Cover

*Additional Mathematics Project Work 2009

Content Page

No. Contents Page

1. Title

2. Acknowledgement

3. Introduction

4. Part 1
(a)
(b)
5. Part 2
(a)
(b)
(c)
6. Part 3
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
7. Conclusion

8. Reference
Title

Circles

*make ur own artwork of the word “Circles”

Acknowledgement

Refer to the past year examples. I advice that u write ur own acknowledgement.
Introduction to Circles

A circle is a simple shape of Euclidean geometry consisting of those points in a plane which are the
same distance from a given point called the centre. The common distance of the points of a circle
from its center is called its radius. A diameter is a line segment whose lie on the circle and which
passes through the centre of the circle. The length of a diameter is twice the length of the radius. A
circle is never a because it has no sides or vertices

Circles are simple closed curves which divide the plane into two regions, an interior and an exterior.
In everyday use the term "circle" may be used interchangeably to refer to either the boundary of the
figure (known as the perimeter) or to the whole figure including its interior, but in strict technical
usage "circle" refers to the perimeter while the interior of the circle is called a disk. The
circumference of a circle is the perimeter of the circle (especially when referring to its length).
A circle is a special ellipse in which the two foci are coincident. Circles are conic sections attained
when a right circular cone is intersected with a plane perpendicular to the axis of the cone.

A chord of a circle is a line segment whose two endpoints lie on the circle. The diameter, passing
through the circle's centre, is the largest chord in a circle. A tangent to a circle is a straight line that
touches the circle at a single point. A secant is an extended chord: a straight line cutting the circle at
two points.
An arc of a circle is any connected part of the circle's circumference. A sector is a region bounded
by two radii and an arc lying between the radii, and a segment is a region bounded by a chord and
an arc lying between the chord's endpoints.
Part 1
(a) Objects related to circles or parts of a circle :

Plate Wheel

Table Frisbee

Disc
(b) Pi or π is a mathematical constant related to circles. Define π and write a brief history of π

A Brief History of Pi (π)

Pi or π is a mathematical constant whose value is the ratio of any circle's circumference to its
diameter in Euclidean space; this is the same value as the ratio of a circle's area to the square of its
radius. The ratio of the circumference to the diameter of a circle is constant (namely, pi) has been
recognized for as long as we have written records. A ratio of 3:1 appears in the following biblical
verse:
And he made a molten sea, ten cubits from the one brim to the other: it was round all about, and his
height was five cubits: and a line of thirty cubits did compass it about. (I Kings 7, 23; II Chronicles
4, 2.)
It is approximately equal to 3.14159 in the usual decimal notation (see the table for its
representation in some other bases). π is one of the most important mathematical and physical
constants: many formulae from mathematics, science, and engineering involve π.
π is an irrational number, which means that its value cannot be expressed exactly as a fraction m/n,
where m and n are integers. Consequently, its decimal representation never ends or repeats. It is also
a transcendental number, which means that no finite sequence of algebraic operations on integers
(powers, roots, sums, etc.) can be equal to its value; proving this was a late achievement in
mathematical history and a significant result of 19th century German mathematics. Throughout the
history of mathematics, there has been much effort to determine π more accurately and to
understand its nature; fascination with the number has even carried over into non-mathematical
culture.
The Greek letter π, often spelled out pi in text, was adopted for the number from the Greek word for
perimeter "περίμετρος", first by William Jones in 1707, and popularized by Leonhard Euler in
1737. The constant is occasionally also referred to as the circular constant, Archimedes' constant or
Ludolph's number.
The ancient Babylonians generally calculated the area of a circle by taking 3 times the square of its
radius ( =3), but one Old Babylonian tablet (from ca. 1900-1680 BCE) indicates a value of 3.125
for pi. Ancient Egyptians calculated the area of a circle by the following formula (where d is the
diameter of the circle):

This yields an approximate value of 3.1605 for pi.

The first theoretical calculation of a value of pi was that of Archimedes of Syracuse (287-212 BCE),
one of the most brilliant mathematicians of the ancient world. Archimedes worked out that 223/71 <
< 22/7. Archimedes's results rested upon approximating the area of a circle based on the area of a
regular polygon inscribed within the circle and the area of a regular polygon within which the circle
was circumscribed. Beginning with a hexagon, he worked all the way up to a ploygon with 96
sides!
European mathematicians in the early modern period developed new arithmetical formulae to
approximate the value of pi, such as that of James Gregory (1638-1675), which was taken up by
Leibniz:
/4 = 1 - 1/3 + 1/5 - 1/7 + . . . . . . . . . .
One problem with using this formula to calculate the value of pi is that you would have to add 5
million terms to work out a value of /4 that extends to 6 or 7 decimal places!
In 1706, another mathematician named John Machin developed a refinement on Gregory's formula,
yielding the formula still used today by computer programmers to compute pi:
Using this formula, an Englishman named William Shanks calculated pi to 707 places, a labor of
many years, which he published in 1873. (Only 527 places were correct, however!)
An eighteenth-century French mathematician named Georges Buffon devised a way to calculate pi
based on probability. Buffon's method begins with a uniform grid of parallel lines, a unit distance
apart. If you drop a needle of length k < 1 on the grid, the probability that the needle falls across a
line is 2k/ . Various people have tried to calculate pi by throwing needles. Depending on when you
stop the experiment, you can obtain a reasonably accurate estimate of pi.
The symbol for pi was introduced by the English mathematician William Jones in 1706, who wrote:
3.14159 =

This symbol was adopted by Euler in 1737 and became the standard symbol for pi.
Part 2
(a) Diagram 1 shows a semicircle PQR of diameter 10 cm. Semicircles PAB and BCR of diameter
d¹ and d² respectively are inscribed in the semicircle PQR such as the sum of d¹ and d² is equal to
10 cm.

Table 1 is completed by using various values of d¹ and the corresponding values of d² .

d¹ (cm) d² (cm) Length of arc PQR in Length of arc PAB in Length of arc BCR in
terms of π (cm) terms of π (cm) terms of π (cm)
1 9 5.0 π 0.5 π 4.5 π
2 8 5.0 π 1.0 π 4.0 π
3 7 5.0 π 1.5 π 3.5 π
4 6 5.0 π 2.0 π 3.0 π
5 5 5.0 π 2.5 π 2.5 π
6 4 5.0 π 3.0 π 2.0 π
7 3 5.0 π 3.5 π 1.5 π
8 2 5.0 π 4.0 π 1.0 π
9 1 5.0 π 4.5 π 0.5 π
Table 1
The relation between the lengths of arcs PQR, PAB and BCR is :

10 d d
2  =2  1 2  2 
2 2 2
Length of arc PQR = Length of arc PAB + Length of arc BCR

(b) Diagram 2 shows a semicircle PQR of diameter 10 cm. Semicircles PAB, BCD and DER of
diameter d 1, d 2 and d 3 is equal to10 cm .
(i) Using various values of d 1 and d 2 and the corresponding values of d 3 , the relation
between the lengths of arcs PQR, PAB, BCD and DER was determined. The findings were
tabulated.

d1 d2 d3 length of arc PQR in terms length of arc PAB in length of arc BCD in terms length of arc DER in
of π terms of π of π terms of π
1 1 8 5.0 π 0.5π 0.5π 4.0π
1 2 7 5.0π 0.5π 1.0π 3.5π
1 3 6 5.0π 0.5π 1.5π 3.0π
1 4 5 5.0π 0.5π 2.0π 2.5π
1 5 4 5.0π 0.5π 2.5π 2.0π
1 6 3 5.0π 0.5π 3.0π 1.5π
1 7 2 5.0π 0.5π 3.5π 1.0π
1 8 1 5.0π 0.5π 4.0π 0.5π
2 1 7 5.0π 1.0π 0.5π 3.5π
2 2 6 5.0π 1.0π 1.0π 3.0π
2 3 5 5.0π 1.0π 1.5π 2.5π
2 4 4 5.0π 1.0π 2.0π 2.0π
2 5 3 5.0π 1.0π 2.5π 1.5π
2 6 2 5.0π 1.0π 3.0π 1.0π
2 7 1 5.0π 1.0π 3.5π 0.5π
3 1 6 5.0π 1.5π 0.5π 3.0π
3 2 5 5.0π 1.5π 1.0π 2.5π
3 3 4 5.0π 1.5π 1.5π 2.0π
3 4 3 5.0π 1.5π 2.0π 1.5π
3 5 2 5.0π 1.5π 2.5π 1.0π
3 6 1 5.0π 1.5π 3.0π 0.5π
4 1 5 5.0π 2.0π 0.5π 2.5π
4 2 4 5.0π 2.0π 1.0π 2.0π
4 3 3 5.0π 2.0π 1.5π 1.5π
4 4 2 5.0π 2.0π 2.0π 1.0π
4 5 1 5.0π 2.0π 2.5π 0.5π
5 1 4 5.0π 2.5π 0.5π 2.0π
5 2 3 5.0π 2.5π 1.0π 1.5π
5 3 2 5.0π 2.5π 1.5π 1.0π
5 4 1 5.0π 2.5π 2.0π 0.5π
6 1 3 5.0π 3.0π 0.5π 1.5π
6 2 2 5.0π 3.0π 1.0π 1.0π
6 3 1 5.0π 3.0π 1.5π 0.5π
7 1 2 5.0π 3.5π 0.5π 1.0π
7 2 1 5.0π 3.5π 1.0π 0.5π
8 1 1 5.0π 4.0π 0.5π 0.5π

(ii) Based on the findings in (a) and (b), make generalisations about the length of the arc of the
outer semicircle and the lengths of arcs of the inner semicircles for n inner semicircles where
n=2,3,4. ..

Based on the findings in (a) and (b), it is found that the length of the arc of the outer
semicircle is equal to the sum of the length of arcs of any number of the inner semicircles.

 d  d1  d2 dn
=  ......
2 2 2 2

Where n is the number of inner semicircles, d is the length of arc of outer semicircle and d n is the
length of arc of respective inner semicircles.
(c) For different values of diameters of the outer semicircle, show that the generalisations stated in
b(ii) is still true.

d
The length of arc of outer semicircle, S=
2

dn
The length of arc of inner semicircles, Sn=
2

 d 1 d 2  dn
The sum of the length of arcs of the inner semicircles, S in =  ......
2 2 2

 
Factorise : S in = d 1d 2......d n 
2 2

d
Since d 1d 2. .....d n =d , S in =
2

Therefore, for any values of diameters of the outer semicircle, the sum of the lengths of arcs of
inner semicircles is equal to the length of arc of outer semicircle.
Part 3
The Mathematics Society is given a task to design a garden to beautify the school by using the
design as shown in Diagram 3. The shaded region will be planted with flowers and the two inner
semicircles are fish ponds.

(a) The area of the flower plot is y m 2 and the diameter of the fish ponds is x m . Express y in
terms of  and x .

1 2 1 x 2 1 10−x 2
y= 5 −   −  
2 2 2 2 2

25 x2 100−20xx 2
y= − − 
2 8 8

−2x 220x
y= 
8

−x 210x
y= 
4

(b) Find the diameters of the two fish ponds if the area of the flower plot is 16.5 m2 .
22
( Use = )
7

y=16.5

−x 210x
16.5= 
4

−x 210x =66

−x 210x=21

x 2 −10x21=0

 x−3 x−7=0

x=3or 7

Therefore, one fish pond will have a diameter of 3 m while the other has a diameter of 7 m.
The diameters of both fish ponds are 3 m and 7 m respectively.
(c) Reduce the non-linear equation obtained in (a) to simple linear form and hence, plot a straight
line graph. Using the straight line graph, determine the area of the flower plot if the diameter of
one of the fish ponds is 4.5 m.

−x 210x
y= 
4

Divide both sides by x :

y − 5
= x
x 4 2

y
The graph of against x was plotted:
x

From the graph,

y
When x=4.5, =4.321
x
y=4.321 x =4.321 4.5=19.446

Therefore y=19.446 when x=4.5 . The area of the flower plot is 19.446 m 2 .
(d)The cost of constructing the fish ponds is higher than that of the flower plot. Use two methods to
determine the area of the flower plot such that the cost of constructing the garden is minimum.

Considering the cost of constructing fish ponds relative to the cost of flower plot, the area of the
flower plot has to be maximum whereas the area of fish ponds minimum in order for the total cost
of constructing the garden to be minimum.

Thus, the highest value for area of flower plot is to be obtained.

Area of flower plot = y

Diameter of one fish pond = x

Method 1:
Differentiation

−x 2  5x 
y= 
4 2

dy −x  5 
= 
dx 2 2

d 2 y −1
= 
dx 2 2

d2 y
0
dx 2

Therefore, y has a maximum value.

dy
y is maximum when =0
dx

−x 5
 =0
2 2

−x −5
= 
2 2

x=5

275
x=5, y=
14

y=19.643

From Method 1, the area of the flower plot has to be 19.643m 2 for the cost of constructing
the garden to be minimum.
Method 2:
Completing the square

− 2 
y= x 5 x
4 2
2

2 5  
−  2
y=  x−5 −
4 − −
2  4 
4 4

−
a=
4

Therefore y has a maximum value

 2
−5 
2
y is maximum when y=
−
4 
4

275
y=
14

y=19.643

From Method 2, the area of the flower plot has to be 19.643m 2 for the cost of constructing
the garden to be minimum.
(e) The principal suggested an additional of 12 semicircular flower beds to the design submitted by
the Mathematics Society as shown in Diagram 4. The sum of the diameters of the semicircular
flower beds is 10m.

The total number of flower beds, n=12

The sum of diameter of flower beds, S 12=10m=1000cm

The diameter of the smallest flower bed, a=30cm

The diameter of the flower beds are increased successively by a value, d =?

n
S n = 2an−1d 
2

12
S 12= 23012−1 d 
2

1000=66011d

1000=36066d

320
d= =9.697cm
33

The diameter of the respective flower beds, T n =a n−1 d

Therefore, the respective diameters of the remaining flower beds n = 2, 3, 4...12 are 39.697cm,
49.394cm, 59.091cm, 68.788cm, 78.485cm, 88.182cm, 97.879cm, 107.576cm, 117.273cm,
126.970cm, 136.667cm.
Conclusion

From the process of carrying out this project, we have concluded many things.

From Part 2:
• It is found that the length of the arc of the outer semicircle is equal to the sum of the length
of arcs of any number of the inner semicircles.
• For any values of diameters of the outer semicircle, the sum of the lengths of arcs of inner
semicircles is equal to the length of arc of outer semicircle.

From Part 3:
−x 210x
• The area of the flower plot, y=  , where x is the diameter of one of the fish
4
ponds.
• One fish pond will have a diameter of 3m while the other has a diameter of 7m if the area of
the flower plot is 16.5m 2 .
• The area of the flower plot is 19.446 m2 when the diameter of one of the fish ponds is
4.5 m .
• The area of the flower plot has to be 19.643m 2 for the cost of constructing the garden to
be minimum.
• The respective diameters of the remaining flower beds, n = 2, 3, 4...12 are 39.697cm,
49.394cm, 59.091cm, 68.788cm, 78.485cm, 88.182cm, 97.879cm, 107.576cm, 117.273cm,
126.970cm, 136.667cm.
Reference

Mrs Tan Cheng Kiok, 5 Cengal Additional Mathematics Teacher.

Additional Mathematics Form 5 Textbook, Nur Niaga SDN.BHD

Nexus Additional Mathematics Revision Book Form 4/Form 5, Sasbadi Publications

Website Links :

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circles

http://images.google.com.my

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi

http://www.math2.org/math/geometry/circles.htm