Professional Documents
Culture Documents
G ra d u a te
School:
C h o o s in g g r a d u a te p ro g ra m s
Filling o u t a p p lic a tio n s
G e ttin g g o o d l e t t e r s of re c o m m e n d a tio n
W ritin g a n e f f e c tiv e p e r s o n a l s t a t e m e n t
C a r e e r D e v e lo p m e n t C e n t e r
C a lif o r n ia I n s t i t u t e o f T e c h n o lo g y
4 1 4 S . H o llis to n A v e n u e , 3 rd f lo o r
P a s a d e n a , CA 9 1 1 2 5
C o n te n ts
Resources 12
Graduate school differs from your under increase qualifications and, therefore, competi
graduate work in that it involves specialized tiveness in the job market. It is usually a combi
knowledge and concentrated study in a particular nation of several reasons. It may be worthwhile
area. A graduate program provides you with to examine your own reasons for pursuing
more focused coursework and research which will graduate study. Knowing why you are going to
prepare you for a profession or for doing advanced graduate school will help you get what you want
research. When you begin looking at and consid from advanced study. It will help you maintain
ering graduate education, you will find that there the motivation and dedication which are so
are two categories of graduate degrees—profes important to success in a graduate program.
sional (i.e., MBA, MD, and JD) and research (MS
and PhD). In addition, there are two levels —
master’s and doctoral. The first step in deciding on further education
is an honest evaluation of your strengths. While
there is no standard or ideal profile for graduate
A professional degree at the master’s level, students, some of the qualities important for
like an MBA or an MS in Engineering, is a success are:
degree that provides you with the specific skills to
practice a profession. Professional degrees at the ♦ Intelligence
doctoral level are the MD for medicine and the JD ♦ Initiative
for law. ♦ Persistence
♦ Motivation
♦ Ability to develop good work relationships.
A research degree at the MS level can provide
you with additional research skills to get a better
Second, you will want to evaluate your career
job than with the BS; however, the most common
goals. Deciding to go to graduate school is an
research degree is the PhD. The PhD provides
important point on your career path. Taking an
you with the skills to do research in both indus
advanced degree may enable you to get a new and
try and academia. To teach at the college level
better-paying job, to change careers, or to keep
you will need the PhD. The first two or three up-to-date with advancements in your field. The
years of the PhD include coursework and re
traditional career choice for PhD holders is
search. At the end of this period, you will be
academia — both research and teaching. How
advanced to candidacy and begin doing your
ever, there are other opportunities to do research
original research which leads to the thesis and
in corporations or government agencies. A PhD is
final oral examinations.
generally a serious commitment to teaching and/
or research.
Making the decision to continue on in gradu
ate study is a long-term commitment. People A professional or MS research degree may
offer many explanations for their own decisions enhance your career in a specific field. The
about further schooling. For some, the decision is professional MS degree is less of a commitment
personal — the challenge, sense of achievement, than the PhD with regard to time and money,
personal growth, or a love of study and campus but the PhD may provide you with the greatest
life. For others, it is a specific career develop opportunities for freedom and flexibility to meet
ment; an advanced degree is necessary or will your career goals.
1
C hoosing a G rad u ate School
After making the decision to go on to graduate bias toward reputation and establishment.
work, the next step will be selecting the graduate Each department is made up of individual
school and program best suited to your needs. faculty members. Find out who they are, what
The CDC has many general guides which de their areas of specialization are, and what
scribe graduate programs (see the Resources research interests they are currently pursuing.
section). In addition, we keep college catalogs Good sources of information are college and
from the schools which seem to be of most department catalogs, publications in journals,
interest to Caltech students. There are many and university web pages. You may find that
criteria that students use to determine the some departments have brochures or annual
program best suited to their needs. The most reports which list faculty research interests and
important factor in your decision should be how publications, and many faculty members have
suited the graduate program and the institution their own web pages. You may ^so want to
are to your needs, your academic and career------ consider the ratio of faculty to students and the
goals, and your interests. However, other impact th at will have on potential contact with
factors such as geographic location and size of faculty.
the school may affect your decision about which When evaluating the program examine the
graduate school to attend. A large school may curriculum for breadth and diversity; keep in
provide you with a wide variety of academic mind your personal goals and academic needs.
fields and extracurricular activities from which Questions to ask yourself include:
to choose, while a small school may allow you to
have more personal attention. Geographic ♦ Is the program interdisciplinary?
location becomes important when you have a ♦ What are the philosophy and methods of
family to consider or other personal reasons for instruction?
wanting or not wanting to make a major move. ♦ How big are seminars?
♦ How much will I interact with my advisor
The decision about which graduate school to and other students?
attend should not be made lightly. Do some ♦ What kind ofrelationships win I have with
research. Talk to faculty members you know — my advisor and other students?
they are an excellent resource. Ask them where You may also want to evaluate the fajalities_at
they did their graduate work and ask them about each institution. You can get an idea about the
other graduate programs. available research facilities from the school
When evaluating programs, there are some catalog or fi:om a visit to the campus. Ask about
things you may want to assess: department,
libraries, laboratories, research facihties, and
faculty, program, facilities, and selectivity. cooperative arrangements with other research,
When looking at a department, evaluate the educational, and professional organizations.
quality of the academic department itself. While Finally, you may want to determine how
the institution may have an excellent reputation, selective the program is. What is the ratio of
some departments will be weaker than others. apphcations to acceptances? Highly selective
Likewise, a less well-known or lower-rated schools will accept highly qualified candidates. Be .
institution may have an excellent department in honest about your chances of getting in. Aca
yourparticular area of interest. There are
demic achievement is determined by two things:
published ratings of graduate departments (see where you took your BS and your own efforts
Resources). Use these with an open mind; toward that degree.
recognize that the listings can demonstrate a
2
Financing Your G raduate Education
A s s is ta n ts h ip s
Assistantships generally fall into two catego
ries: research (RA) and teaching (TA). ATA may
be involved in leading discussion sessions,
supervising lab work, grading assignments, or
meeting with students. RA’s are employed in labs
helping faculty with research projects. With an
RA or TA, you will generally have a reduced or
waived tuition and some stipend for Uving
expenses. RA’s and TA’s are awarded by the
school, and application is made at the same time
as your application to graduate school. Assistant-
ships and fellowships may be available for a
/- V master’s degree, but are limited at that level.
3
T he A pplication P ro c e s s
4
s ta te m e n t o f P u rp o s e tion did you receive?
4. What about your extracurricular activities?
Writing the statement of purpose is often the Talk about your accomplishments and
most time-consuming and difficult part of ^plying responsibihties. What are your strengths and
to graduate school. It is a significant part of your weaknesses?
application for a number of reasons. First, it 5. What are some of the problems you have had
provides the faculty with an important impression and how did you resolve them? Make any
of you as an individual. Second, it is a way to explanations ofproblems positive and always
measure your writing ability. Thus, it pays to be articulate resolution of the problems. If you
extremely thorough when checking for spelling and have any challenging or special ejq)eriences,
grammatical errors. Finally, the statement of describe them. These are the things that
purpose can be used to determine your enthusiasm make you stand out and stay in the minds of
for the field, your maturity, and your creativity. the admissions committees.
A good first step, even when you are simply
considering graduate school, is to write a general 6. What do you know about the field? How did
statement ofpurpose. This will help you clarify you get your information?
your goals. A general guide is to end up with a 7. Do you have any work experiences that have
document that is no more than 2 to 2.5 double contributed to your growth? Describe them.
spaced pages. This should be adequate for any 8. What skills do you have that will help you
apphcation. There are two types of statements: (1) succeed?
the general, more comprehensive statement which
allows you the most flexibihty—you determine Here are some tips from the book How to Write
what you want to say, and (2) a statement that is a Winnir^Personal Statement (copies are available
in response to more specific questions which for use in the Clareer Development Center library).
provides you with more direction.
When writing the general statement you should
use a relaxed, conversational style rather than a 1. Findanan^e.
formal, stilted style. A general statement should 2. Concentrate on the opening paragraph and
clearly present to the committee how and why you grab the reader’s attention.
became interested in a particular area of study. It 3. Tellwhatyouknow.Detailyourinterests
should also provide them with a pattern of growth and experiences in the field. Be specific. Use
and interest over a period of time. Try to make your professional jargon to convey this informa
statement interesting and dynamic. Be articulate. tion. Do research if you don’t have e n o u ^
Some topics or questions you may want to consider information. Remember, what you choose to
when writing your general statement are: say reflects who you are.
/ 1. Why are you applying? In what area of study 4. Review your life carefully—include facts
, do you want to specialize? What are your that are extremely relevant to your career
) research interests? choice.
' 2. What are your career goals (both short-and 5. Be selective. Do not talk about high school
long-term)? accomplishments or experiences, rehgion,
3. What makes you a special and unique pohtics, or personal views.
applicant? What did you stu dy in your
undergraduate years? What special prepara-
L e tte rs o f R e c o m m e n d a tio n ♦ Strong and weak areas. Again, whenever
you talk about problems, always indicate
Letters of recommendation can make the how the problem was resolved.
difference between acceptance and rejection. ♦ Honors and awards. Professional recogni
Often an admissions committee will use them to tion in your field.
make a decision between two applicants. Good ♦ Classes thatyou have taken, especially
letters should describe your positive qualities that under the professor.
would make you a successful graduate student
and ultimately a successful professional. Letters ♦ Other faculty and staff who have known
should include information on: you and your work.
♦ Other information which would help them
♦ Your character. write a good letter.
♦ Coursework in which you did well.
♦ Your abilities as a team player. Begin early. Ask your recommenders at the
♦ Whether you are a self-starter. beginning of your senior year or earher. Discuss
♦ Your communication skills. with them why you are going to graduate school
and to which programs you are applying. Listen
Many of you will ask: “Whom do I ask to write to them. If you sense reticence, if you hear time
a letter of recommendation?” Obviously it is more
desirable to have letters from the most significant
person you can find — someone of the caliber of
Richard Feynman would be good! Unfortunately,
not all of us know someone like that well enough
to enable them to write a strong letter for us. In
th at case, it is best to have a letter that is well-
informed and enthusiastic. It should specifically
and positively describe you to the admissions
committee. A weak letter from a weU-known
name could actually have the opposite effect.
7
T ra n s c rip ts
It is your responsibility to have an official Application C hecklist
copy of all your college transcripts sent to each
school to which you are applying. For those of you
who transferred to Caltech from another school, 1. Customize the essay to each school.
you will have to contact the other school to get
2. Don’t exaggerate. Admit your weak
complete transcripts. Most requests must be in nesses but show how you resolved them.
writing — be sure to allow enough time to do
this. At Caltech, requests for official transcripts 3. Avoid pretentious adjectives and resume
should be directed to the Registrar’s Office at like lists.
least five days before you need it mailed. There is 4. Detail specific experiences.
a $5.00 charge for each official treinscript
requested. 5. Don’t quote from the school’s catalog.
6. Proofi’ead, proofi*ead, proofi'ead— for
content, grammar, and speUing.
7. Have someone else proofread.
T e s ts
8. Limit your statement to 2 to 2.5 pages.
By the end of your junior year, you should 9. Submit your application early.
have determined whether you have to take any of
the standardized tests such as the Graduate 10. Use the correct envelope for each applica
tion.
Record Examination (GRE), the Law School
Admissions Test (LSAT), the Medical College
Admissions Test (MCAT), or the Graduate
Management Admissions Test (GMAT). Each
school will tell you which tests may be required.
These tests are offered on a regular schedule anH
results are not usually available until six weeks
after the test is administered. The CDC has
information bulletins for some of the tests
mentioned above. You can also borrow or buy
study guides that will help you become familiar
with the test formats, and several of the testing
organizations have web sites with sample ques
tions and test-taking tips (see Resomces).
t
4
T h e N o tific a tio n P ro c e ss T h e W a it L is t
You may receive replies as early as March or Being on a school’s “wait Ust” or “holding list”
April, or as late as June. In some cases, you may is similar to being at the end of a long line for
be placed on a waiting list from which you may tickets to a popular event. Your chances of
be selected as vacancies occur. These could be getting in depend on how many are ahead of you.
filled as late as immediately prior to the begin Here are some proactive things you can do if you
ning of a new term. end up on a wait list:
Before you begin receiving acceptances and
rejections, rank the schools according to your ♦ Apply to more schools.
preferences. As soon as you receive two offers, ♦ Take an intermediate degree, especially
politely decline the less attractive one. Continue if you’re switching your area of
this process until you make your final choice. concentration.
This may make it difficult if you have heard from ♦ Take additional classes and reading in
School #2 but are still awaiting a response from your major field of study.
School#!.
♦ Attend summer school at your target
Before being pressured into sending a fee to a institution.
second-choice program, try to speed up the first-
choice school with a polite inquiry about
the status of your application. If they
intend to notify apphcants shortly, try to
stall the other school. If there wlU be
considerable time between the deadline
for one school emd the notification date of
another, you may have to decide if you’re
willing to pay for a guaranteed spot you
may not use.
9
T hings You Should Know
A bout a G rad u ate School
^ A s k th e G ra d u a te D e p a rtm e n t:
♦ What are the academic regulations/ requirements for graduating?
♦ What percentage of the students pass the qualifying exams the first time? How many chances are there?
♦ Are a large percentage of the students graduating with only a terminal master’s degree? Why?
♦ What is the average time to obtain a PhD?
♦ When (and how) do you choose your advisor? How difficxilt is it to switch advisors after, say, a year?
♦ Who selects the dissertation committee?
♦ Is the support offered as a teaching or a research assistantship? How much is the stipend?
♦ How many working hours per week are expected for a TA or RA?
♦ Are you guaranteed support for the entire time, or is it on a year-by-year basis? If it is year-by-year,
what would disqualify you?
♦ Is there a teaching requirement? How are teaching assignments made (lottery or choice)?
♦ What sort of computing facilities do they have?
♦ What are their provisions for housing, health insurance, day care, etc.?
A s k c u r re n t s tu d e n ts :
♦ Do the different research groups interact? Is there any collaboration within the department or across
departments?
♦ What is the actual time commitment for a TA/RA? Is the TA/RA stipend enough to live on in that area?
Do the students have enough time for a social life? Is the type of social life you desire available?
♦ What are the environs like? Do you hke them?
♦ Do graduate students have access to athletic and other university faciUties?
♦ Is there a graduate student organization?
♦ Are the provisions for housing, health insurance, etc., adequate?
T a lk to c u r r e n t g ra d u a te s tu d e n ts b e fo re you c h o o s e
^ a n a d v is o r to le a rn :
♦ Do most of the students like working with this research advisor?
♦ What is the average time for a PhD in his/her lab?
♦ How much monetary support is there for research?
♦ Is the prospective advisor sensitive to issues of women, minorities, and international students?
♦ Howmdependentis the research of the students? "
♦ Do the students work together (with other students and/or the advisor)?
♦ Is the advisor personally involved in the research? How frequently is the advisor available?
♦ Do the students present their work at national conferences? Who pays for attending such conferences?
♦ Does the advisor take an active role in placing his/her students? Do the students go into industry or
academia?
♦ How quickly does the advisor publish completed work?
jQ ---------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------
S p e c ific is s u e s fo r w o m e n :
♦ It has been said: “Do not go to a place where there are no women faculty ”
♦ Talk to women graduate students in the department!!
♦ Do they have women's support groups? What do they do? Do they have one specific to your field?
♦ Is there a women’s center?
H e lp fu l h in ts to n e w g ra d u a te s tu d e n ts :
♦ Choose a research area that you are interested in (as opposed to picking an advisor because s/he is a nice
person). However, still choose an advisor with whom you get along.
♦ Choose an advisor with broad research interests.
♦ Your advisor should be willing to help you get through in a timely manner; i.e., assist you with meeting
the deadlines for preliminary exams, proposal preparation, and dissertation.
♦ Your advisor should give you some research freedom. Do not let yourself be a laboratory technician for
five years.
♦ Attend research seminars offered at your university and annual meetings of professional organizations.
♦ If possible, participate in drafting grant proposals so you will know how to write successful ones.
♦ Try to cultivate your “third recommender.” Most post-doc positions will require three letters of recom
mendation.
♦ Make an effort to present your work at department and professional meetings.
11
R e so u rc e s
P u b lic a tio n s
Chemical Sciences Graduate School Finder, American Chemical Society.
Financing Graduate School by Patricia McWade, Peterson’s Guides.
^Graduate Admissions Essays — What Works / What Doesn't and Why by Donald Asher, Ten Speed
Press.
How to Get into the Right Business School by James L. Strachan, VGM Career Horizons.
How to Get into the R ight Law School by Paul Lermack, VGM Career Horizons.
How to Write a Winning Personal Statem ent by Richard J. Stelzer, Peterson’s Guides, Inc.
Inside the Law Schools by S. F. Goldfarb, Penguin Books USA.
Looking at Law School by Stephen Gillers, ed., Penguin Books.
On Being a Scientist, National Academy Press.
'Peterson's Graduate and Professional Programs by Casey Hegener, Peterson’s Guides.
Peterson’s Grants for Graduate Study & Postdoctoral Study, Peterson’s G\udes.
The Directory o f MBAs by Edward More O’Ferrall.
The Gourman Report: A R ating o f Graduate and Professional Programs by Dr. Jack Gourman, National
Education Standards.
The Grants Register; The Complete Guide to Postgraduate F unding Worldwide, St. M artin’s Press.
The Princeton Review: Cracking the L S A T h y Adam Robinson, Random House.
The Princeton Review: The Best Law Schools by Ian Van Tuyl, Random House.
W e b S ite s — G e n e ra l In fo rm a tio n
Kaplan On-line: information on standardized and computer adaptive testing, grants, fellowships, appli
cation process and more, http://www.kaplan.com/
Peterson’s Education Center, http://www.petersons.com
Princeton Review: information on standardized testing, admission to medical, law, and business school, etc.
http://www.princetonreview.com/grad/research
Gradute and Professional School Rankings (U.S. News & World Report).
http://www.usnews.com/usnews/edu/grad/rankings/rankindex_brief.php
Graduate School Program Information, search by subject area, http://www.gradschools.com
12
W e b S ite s — A p p ly in g to G ra d u a te an d P ro fe s s io n a l S c h o o ls
Educational Testing Service: general information about GRE, GMAT, & LSAT. http://ets.org
Graduate Record Exam, http://www.gre.org
Preparing for Graduate School Admissions Essays (Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Writing Center).
http://www.wecc.rpi.edu/gradapp.html
Faculty Advice for Undergraduates Considering Graduate School (by Phil Agre at UDSD).
http://polaris.gseis.ucla.edu/pagre/grad-school.html
W e b S ite s — F in a n c ia l A id
Fast WEB. http://www.fi.naid.org/scholarships
NASFAA Financial Aid Information Page, http://www.finaid.org
Graduate Fellowship Database (University of Notre Dame), http://www.grad.nd.edu/gfd
Graduate School Fellowship Database (Cornell University). http://cuinfo.cornell.edu/Student/GRFN/
W e b S ite s — B u s in e s s , L aw , and M e d ic a l S c h o o l
GMAT/MBAExplorer, http://www.gmat.org
American Bar Association Approved Law.
http://www.abanet.org/legaled/approvedlawschools/approved.html
Law School Admission Council Page (LSAT information), http://www.lsac.org
Student and Pre-Law Student Resources (USC).
http://lawweb.usc.edu/carserv/students/Iaw-related-web/lrcw-legalres.html
MCAT. http://www.aamc.org/students/mcat
Association of American Medical Colleges, http://www.aamc.org
Erick’s Guide to Medical School Admission (by Erick Santos), http://www.empowermentzone.com/
med_sch.txt
Medlink (Premed Guide for Emory Students). http://www.career.emory.edu/Students/Pre_Health/
Pre_HealthMain.htm
t
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C alifo rn ia In s titu te of T e c h n o lo g y . ^
C a r e e r D e v elo p m en t C en ter. \ ‘
414 S. Holiiston Avenue, 3rd floor
Pasadena, CA 91125 iAz ’ ( n
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Tel: 626-395-6361 1 15
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1891
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Fax: 626-793-9853 1 ^ /
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E-mail: career@caltech.edu
W eb: http://www.career.caltech.edu