O-Engineers

(Page-EN)
Protection Of Industrial
7th issue, Feb 2018 Power Supply Systems

Learning and Guiding

(Page-EE)
SF6 Sampling
 Editor Talk
It is our 7th consecutive
edition and we are still
facing the "writing
deficit disorder" in our
engineering community,
I appreciate some of our
professionals who dared to
express their experience in
writing, but again issue is
the silent majority, we try to reach each and every
possible group of creative engineering professionals, but
most of them think that it is hard for them to convert
their experience in Scribd form. I saw enthusiasm but
no practical approach, let me assure all our readers
although we are facing this scenario we will bring the
best material from available writers and we will never
compromise on the quality of content.
Another issue we would like to discuss in later editions
is Fraud practices by fake recruiters, we tried to present
our claims with evidence, in this issue, we add the story
about MTMM fraud recruitment drive, I hope you will
read it and get awareness of this practice.
Send your articles and views, Our
Team will add them in our March
edition.
enpak2017@gmail.com
 Feedback

*. Increase number of articles.

(Engr. Gulzar Hayat)
*. Need Improvement
(Engr. Muhammad Gabr)
*. Going good.
(Engr. Wong Yi)
*. Please develop a Website.
(Engr. Jaweria Ansari)
*. I admired the hardworking and expects
more improvement in coming editions.
(Engr. Mawra Saeed)
 Table of Contents

Page EN Protection of Industrial Power

Supply systems

Page G Standstill Position of Pakistan’s Steam

Power Plants

Page I Overseas Recruitment Fraud –MTMM

Page N The Art of CV Design
Page EE SF6 Sampling
Page R Engineer making difference
Page S Book for this month
EN
Protection Of Industrial
Power Supply Systems (Fuses,
MCCBs and Overcurrent
Relays Settings)
Edvard Csanyi
As industrial operations processes and plants have
become more complex and extensive, the requirement
for improved reliability of electrical power supplies has
also increased.
The potential costs of outage time following a failure
of the power supply to a plant have risen dramatically
as well. The protection and control of industrial power
supply systems must be given careful attention. Many of
the techniques that have been evolved for EHV power
systems may be applied to lower voltage systems also,
but typically on a reduced scale.
However, industrial systems have many special
problems that have warranted individual attention and
the development of specific solutions.
In other plants, the nature of the process allows
production of a substantial quantity of electricity,
perhaps allowing export of any surplus to the public
supply system – at either at sub-transmission or
distribution voltage levels. Plants that run generation
in parallel with the public supply distribution network
are often referred to as co-generation or embedded
generation.
In this technical article, the following examples of
protection & control of industrial power supply systems
3
are considered:

1. Fuse Co-ordination
2. Grading of Fuses / MCCBs / Overcurrent Relays
3. Determination of relay current setting
4. Relay characteristic and time multiplier selection
5. Protection of a Dual-Fed Substation
6. General considerations
7. Motor protection relay settings
8. Relay B settings
9. Relays C settings
10. Comments on grading

1. Fuse Co-ordination
An example of the application of fuses is based
on the arrangement in Figure 1(a). This shows an
unsatisfactory scheme with commonly encountered
shortcomings.

"It can be seen that fuses B, C and D will discriminate

with fuse A, but the 400A sub-circuit fuse E may not
discriminate, with the 500A sub-circuit fuse D at higher
levels of fault current."

4
The solution, shown in Figure 1(b), is to feed the 400A
circuit E direct from the busbars. The sub-circuit fuse D
may now have its rating reduced from 500A to a value,
of say 100A, appropriate to the remaining sub-circuit.

"This arrangement now provides a discriminating

fuse distribution scheme satisfactory for an industrial
system."

5
 However, there
are industrial
applications
where
discrimination
is a secondary
factor. In the
application
shown in Figure
2,a contactor
having a fault
rating of 20kA
controls the load in
one sub-circuit.

A fuse rating of
630A is selected
for the minor fuse
in the contactor
circuit to give
protection within
the through-fault
capacity of the
contactor.

6
The major fuse of 800A is chosen, as the minimum
rating that is greater than the total load current on the
switchboard. Discrimination between the two fuses is
not obtained, as the pre-arcing I2t of the 800A fuse is
less than the total I2t of the 630A fuse.
Therefore, the major fuse will blow as well as the minor
one, for most faults, so that all other loads fed from the
switchboard will be lost.
This may be acceptable in some cases. In most cases,
however, loss of the complete switchboard for a fault on
a single outgoing circuit will not be acceptable, and the
design will have to be revised.

2. Grading of Fuses / MCCBs / Overcurrent

Relays
An example of an application involving a moulded case
circuit breaker, fuse and a protection relay is shown in
Figure 3.
A 1MVA 3.3kV/400V transformer feeds the LV board
via a circuit breaker, which is equipped with an Alstom
MiCOM P14x numerical relay having a setting range
of 8-400% of rated current and fed from 2000/1A CTs.
Discrimination is required between the relay and both
the fuse and MCCB up to the 40kA fault rating of the
board.
7
To begin with, the time/current characteristics of both
the 400A fuse and the MCCB are plotted in Figure
18.19.

2a. Determination of relay current setting

The relay current setting chosen must not be less than
the full load current level and must have enough margin
to allow the relay to reset with full load current flowing.
The latter may be determined from the transformer
rating:

8
With the CT ratio of 2000/1A and a relay reset ratio of
95% of the nominal current setting, a current setting of
at least 80% would be satisfactory, to avoid tripping and/
or failure to reset with the transformer carrying full load
current.
However, choice of a value at the lower end of
this current setting range would move the relay
characteristic towards that of the MCCB and
discrimination may be lost at low fault currents.
It is therefore prudent to select initially a relay current
setting of 100%.

2b. Relay characteristic and time multiplier

selection
An EI characteristic is selected for the relay to ensure
discrimination with the fuse. From Figure 4, it may
be seen that at the fault level of 40kA the fuse will
operate in less than 0.01s and the MCCB operates in
approximately 0.014s. Using a fixed grading margin of

9
0.4s, the required relay operating time becomes 0.4 +
0.014 = 0.414s.
With a CT ratio of 2000/1A, a relay current setting
of 100%, and a relay TMS setting (Time Multiplier
Setting) of 1.0, the extremely inverse curve gives a relay
operating time of 0.2s at a fault current of 40kA. This is
too fast to give adequate discrimination and indicates
that the EI curve is too severe for this application.
Turning to the VI relay characteristic, the relay
operation time is found to be 0.71s at a TMS of 1.0.
To obtain the required relay operating time of 0.414s:
TMS setting = 0.414 / 0.71 = 0.583

Use a TMS of 0.6, nearest available setting.

The use of a different form of inverse time characteristic
makes it advisable to check discrimination at the lower
current levels also at this stage. At a fault current of
4kA, the relay will operate in 8.1s, which does not give
discrimination with the MCCB. A relay operation time
of 8.3s is required.
To overcome this, the relay characteristic needs to be
moved away from the MCCB characteristic, a change
that may be achieved by using a TMS of 0.625.The
revised relay characteristic is also shown in Figure 4.

10
11
3. Protection of a Dual-Fed Substation
As an example of how numerical protection relays can
be used in an industrial system, consider the typical
large industrial substation of Figure 5 below. Two
1.6MVA, 11/0.4kV transformers feeding a busbar whose
bus-section CB is normally open.
The LV system is solidly earthed. The largest outgoing
feeder is to a motor rated 160kW, 193kVA, and a
starting current of 7 x FLC.

12
The transformer impedance is to IEC standards. The LV
switchgear and busbars are fault rated at 50kA rms. To
simplify the analysis, only the phase-fault LV protection
is considered.

3a. General considerations

Analysis of many substations configured as in Figure 5
above shows that the maximum fault level and feeder
load current is obtained with the bus-section circuit
breaker closed and one of the infeeding CBs open. This
applies so long as the switchboard has a significant
amount of motor load.
The contribution of motor load to the fault level at the
switchboard is usually larger than that from a single
infeeding transformer, as the transformer restricts the
amount of fault current infeed from the primary side.
The three-phase break fault level at the switchboard
under these conditions is assumed to be 40kA rms.
Relays C1 and C2 are not required to have directional
characteristics (read more about it below) as all three
circuit breakers are only closed momentarily during
transfer from a single infeeding transformer to two
infeeding transformers configuration.
This transfer is normally an automated sequence, and
the chance of a fault occurring during the short period
13
 (of the order of 1s) when all three CBs are closed
is taken to be negligibly small. Similarly, although
this configuration gives the largest fault level at
the switchboard, it is not considered from either a
switchboard fault rating or protection viewpoint.
It is assumed that modern numerical relays are used.
For simplicity, a fixed grading margin of 0.3s is used.

Application of Directional Relays

If non-unit, non-directional relays are applied to parallel
feeders having a single generating source, any faults
that might occur on any one line will, regardless of the
relay settings used, isolate both lines and completely
disconnect the power supply.
With this type of system configuration, it is necessary to
apply directional relays at the receiving end and to grade
them with the non-directional relays at the sending end,
to ensure correct discriminative operation of the relays
during line faults.
This is done by setting the directional relays R’1 and
R’2 in Figure 6 with their directional elements looking
into the protected line, and giving them lower time and
current settings than relays R1 and R2.
The usual practice is to set relays R’1 and R’2 to 50% of
the normal full load of the protected circuit and 0.1
14
TMS, but care must be taken to ensure that the
continuous thermal rating of the relays of twice rated
current is not exceeded.

3b. Motor protection relay settings

From the motor characteristics given, the overcurrent
relay settings (Relay A) can be found using the following
guidelines:
Thermal element
Current setting: 300A
Time constant: 20 mins
Instantaneous element
Current setting: 2.32kA
These are the only settings relevant to the upstream
15
Relays.

3c. Relay B settings

Relay B settings are derived from consideration of the
loading and fault levels with the bus-section breaker
between busbars A1 and A2 closed. No information
is given about the load split between the two busbars,
but it can be assumed in the absence of definitive
information that each busbar is capable of supplying the
total load of 1.6MVA.
With fixed tap transformers, the bus voltage may fall
to 95% of nominal under these conditions, leading to a
load current of 2430A.
The IDMT current setting must be greater than this,
to avoid relay operation on normal load currents
and (ideally) with aggregate starting/re-acceleration
currents.
If the entire load on the busbar was motor load, an
aggregate starting current in excess of 13kA would
occur, but a current setting of this order would be
excessively high and lead to grading problems further
upstream.
It is unlikely that the entire load is motor load (though
this does occur, especially where a supply voltage of
690V is chosen for motors – an increasingly common
16
 practice) or that all motors are started simultaneously
(but simultaneous re-acceleration may well occur).
What is essential is that relay B does not issue a trip
command under these circumstances – i.e. the relay
current/time characteristic is in excess of the current/
time characteristic of the worst-case starting/re-
acceleration condition.
It is therefore assumed that 50% of the total bus load is
motor load, with an average starting current of 600%
of full load current (= 6930A), and that re-acceleration
takes 3s.
A current setting of 3000A is therefore initially used.
The SI characteristic is used for grading the relay,
as co-ordination with fuses is not required. The
TMS is required to be set to grade with the thermal
protection of relay A under ‘cold’ conditions,as this
gives the longest operation time of Relay A, and the re-
acceleration conditions. A TMS value of 0.41 is found
to provide satisfactory grading, being dictated by the
motor starting/re-acceleration transient. Adjustment
of both current and TMS settings may be required
depending on the exact re-acceleration conditions.
Note that lower current and TMS settings could be used
if motor starting/re-acceleration did not need to be
considered.
17
3d. Relays C settings
The setting of the IDMT element of relays C1 and
C2 has to be suitable for protecting the busbar while
grading with relay B. The limiting condition is grading
with relay B, as this gives the longest operation time for
relays C.

The current setting has to be above that for relay B

to achieve full co-ordination, and a value of 3250A is
suitable. The TMS setting using the SI characteristic
is chosen to grade with that of relay B at a current of
12.5kA (relay B instantaneous setting), and is found to
be 0.45.

The high-set element must grade with that of relay B, so

a time delay of 0.62sec is required. The current setting
must be higher than that of relay B, so use a value of
15kA.

The final relay grading curves and settings are shown in

Figure 7.

18
19
3e. Comments on grading
While the above grading may appear satisfactory, the
protection on the primary side of the transformer has
not been considered.
IDMT protection at this point will have to grade
with relays C and with the through-fault short-time
withstand curves of the transformer and cabling. This
may result in excessively long operation times. Even
if the operation time at the 11kV level is satisfactory,
there is probably a Utility infeed to consider, which will
involve a further set of relays and another stage of time
grading, and the fault clearance time at the Utility infeed
will almost certainly be excessive.
One solution is to accept a total loss of supply to the
0.4kV bus under conditions of a single infeed and bus
section CB closed.
This is achieved by setting relays C such that grading
with relay B does not occur at all current levels, or
omitting relay B from the protection scheme. The
argument for this is that network operation policy is to
ensure loss of supply to both sections of the switchboard
does not occur for single contingencies.
As single infeed operation is not normal, a contingency
(whether fault or maintenance) has already occurred, so
that a further fault causing total loss of supply to the
20
 switchboard through tripping of one of relays B is a
second contingency. Total loss of supply is therefore
acceptable. The alternative is to accept a lack of
discrimination at some point on the system.
Another solution is to employ partial differential
protection to remove the need for Relay A, but this is
seldom used. The strategy adopted will depend on the
individual circumstances.out

About Author:

Edvard Csanyi is Editor-In-

Chief of Famous Electrical
Website.
www.electrical-engineering-
portal.com
he served in schneider electr-
-ic, Svetlost a.d. and Schrack
Energietechnik.

21
Standstill Position
of Pakistan’s Steam
Power Plants
Engr. Naveed Ahmed Unar

G
As stated in Daily Dawn, keeping in view the
historical electrical power surplus capacity in Pakistan
approximately 3400 MW, Prime Minister of Pakistan
on Friday, 28 October ordered short-term standstill of
steam power plants to keep an eye on the fiscal deficit
because of an unwanted capacity trap. Meanwhile, a
separate load management plan has been chalked out
based on the demand-supply situation by the National
Power Control Center.
The Electrical Power Generation industry in the
United States after entering the new millennium had
more than 1300 steam turbine power plants at least
some thirty years old. With the emergence of a cut-
throat competition in an industrial market and revised
policy frameworks, electric power utilities must aim at
optimization of the operation and maintenance of such
power plants. It is rather more economical and cost-
effective to upgrade these power plants with computer-
supported technological advances like design and
development of energy-efficient turbine blades with
improvised pitch angles ensuring aerodynamic
advantage instead of shutting down for a vigilant
check and balance that may lead to an unending crisis.
Pakistan cannot afford to boycott a technology that has
25
space for improvement is provided with latest
overhauling techniques and upgradation schemes.
Therefore, the retirement of old power plants which
have the infrastructure and manpower available may
further deteriorate load management problem in the
country. We must invest in power system optimization
with available resources. As stated by Ministry of
Energy, Power Division, the targeted electrical energy
surplus for the next four months has been estimated
to range between 2400 to 3400 MW approximately. In
addition to it, the peak demand for next year summer is
estimated to be 25,300 MW against expected generation
capacity of 27,700 MW which when compared with
India is less than of a single state of India, which has an
overall generation capacity of 1,50000 MW.
National Power Control Center had devised a load
management plan on Saturday, October 28 to tackle the
load demand after the Ministry of Energy decided to
close all expensive furnace oil/diesel-run power plants
of a cumulative capacity of 4250 MW to compensate
financial debt with electrical energy surplus in MWs.
The furnace oil plants include 950 MW HUBCO, 1000
MW NPGCL Muzaffargarh, 400 MW JPCL Jamshoro
and 700 MW.

26
KAPCO. After the introduction of cascaded tripping
in South Punjab and Upper Sindh almost leading to a
Domino Effect, the Power Division directed the NPCC
to chalk out a separate emergency load management
plan for 72 hours till the restoration of transmission
lines.
In many countries, wind energy now forms a substantial
portion of energy production. A few years ago, the
Alternate Energy Development Board (AEDB) of
Pakistan prepared a wind energy development plan.
This targeted 3000 MW by 2016 and 5000 MW by 2020.
Germany produces 100 GW from wind energy and 20
GW from solar energy and thus generates 5% more than
the current energy demand in the country. Therefore,
Germany could completely negate the supply-demand
gap in 2016 only via clean energy. Today, Germany
produces more electricity than it is demanded where
consumers are paid in turn to consume electricity
through net metering. Geographically, Japan and
Sindh province share a size of equivalence. Having said
that, Japan produces more electricity than the overall
generation capacity of Pakistan.In summary, Pakistan
is lagging in its power generation as compared to most
of the developing countries and to accelerate its power
generation, it will have to develop 50000 MW from its
27
hydel energy resources. Pakistan has 185 billion tons of
coal in Tharparkar desert, which unfortunately has not
been efficiently utilized. Wind and solar energy sources
to have not been particularly exploited.

About Author:

The author works at a

confidential organization
and is an independent
research analyst and action
plan executor to tackle the
United Nations Sustainable
Development Goals

28
Overseas Recruitmen

I
nt Fraud –MTMM

Engr. Qazi Arsalan Hamid

As we discussed in our magazine O-Engineer Nov
edition about the overseas recruitment frauds, now we
are continuing this series to tell other so they will not
get caught in the hands of these fraudsters, in year 2016
some of recruitment agencies in Pakistan and India
started spreading appointment/offer letters of one of the
leading group of Saudi Arabia “MTMM” without any
interview/Test.

Sequence was like, 1st recruiter contacted by email

31
When we respond by asking details of company,
recruiter’s response was,

32
After submitting this all information, we received below
mention email.

With that email, we received signed copy of offer

letter from MTMM, please note there was no
interview,consultant contacted and informed that
interview will be held in coming weeks, but informed us
not to worry about it as nowadays MTMM management
is hiring on the basis of experience. in offer letter, every
term and condition is written with Manager's signature.

33
34
After that there was no communication from recruiter,
when on contacting multiple time with the recruiter, we
received a similar mention below response

After one month of this whole drama, we asked

MTMM, but they also did not response, similar
situation is with other engineers who informed me,
that same thing was happened to them, recruiters
collect their info and issued them offer letters without
any interview and then vanished from the scene. Even
MTMM did not respond on their queries and complains
and show their silent support to such fraud recruiters.
in some cases, candidates informed that some of the
recruiter asked for money also.
This is one of the fraud story, but there are many, we
will bring it in front of you so can stay aware about such
practices.

35
The Art of CV Design: A
Lesson learnt Approach
Short talk by Engr. Shahbaz Muhammad

When it comes to job hunting, a well-designed

resume is equally important as your experience and
functional skills. If I put it this way, your CV gives the
first impression to HR & Technical Manager about the
presentation skills of a candidate without having the
physical meeting with them. In-fact most importantly, if
HR has to shortlist CV from 100's of resumes then first
step is shortlisting of the CV as a reading of the actual
contents (what is inside and how strong experience
someone has etc.) come in the 2nd step after it is
shortlisted.
I must say then a well-designed CV with features of
colors, nice picture, logos, presentation style, what to
add in the CV and how to add, how long (max.2 pages).
These are skills which make CV looks different from
other CV's thus giving a high probability of getting
shortlisted.

N
Sampling Method-SF6

EE
Engr. Qazi Arsalan
hamid
SF6 is highly electronegative gas, by electronegative
we mean it captured free electron (the main part of the
arc which needs to be extinguished while parting of
contacts). Since 1960s SF6 is used as insulation medium
in Electrical medium and high voltage distribution
system.
At normal temperature, it remains stable and inert
5 times dense than air
Once used in system, engineer need to maintain close
look on the impurity level, up to certain impurity level
there is no issue , like if in 1Kg of SF6 air content is
1gram then it is ok , but more then 1 gram is found it is
alarming, recommended is 3 to 35 gm/kg of SF6.
Engineers need to kept close check on below mention
impurities

• CF4 (up to 2400mg in 1KG SF6 is ok, recommended

is 9mg/KG)
• Water (up to 25 mg in 1KG SF6 is ok, recommended
is up to 15mg/KG)
• Mineral Oil (up to 10 mg in 1KG SF6 is ok,
recommended is up to 0.5mg/KG)
• Acidity (up to 1mg in 1KG SF6 is ok, recommended is
0.2mg/KG)
39
SF6 is insoluble in water and also inert gas so it presents
no danger to water or soil.

Special care need for SF6 gas while

• Gas introduced in Electrical Equipment

• Maintaining Pressure in equipment
• Taking sample for Testing purpose
• Transferring

SF6 gas must be stored in the container; container must

be placed in ventilated and cool environment.
While working on equipment with SF6, Engineer needs
to pay special attention to Health and safety aspects.
There is certain condition in which decomposed
element will be mixed with SF6 gas, which will be
dangerous to engineer at the operation of related
equipment, decomposition condition occurs due to
heating of equipment and electric discharges.
Engineer must see one more point, during filling of
SF6 in equipment, in this process actually SF6 gas is
expanded in equipment tank or body,and always note
sudden expansion will result in temperature drop of
SF6 gas to 0 degree Celsius, at this moment engineer at
operation or job may be subject to gas jet and he/she
40
may will have injury , that is why during this refilling
or filling process, complete protective clothing and
eyeglasses are mandatory for engineer at operation.
Electric discharge decomposition is defined as During
arc extinguishing or due to any electrical sparking may
cause byproducts, these byproducts will be toxic in
nature.
Thermal decomposition is due to heating elements or
near fires which result in temperature increase. When
the temperature rises up to 500-degree Celsius, SF6
molecules will start to break in elements, these elements
may be toxic in nature.
Engineers need to pay special attention while handling
any SF6 equipment, also check leakage due to enclosure
failure during commissioning of equipment.
Sampling is one method for SF6 equipment analysis
Sample taken from the liquid phase of SF6, liquid phase
represent impurities in SF6, but if there is no liquid in
SF6 reservoir, it means engineer have pure SF6 gas in a
collected liquid. Setup for sample collection is given in
next page.
Engineer need to confirm before connecting it to SF6
equipment’ compartment that sampling cylinder must
be clear.

41
This clearance must be ensured by the vacuum pump,
also connection pipes must be clean. Pipe purging is one
of the methods to ensure clearance of connection pipes.

By-product which is toxic may be extracted out during

sampling, that is why for the safety of engineer, he/she
will connect collector bag with sampling cylinder.

42
Pipes are made of stainless steel because stainless steel
is chemical resistant, normal lengths of connection pipe
should be up to 2 meter, an outer diameter of pipe will
be in between 3 mm to 6 mm. end seals of pipes must
be tight. Cylinder volume shall be in the range of 150 ml
to 1000 ml. like pipes, cylinder shall be developed from
stainless steel.
(Continued)Excerpts from "High Voltage Switchgear
Testing" by Engr. Qazi Arsalan Hamid

43
 Engineer making
difference

Arif shaikh nowadays

serving in one of the
leading organization
of Pakistan as Plant
Manager, he is innovator,
risk taker, out of the
box thinker and good
engineer. he developed a
state of art trainings for
young engineers.
he completed his graduation from mehran
university and masters from NED University.
his contribution in training and development is
admirable and appreciatable. his designed training
program is still a reference work for other managers.

R
 Book For this month
Hybrid Intelligent Techniques f
or Pattern Analysis and Unde-
-rstanding outlines the latest
research on the development
and application of synergistic
approaches to pattern analysis
in real-world scenarios.
An invaluable resource for
lecturers, researchers, and
graduates students in
computer science and engine-
-ering, this book covers a diverse range of hybrid
intelligent techniques, including image segmentation,
character recognition, human behavioral analysis,
hyperspectral data processing, and medical image
analysis.
Siddhartha Bhattacharyya was born in 1975 in Kolkata,
India. He received the Gold Medal from the University
of Calcutta for his Masters.He has been involved in
academics for the last 16 years. In 2016, he received
the National Award for Excellence in Education and
Research "Adarsh Vidya Saraswati Rashtriya Puraskar".
S
enpak2017@gmail.com