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The final term in the above definitions accounts for a difference in size
between the suction and discharge lines. The discharge line is normally
smaller than the suction line and thus the dis-charge velocity is higher. A
higher velocity results in a lower pressure since the sum of the pressure
head and velocity head in any flowing liquid remains constant. Thus, when
the suction and discharge line sizes at the gauge attachment points are
different, the resulting difference in velocity head must be included in the
total head calculation.
Figure 9.2: Manometer Indicating Vacuum Figure 9.3: Manometer Indicating Pressure
B. Measurement of capacity:
the throat. (Figure 9.4) shows the general shape and flow equation.
The meter coefficient is determined by actual calibration by the
manufacturer and when properly installed the Venturi meter is accurate
to within plus or minus 1%.
d.) Nozzle
A nozzle is simply the converging portion of a venturi tube with the
liquid exiting to the atmosphere. Therefore, the same formula can be
used with the differential head equal to the gauge reading ahead of the
nozzle.
e.)Orifice
An orifice is a thin plate containing an opening of specific shape and
dimensions. The plate is installed in a pipe and the flow is a function of
the pressure upstream of the orifice. There are numerous types of
orifices available and their descriptions and applications are covered in
the Hydraulic Institute Standards and the ASME Fluid Meters Report.
Orifices are not recommended for permanent installations due to the
inherent high head loss across the plate.
f.) Weir
A weir is particularly well suited to measuring flows in open conduits
and can be adapted to extremely large capacity systems. For best
accuracy, a weir should be calibrated in place. However, when this is
impractical, there are formulas which can be used for the various weir
configurations. The most common types are the rectangular contracted
weir and the 90 V-notch weir. These are shown in (Figure 9.4) with the
applicable flow formulas.