.
26. Filipinos need government support to succeed in life.
27. Homosexuality should be accepted in the society.
28. Homosexuality should be discouraged in the society.
29. Filipinos must give up their privacy and freedom to be protected
from terrorism.
30. Filipinos should not give up their privacy and freedom to be
protected from terrorism.
31. Government aid to the poor (ex. 4Ps) does more harm than good,
by making people too dependent on government assistance.
32. Government aid to the poor (ex. 4Ps) does more good than harm,
because people can’t get out of poverty until their basic needs are
met.
33. Stricter environmental laws and regulations cost too many jobs and
lead to lost economic opportunities.
34. Stricter environmental laws and regulations are worth the cost to
save the environment.
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35. Our country has made enough changes need to promote and
protect the rights of members of LGBT community.
36. Our country needs more effort to promote and protect LGBT rights.
37. Intermarriages between Filipinos and other races are good for the
society.
38. Intermarriages between Filipinos and other races are not good for
the society.
Computation and Interpretation
• Add the scores for the following numbers:
• 1, 4, 5, 7, 9, 11, 14, 15, 18, 19, 22, 24, 26, 27, 30, 32, 34, 36, 37
• Let the total be L.
• To get your result, subtract the L from 19. (ex. 19‐L)
• Interpret the results as follows:
Liberal: 0‐9
Conservative: 10‐19
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Ideology defined (Heywood 2003, 12)
• A more or less coherent set of ideas that provides the basis for
organized political action, whether this intended to preserve, modify,
or overthrow the existing system of power.
Characteristics of ideologies (Heywood 2003, 12)
• offer an account of existing order, usually in a form of ‘world view’
• advance a model of a desired future, a vision of a ‘good society’
• explain how political change can and should be bought about – how
to get from A to B
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Maka‐kaliwa (leftist), maka‐kanan (rightist)
Local File
Video clip processing
• What are these groups that we call leftists or maka‐kaliwa?
• What are their political beliefs?
• How different are their beliefs compared to the rightist groups?
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Left and Right Distinctions of Ideologies
• The terms “left” and “right” trace their origins to the French
Revolution.
• It refers to the seating arrangements adopted by the different groups
at the meeting of French National Assembly in 1789.
• Supporters of the King and the
church sat at right‐wing of the
assembly.
• Those who want to overthrow
the monarchy of religion sat at
the left.
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• Left ‐ became a label for revolutionary sympathies
• Right ‐ for reactionary or conservative sympathies
Tendency to be radical
• Both the “left” and “right” has the tendency to employ radical or
violent means
• “Left” uses violence and force change to status quo
• “Right” uses violence to maintain the status quo or to go back to what it is
used to be
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Perceptions on which is “left” or “right”
Ideologies traditionally perceived to be Groups traditionally perceived to be
“leftists” “rightists”
• Anarchists • Liberalism
• Socialism • Christian democrats
• Communists • Conservatism
• Social democrats • Monarchists
• Liberalism • Imperialists
• Social liberalism • Fascists
Rough placement of political ideologies on a
political spectrum
ANARCHISM SOCIALISM LIBERALISM CONSERVATISM FASCISM

(Radical Left) (Radical‐Right)
Social Democrats Monarchists
Communism Social Liberals Imperialists

(Marxists) Christian Democrats
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Liberal and Conservative Distinctions of
Ideologies
LIBERALS MODERATES CONSERVATIVES
RADICAL LEFT RADICAL RIGHT
(REVOLUTIONARY) (REACTIONARY)
General outlook
Selected Political Ideologies
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Anarchism
• Opposes the state and advocates for the abolition of its
accompanying institutions of government and law
• Believes once the state has been abolished, a more natural and
spontaneous social order will develop
State New Social
Order
Anarchism and the State
• Rejects the state outright, believing it to be unnecessary evil
• The state is nothing less than legalized oppression operating in the
interest of the powerful
• State is inherently evil and oppressive, all states have the same
essential character
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POWERFUL STATE
Fascism
Conservatism
Social
Democracy Modern
Liberal
COLLECTIVIST INDIVIDUALIST
Classical
Liberal
Communism
Anarchism NO STATE
Socialism
• Central tenet: collectivism
• Collectivism
• the belief in the capacity of human beings for collective action
• Willingness to pursue goals by working together as opposed to striving for personal self‐
interest
• Emphasizes social equality vs. individual equality
• Believes in utopian visions of society where individuals can achieve
genuine freedom and fulfillment as members of the community
• Believes that human fulfillment is based on need‐satisfaction
(materialism)
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Two competing tendencies of Socialism
• Communists (Fundamentalist Socialism)
• Also known as Marxists (from Karl Marx) central proponent of communism
• Believes that all of history is a history of class struggle.
• Believes in abolishing private property and collectivizing productive wealth
• Social Democrats (Revisionist Socialism)
• Relative social equality can be achieved by redistributing wealth through the
welfare state and by applying progressive taxation
Communism – Class Struggle
Nope. Not this one.
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Early Communism
(Egalitarian Community)
Communism – Class Struggle
Feudalism
(Landlords vs. Others)
“This history of all hitherto existing society is a Capitalism
history of class struggle.” (Capitalist vs. others)
‐ Karl Marx
REVOLUTION
Final Communism
(Egalitarian Unity)
Baliktarin ang Tatsulok
• "Workers of the world
unite; you have nothing to
lose but your chains." ‐ Karl
Marx
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Communism
Private Collective
Property Ownership
Social Democracy
Welfare State Progressive Taxation
Tax Rate
7
6
Privileged
5
4
SSS Gov’t
Taxes
Income 3
0
High Income Earners Middle Income Earners Low Income Earners
Taxes
Underprivileged
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Socialism and the State
• Has contrasting views of the state
• Communists (Marx)
• The state is an instrument of class rule, it fuels class tension
• Social democrats (and other socialists)
• The state is representation of common good
• States must intervene in order to promote social equality
The “communist” states
• China and other “Communist” states are actually ran by Socialist
Governments (state‐collectivist governments)
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POWERFUL STATE
Fascism
Conservatism
Social
Democracy Modern
Liberal
Classical
Liberal
Communism
(Fundamentalist Socialism)
Anarchism NO STATE
Liberalism
• Favors openness, debate and self‐determination
• Emphasizes individual equality rather than social equality
• Freedom is the natural right of individual
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Two traditions of liberalism
• Modern liberals
• Positive liberty (Freedom to) ‐ Ability to grow, become autonomous and
realize individual potential (e.g. social security, 4Ps)
• Collective rights
• Classical liberals
• Negative liberty (Freedom from) ‐ Absence of external constraints on
individual, people act in the way they want (e.g. freedom of speech)
• Individual rights
Liberalism and the State
• Sees the state as a neutral arbiter (referee) among competing
interests and groups in society, a vital guarantee of social order
• Modern liberals, recognize the state’s positive role in widening
freedom and promoting equal opportunities
• For classical liberals, the state is necessary evil, it must perform
minimal function (nightwatchman state)
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POWERFUL STATE
Fascism
Conservatism
Social
Democracy Modern
Liberal
Classical
Liberal
Communism
Anarchism NO STATE
CHECKPOINT
• BSIT3E
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Conservatism
• Puts emphasis on tradition, hierarchy and authority
• Defends values, practices, and institutions that have survived the test
of history as accumulated wisdom of the past
• Conservatives prefer strong government NOT uphold liberty BUT to
preserve social order.
Conservatism and the State
• Links the state to the need to provide authority and discipline and to
protect society from chaos and disorder
• There is a traditional preference to a strong state
• Not for promoting individual and collective rights but for upholding tradition
and authority.
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POWERFUL STATE
Fascism
Conservatism
Social
Democracy Modern
Liberal
Classical
Liberal
Communism
Anarchism NO STATE
Fascism
• Does not have identifying core principles or ideas
• Clear on what they oppose:
• Anti‐rational
• Anti‐liberal
• Anti‐conservative
• Anti‐capitalist
• Anti‐communist
• Freedom is “unquestioning submission”
• Democracy is “absolute dictatorship”
• Progress is “constant struggle or war”
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Fascism – Deeply Elitist
• All authority emanates from the leader personally
• The leader possesses a monopoly of ideological wisdom
• The leader, and the leader alone, defines destiny of his people
• The will of the leader is the ‘real’ will of the people
Fascism and the State
• The Italian tradition of Fascism sees the state as the supreme ethical
ideal
• Believes in totalitarianism
• The Nazi (German) tradition of Fascism sees the state as a tool that
serves the race (“Aryan”) and nation.
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POWERFUL STATE
German Fascism Italian Fascism
(Nazi)
Conservatism
Social
Democracy Modern
Liberal
Classical
Liberal
Communism
Anarchism
NO STATE
Formative assessment
• Complete the following table. Indicate at least one central defining perspective
per ideology. If the ideology has various traditions within it, indicate at least one
central perspective per tradition/tendency. (15 pts.)
2 pts for defining perspective
1 pt. for regular perspective
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Quiz
1. In the traditional left‐right distinction of political ideologies, this
refers to ideologies with revolutionary sympathies.
2. A socialist tendency which promotes the necessity for a relatively
powerful state to promote social equality.
Quiz
3. In the traditional left‐right distinction of political ideologies, this
refers to ideologies with conservative sympathies.
4. An ideology with no clear core principles, but favors a strong state
in which the leader is believed to possess the monopoly of
ideological wisdom.
5. This ideology shares the same views with modern liberals on the
role of the state (powerful state), but differs in the sense that it
favors individual rights over collective rights.
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Quiz
6. True or False. The Left‐Right distinction of ideologies traces its
origin to the seating arrangements adopted by the different groups
at the session of French National Assembly in 1789.
7. True or False. Only the left‐leaning ideologies has the tendency to
use violent means to pursue its ideals.
8. True or False. For Fascists, the will of the people should accepted by
the leader as his own will.
Quiz
• Ideology is a more or less coherent set of ideas that provides the basis
for organized political action, whether this intended to 9)________,
modify, or 10)_________ the existing system of power.
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Democracy and the Ideologies
What is democracy?
Local File
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u6jgWxkbR7A
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Processing
• What are the two primary types of democracy according to the
video?
• Is democracy an ideology?
Anarchism on Democracy
• Endorses direct democracy and call for continuous popular
participation and radical decentralization as a precondition to
establishment of a stateless society.
• For anarchists, the electoral or representative democracy is merely a
façade that attempts to conceal elite domination and reconcile the
masses to their oppression.
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Socialism on Democracy
• Fundamental socialists endorses a form of radical democracy based
on popular participation as a mechanism for the establishment of a
classless society with no notion of private property.
• Social democrats, on the other hand are committed the framework of
representative or electoral democracy in promoting social equality.
Liberalism on Democracy
• Liberalism understands democracy in individual terms as consent
expressed through the ballot box.
• Democracy is equated with regular and competitive elections.
• Democratic processes, however, must always be conducted within a
constitutional framework in order to prevent majoritarian tyranny.
tyranny of
Constitution PROTECTS the minority from the majority
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Conservatism on Democracy
• Endorses liberal‐democratic rule but with qualifications:
• The need to protect the right to private property
• The necessity to protect traditional institutions from the untutored will of ‘the
many’
• Some conservative sectors have linked the electoral democracy to the
problems of over‐governmental and economic stagnation.
untutored will of
Constitution PROTECTS the traditions from the majority
Fascism
• Embraces the idea of ‘totalitarian democracy’ as genuine democracy
• Genuine democracy is an absolute dictatorship
• The leader monopolizes ideological wisdom and is alone able to
articulate the true interests of the people
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Formative Assessment
1. Which political ideology has views on democracy which is closest to
the one on the video?
2. Which political ideology is most skeptical about democracy and its
processes?
3. Which ideology best describes the nature of democracy in the
Philippines, and why?
• Note:
• Provide reasons or justification to all of your answers
• Use ½ collegiate yellow pad paper
• You have the option to answer individually, or in pairs
Political ideologies in the
Philippines
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Populism among major parties
• Mainstream/major political parties in the Philippines are generally
moderate and populist.
• Populism attempts to combine the best elements of the left and the
right, carefully crafted to attract popular votes.
• Examples of major political parties:
• Partido Demokratiko Pilipino – Lakas ng Bayan (PDP‐Laban)
• Liberal Party
• Nationalista Party
Right‐wing political ideas
• The primacy of family loyalties and resilience of political dynasties
resulted in individual conservatism, prioritizing decision‐making on
preserving family wealth and status for the both the patron and client
families
• The influence of the Catholic Church renders individuals and groups
to oppose political actions and policy reforms that challenge the
teaching of the said church.
• Reproductive Health Law 2012
• War on drugs
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Broad Political left
• Two major political organizations make up the Philippine left:
• National democrats (Nat‐dems) – far‐left in the traditional spectrum
• Social democrats (Soc‐dems) – center‐left in the traditional spectrum
Broad Political left POWERFUL STATE
NAT‐DEM SOC‐DEM
Social
Democracy Modern
Liberal
PROGRESSIVE CONSERVATIVE
REVOLUTIONARY REACTIONARY
Communism
NO STATE
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Selected Nat‐Dem Organizations
• National Democratic Front (NDF)
• Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP)
• New People’s Army (NPA)
• NDF – coalition of progressive (far‐left) social and economic justice
organization established in 1973.
• CPP – a communist party within the umbrella organization of NDF
originally established as PKP in 1930 and reestablished in 1969.
• NPA – the armed wing of the CPP.
Some organizations perceived to be
connected with NDF
• BayanMuna – a partylist organization founded to oppose "traditional,
elitist, pro‐imperialist politics”
• Alliance of Concerned Teachers ‐ a progressive, militant and
nationalist organization of teachers
• GABRIELA – a leftist Filipino organization that advocates for women's
issues
• KABATAAN – a left‐wing umbrella organization of youth groups in the
Philippines
• ANAKPAWIS ‐ a left‐wing umbrella organization of laborers and
farmers in the Philippines
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Selected Soc‐Dem Organizations
• Philippine Democratic Socialist Party (PDSP)
• Pandayan para sa Sosyalistang Pilipinas (PANDAYAN)
• Partido Demokratiko Pilipino (PDP)
http://opinion.inquirer.net/20767/socdem
• PDSP – a center‐left political party founder in 1973, it supported the
candidacy of Cory Aquino in the 1986 Snap Elections,
• Its leader Norberto Gonzales, served as DND Secretary under Pres. Arroyo
• PANDAYAN – another center‐left organization founded in the 1970s by
some teachers and students of Ateneo de Manila.
• One of its most prominent members is Florencio Abad, who served as DBM
Secretary during the PNoy administration
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• PDP – founded in 1982 by Aquilino "Nene" Pimentel Jr. and a group
of protesters against the Marcos Regime.
• It formed a coalition with Ninoy Aquino’s Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino
(LABAN) in 1983.
• PDP‐Laban operates as a mainstream moderate‐to‐left political party, post‐
EDSA I.
Soc‐Dem Partylist Groups
• Akbayan Citizen’s Action Party (AKBAYAN)
• Akbayan Youth
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Nat‐Dem and Soc‐Dem during Martial Law
• Nat‐dems and Soc‐Dems were similar in their analysis of problems of
society but differed in their views about armed struggle
• In the 1980s both organizations have the common desire to end the
Marcos regime
• Nat‐dems wanted to pursue armed struggle to remove Marcos and
establish democratic government
• Soc‐dems advocated the use of elections to unseat Marcos
• For Soc‐dems, the Nat‐dem’s concept of a “democratic government” to be
established after an armed struggle was vague
Nat‐Dem and Soc‐Dem during Martial Law
• Nat‐dems and Soc‐Dems were similar in their analysis of problems of
society but differed in their views about armed struggle
• In the 1980s both organizations have the common desire to end the
Marcos regime
• Nat‐dems wanted to pursue armed struggle to remove Marcos and
establish democratic government
• Soc‐dems advocated the use of elections to unseat Marcos
• For Soc‐dems, the Nat‐dem’s concept of a “democratic government” to be
established after an armed struggle was vague
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‘Nat‐Dem’ in
Duterte Cabinet
‘Nat‐Dem’ in Duterte Cabinet
• Sec. Rafael Mariano (DAR)
• Anakpawis
• Rejected by Commission on Appointments
• Sec. Judy M.Taguiwalo (DSWD)
• MAKIBAKA (Malayang Kilusan ng mga Kababaihan)
• Rejected by the Commission on Appointments
• USec. Joel B. Maglungsod (DOLE)
• Anakpawis
• Com. Liza Maza (NAPC)
• Gabriela
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Performance Task
Solo / Pair Activity
Broad Political left POWERFUL STATE Part 1. Mark the areas in

the 2D political spectrum
NAT‐DEM SOC‐DEM
where the Nat‐Dem and
Soc‐Dem should be, based
on your understand of our
Social
Democracy lesson and further
research.
PROGRESSIVE CONSERVATIVE
REVOLUTIONARY REACTIONARY
Communism
NO STATE
65
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Part 2
Today, you can see The questions is: Were
personalities and they able to push their
groups from the policy objectives to
broad‐left of mainstream Philippine
Philippine politics politics?
operating within
the political Research for specific Based on your research,
system. socialist (social/economic produce a creative output.
justice) policies which has
Suggested outputs: Poster,
been adopted in the
Poem, ComicStrip, Opinion
Philippines since 1986.
Piece, etc.
States, Nations and Globalization
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State, countries and nations confused
• States, countries, nations are confused or used as if they are
interchangeable
Nations as commonly defined
• Nations are cultural entities
• Groupings of people bound together by shared values and tradition
• Nations share a common language, religion, history, and usually
occupy the same geographical area
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Problem with common definition of nations
• Nations exist in varied context that makes the task of identifying
commonalities among its people almost impossible.
• American, Australians, New Zealanders is not referred to as ‘English nation’
• People of the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland may speak the same
language but are divided along religions lines
• Cultural unity can only be defined subjectively by the people calling
themselves part of such nation.
Exclusive vs. inclusive concept of nationhood
• Exclusive concept of nationhood
• Stress the importance of ethnic unity and a shared history
• National identity is viewed as given and unchanging
• Makes the concept of ‘nation’ sound synonymous to ‘race’
• Inclusive concept of nationhood
• Highlights civic consciousness and patriotic loyalty as precondition to
nationhood
• Suggests that nations may be multiracial, multiethnic, multireligious …
• Blurs the distinction between ‘nation and ‘state’
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Nation vs. State
• State is primarily a political concept
• Nation is mainly psychocultural
May exist independently
• Nations and states may exist independently of one another
• A nation may exist without a nation v.v.
• When a nation successful creates a state, the result is a nation‐state
69
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Definition of a state
• A state is a legally constituted entity which provides its citizens
protection both from external and internal insecurity and aggression
Elements of the state
• People
• Territory
• Government
• Sovereignty
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Elements of the state ‐ people
• Refers to those whom the state is obliged to protect and provide
services to
• They are the citizens who enjoy and exercise rights authorized by the
state and mandated by the political system (through the constitution
and other laws)
Elements of the state ‐ territory
• Refers to well‐defined physical and geographic boundaries wherein
the state reigns supreme
• It’s the place where the state’s sovereignty is recognized both inside
and outside its boundaries
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Elements of the state ‐ government
• Refers to the formal institutions through which people are ruled
Elements of the state ‐ sovereignty
• The absolute or supreme exercise of power expressed either as
‘unchallengeable’ or unquestionable political power.
• The recognition of other states is the absolute test of sovereignty.
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Classifying governments
Ways to classify governments
• As to source of sovereign powers
• As to accountability
• As to territorial structure
• As to Executive‐Legislative relationship
73
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Source of sovereign powers
• Republic
• In a republic, sovereignty resides in the people as such, the
head of state is generally elected.
• Monarchy
• In a monarchy, sovereignty is held by one person known as
a monarch. A monarch gains power by virtue of hereditary
succession.
• A monarchy with elected parliament and prime minister is
constitutional monarchy.
• A monarchy with an autocratic government is an absolute
monarchy.
Accountability
• Autocracy
• In an autocratic government, the leaders are responsible only to themselves,
or their tradition or to a supreme being.
• Democracy
• In a democratic government, leaders are held responsible by the people
through periodic elections.
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Territorial structure
• Unitary
• A unitary system accords its component areas little or no autonomy; most
governance radiates from the capital city.
• Federal
• In a federal system, there is an active attempt to balance of power between a
nation’s capital and the first‐level political subdivisions.
Territorial structure
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Source: https://www.tes.com/lessons/OJesw2x3DdnhDA/federalism‐the‐education‐debate
Power sharing in Unitary Government
Actual setting.
Central Government Local Government
• Judiciary • Powers granted by Congress (to
• DFA be administered by DILG)
• Armed Forces
• Monetary System (Currency)
• Law Enforcement
• DepEd/CHED
• DSWD
• Professional Regulation, etc.
76
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Power sharing in Federal Government
For illustration purpose only. Actual sharing power depends on the actual Federal Constitution.
Federal Government Regional (State) Government
• Federal Judiciary • Regional Judiciary
• DFA • *
• Armed Forces • *
• Monetary System (Currency) • *
• *
• Law Enforcement
• Higher Education (CHED)
• Basic Education (DepEd)
• *
• * • Social Welfare
• Professional Regulation
Power sharing as proposed by DILG
https://www.federalismo.com.ph/dilg‐
penamfed‐proposal
In cooperation with:
People’s National Movement for
Federalism (PENAMFED) – Ministry
of Rural Rehabilitation and
Development (MRRD)
77
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Legislative‐executive relationship
• Presidential system
• In a presidential
system, the president
is elected separately
from the legislature.
• The president (or Source: Political Science An Introduction (12 ed.) by Rosken, et. al.
monarch) acts as both
head of state and head
of government.
• Parliamentary system
• In a parliamentary system, the people
elects a legislature which in turn elects
a prime minister
• The monarch or a symbolic president
acts as head of state while the prime
Source: Political Science An Introduction (12 ed.) by Rosken, et. al.
minister is the head of government.
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• Semi‐presidential system
• In a semi‐presidential system, there a president elected separately from the
legislature and a prime minister elected by the legislature.
• The president and the prime minister share executive powers as may be
defined by the constitution, but the president is considered as the head of
state and government.
Mix and Match
• Republic
• Monarchy
• Autocracy
• Democracy United States ..
United States of America
• Unitary
• Federal
• Presidential
• Parliamentary
• Semi‐presidential
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Mix and Match
• Republic
• Monarchy
• Autocracy
• Democracy Australia
Commonwealth of Australia
• Unitary
• Federal
• Presidential
• Parliamentary
Mix and Match
• Republic
• Monarchy
• Autocracy
• Democracy South Korea Republic of Korea
• Unitary
• Federal
• Presidential
• Parliamentary
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Mix and Match
• Republic
• Monarchy
• Autocracy
• Democracy North Korea
People’s Republic of Korea
• Unitary
• Federal
• Presidential
• Parliamentary
Mix and Match
• Republic
• Monarchy
• Autocracy
• Democracy United Kingdom ...
United Kingdom of Great Britain and
• Unitary Northern Ireland
• Federal
• Presidential
• Parliamentary
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Mix and Match
• Republic
• Monarchy
• Autocracy
• Democracy Saudi Arabia
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
• Unitary
• Federal
• Presidential
• Parliamentary
Mix and Match
• Republic
• Monarchy
• Autocracy
• Democracy Philippines
Republic of the Philippines
• Unitary
• Federal
• Presidential
• Parliamentary
82
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83

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2/8/2018

• Politics: Who Gets What, When and How ‐ Harold Lasswell (1936)

Maka‐kaliwa (leftist), maka‐kanan (rightist)

ANARCHISM SOCIALISM LIBERALISM CONSERVATISM FASCISM

Communism Social Liberals Imperialists

LIBERALS MODERATES CONSERVATIVES

Constitution PROTECTS the minority from the majority

Constitution PROTECTS the traditions from the majority

Broad Political left POWERFUL STATE Part 1. Mark the areas in

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