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Josef. L. Zeman
Institute for Pressure Vessel & Plant Technology
Vienna University of Technology
Gusshausstr. 30/329, A-1040, Vienna, Austria
Email: j.zeman+e329@tuwien.ac.at
ABSTRACT The most advanced approach in the draft standard, the so-
This paper discusses the background of a new approach to called Direct Route to Design by Analysis (DBA-DR), dealt
check the admissibility of pressure vessels via the Direct Route with in a normative annex, Annex B, is intended
(DR) to Design by Analysis (DBA), and the various design - as an alternative to the "usual" Design by Formulae
checks required, in general and in detail. Emphasis is on the (DBF) route,
various tools and procedures used in applications, and on - as a complement to the DBF-route for:
typical applications. - cases not covered by DBF,
- cases involving superposition of actions, e. g. wind,
INTRODUCTION snow, earthquake,
Within the European Union, the coming into force of - cases where DBA is required, e. g. by authorities in
common national laws in the pressure equipment field, based potential major hazard, or environmentally sensitive
on the so-called Pressure Equipment Directive (PED) [1], situations,
paralleled by a serious need for corresponding complementary - exceptional cases where manufacturing tolerances are
Harmonised Standards – i. e. standards which provide for exceeded.
presumption of conformity with the so-called Essential Safety This route, DBA-DR, deals with various failure modes
Requirements (ESR) of the PED –, created a unique chance directly, in so-called Design Checks (DC).
and challenge: These design checks are named after the main failure
The chance for a new approach to Design by Analysis mode they deal with. Some design checks deal also with other
(DBA), using all the knowledge in engineering mechanics – failure modes, other than the main, name-giving one.
theoretical as well as practical –, all the experience with Design checks are formulated in the form of so-called
numerical methods and the commercially available hard- and Principles, of design goals, allowing for different procedures to
software used in the simulation of the behaviour of structures assess the fulfillment of the principles' goals. Some of these
under various actions. procedures are specified, as so-called Application Rules –
Work started in 1992, the first sketch of a draft dates generally recognized rules which follow the Principle and
October 1992, the draft went through (informal) enquiries satisfy its requirements. It is permissible to use alternative
repeatedly. The final public enquiry in 1999 was supported by design rules, different from the Application Rules given,
an EU-research project, which resulted in proposals for provided that it is shown that the alternative rule accords with
changes and in a handbook [2], with numerous examples, input the corresponding Principle and is at least equivalent with
listings, etc. The revised version of the draft standard [3] will regard to resistance, serviceability and durability.
be subject to the Formal Vote from March 21 to April 21, 2002. To allow for flexibility, for easier future adaptations, a
partial safety factor format is used in this Direct Route to
GENERAL DBA:
The draft standard is restricted to sufficiently ductile - Characteristic values of actions shall be multiplied by
materials – A5 ≥ 14%, KCV ≥ 27 J. partial safety factors of actions to obtain the so-called
design values of actions,
Material RM γR
Rp0,2/t
Ferritic steel 1,25 for ≤ 0,8
ReH or Rp0,2/t Rm/20
R p0.2/t
1,5625 otherwise
R m/20
Austenitic steel Rp1,0/t 1,25
(30%≤A5<35%)
Rp 1.0/t
1,0 for ≤ 0 ,4
Rm/t
Rp1,0/t 2,5 R p1.0/t R p1.0 / t
Austenitic steel for 0,4 < ≤ 0,5
( A5 ≥35%) R m/t Rm / t
Rp1.0/t
1,25 for > 0 ,5
Rm/t
Rp0.2/t
Steel castings 19/12 for ≤ 19/24
Rp0,2/t Rm/20
2 R p0,2/t
otherwise
Rm/20
As reference temperature of the temperature dependent material strength parameters a temperature not less than the maximum
calculation temperature of the load case shall be used.
Table B.8-2: Partial safety factors for actions and normal operating load cases
The upper characteristic value of the pressure may be based on the maximum allowable pressure PS, i. e. the pressure
accumulation at a pressure relief device when the pressure relief device starts to discharge, the pressure increase over the maximum
allowable pressure, need not be taken into account.
ss(P)
EPPL
1
EPPL
2
EPPL
3