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Deconstructing

perfectionism:
Narrative conversations with
those suffering from eating issues
by Shona Russell

Shona Russell works as a counsellor at Dulwich Centre,


Adelaide, South Australia. Alongside her counselling work,
for the past few years Shona has been a key member of
the Dulwich Centre Teaching Faculty which has involved
offering workshops in Australia and overseas. She can be
contacted c/o Dulwich Centre, Hutt St PO Box 7192,
Adelaide, 5000, South Australia. Or via email:
shonarussell@internode.on.net

In this paper, I will discuss some of the narrative practices that have
guided me in work with people suffering the effects of eating disorders.
In preparing this paper, I have chosen to carefully review notes and
transcripts of therapeutic conversations that span several years and which
trace the journey of Katerina in her determination to reclaim her life from
illness. I would like to acknowledge and thank Katerina for her significant
contribution to our work together and for her willingness to share aspects
of her life.

Keywords: eating issues, perfectionism, narrative practice, double-listening

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INTRODUCING KATERINA advice, I said, but I did have an idea for a way into
our explorations together, which it didn’t sound as if
When I first met Katerina, she was thirty-five,
she had tried before. My suggestion was that we
and had been very ill for some time with what she
start by me asking her some questions about her
described as a form of chronic fatigue syndrome.
life and she agreed that at our next meeting we
Digestive issues had been a big part of her illness,
would start out on our investigations.
with her weight hovering under six stone, or thirty-
Some weeks elapsed before our second meeting
eight kilograms, for many years. She had been living
and, by this time, Katerina was in severe psycho-
a very home-based life for nearly five years, most of
physical crisis. Her weight had dropped to five stone
it in the home-support of her mother. She described
(or thirty-two kilograms), and she was completely
her understanding of her illness, particularly its
overwhelmed by the most basic of daily decisions,
early stages, as ‘an almost complete collapse’ and
particularly those relating to food. Our next
‘a sustained sense of physical, mental-emotional,
conversation, and those for some months
and spiritual crisis’. Katerina had taken this very
afterwards, took place at her bedside. Katerina was
seriously as ‘a call to connect with her own passions
in a constant state of internal terror. She was
and life-commitments’. experiencing a profound sense of moral failure in
Katerina came to see me because she felt she relation to her life. She ‘wasn’t being the kind of
was at a turning point in her illness. She said she person’ that she thought she should be. She
could tell that her base physical resilience was ‘couldn’t be the kind of person’ she thought she
returning as there had been a reduction in her should be. Katerina described that ‘she didn’t know
levels of pain. The main issue now was what she how to make a life anymore’. She spoke about not
called the ‘habits of illness’ by which she felt knowing how to proceed.
trapped. The most significant of these, she felt, In these first meetings, when Katerina’s sense
were complex issues around food and self-care of identity was shaped by this profound sense of
which she had come to believe constituted an moral failure, my inquiries were informed by the
eating disorder. ‘It’s kind of a side-ways eating narrative practice of externalising conversations. An
disorder’, she said. ‘It’s not anorexia, it’s not important phrase emerged in our conversations and
bulimia, but it is preventing me from moving to find was externalised as the ‘habits of illness’. Gradually,
out what wellness might mean for me.’ we started to identify particular habits of illness and
As well as addressing the specifics of her food the ways in which they worked. We used Katerina’s
issues, Katerina was interested in identifying her words and started to shed light on the activities of
own way of threading together the different strands some of these ‘habits’. Over time, Katerina started
of her experience during her illness. She had been to put broader experiences into language. Through a
engaged in a conscious attempt at healing for a very process of paying attention to Katerina’s precise
long time, utilising a whole range of approaches and words, externalised names were found for a range of
modalities. There had been some very influential forces, struggles, and habits that hindered her:
ideas and personalities during this time, and the
process had become very stressful for her. She was FORCES, STRUGGLES, HABITS
feeling overwhelmed and torn by a sense of conflict
• the habits of illness
about what she had been trying to balance and
commit to. She had been working very, very hard • unrelenting thought – ‘the thought grip’
and was exhausted. • constant responsibility
Towards the end of our first meeting when • fears
Katerina was describing all this, she asked me what • perfectionism
kind of approach I might take in working with her –
• the perfectionism trap
if indeed I was interested in working with her. I told
• the prism of perfectionism
her that I would be very interested, and that I was
struck by how much work she had already done. Our • the monitoring monster
conversations would not be about me offering her • eating habits

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• binge circumstances of life, or what conditions of life,
• habits of unloving eating would contribute to the development of
“perfectionism”?’ In response to such enquiries,
• obe – obliterating eating.
she began to identify that there were certain
gendered assumptions within her local culture that
BROAD EXTERNALISING CONVERSATIONS may have contributed to the idea that she as a
Identifying perfectionism was one of the most woman could be expected to ‘fix things’ and to
influential parts of our conversations together and create perfect conditions around her for others.
I would now like to focus on this aspect of our work. Part of the way perfectionism worked was gendered
Through externalising conversations, perfectionism in the sense that it thrived upon the view that she
was characterised as a force, a very powerful force (and other women) had to make things right for
that was strongly shaping and influencing Katerina’s others, and that there could be no rest until that
life. Up until then, perfectionism had never been was achieved. Katerina started to identify this as an
named and we soon learned that this had enabled it enormous goal, and to question whether it was even
to rampage through virtually all areas of her life. possible to achieve.
Perfectionism played a key role in driving Katerina We also began to tentatively explore whether
to try to live life according to certain moral there were contributing factors or events in
standards that she could not obtain. The standards Katerina’s own history that may have contributed to
were so high and so impossible to achieve that it the development of perfectionism. I asked questions
was exhausting her. While it was probably invisible such as, ‘Can you think of any things that might
to other people, her life had been taken over by have been going on at other times in life that may
impossible-to-achieve expectations. have contributed to the rise of perfectionism?’
Over time, Katerina identified many different Over time, we were able to trace a history of the
ways in which perfectionism worked and operated in development of perfectionism in Katerina’s life.
A series of events were linked across time that had
her life. There may have been up to twenty different
contributed to this sense of judgement that had
practices that she identified, often in poetic ways.
become associated with a sense of moral failure.
From the beginning of our work, the written word
In a review of our work, I interviewed Katerina
became an important form of acknowledgement for
about what she found helpful, and I would like to
understandings and knowledges Katerina had about
share part of this conversation now.
her life. One document that we wrote together
declared that: ‘The ultimate strategy of
perfectionism is to freeze me from any movement KATERINA’S THOUGHTS ON EXTERNALISING
whatsoever …’
Katerina: I’d like to thicken a bit something that
As perfectionism was externalised, Katerina was
emerged from our last conversation, which is
able to describe how it encouraged her to feel she
that there are two aspects of narrative practice
no longer had any ideas about her own life, and that that have been particularly useful and fruitful for
what was ruling or guiding her life were the ideas of me in our conversations. The first is our
others. Identifying the practices of perfectionism as consistent insistence that problems are outside
a form of judgement that monitored and completely of me, particularly when we made perfectionism
controlled her ideas about how life should be, as a problem and as something that had had
became central in our work together. extraordinary impact on my life. And the second
is when we began to document different ways
LOCATING PERFECTIONISM IN A BROADER that the habits, attitudes and intentions of
SOCIAL AND RELATIONAL CONTEXT perfectionism had impacted on how I could be
Once perfectionism was named, we could begin more active in my life. That was new and unique
for me.
to explore the circumstances or conditions which
could contribute to its existence. In conversations For the first time, our conversations
with Katerina, I would ask questions such as ‘What positioned me so I could consider and take a

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stand about life and develop values and influence women’s lives. I knew this at an
responses. And actually … I’m finding myself intellectual level for a long time. But actually
again needing to come back to the kind of being able to make the connection that me, this
vigilance that we had earlier… I need to be actual physical me, and these actual physical
constantly on the lookout for new tactics of emotions, and this actual body, were as
perfectionism. I think it’s really useful, and vulnerable to these cultural forces as anyone
I really appreciate having a particular theme and else, was huge. Until that point I’d always
continuity that I can keep coming back to. thought that somehow, because I knew about
these cultural forces, that somehow I ought to
Shona: When you were describing the importance be not at risk of them.
of findings ways of speaking which enabled you
to position consistent problems outside of you, S: When you had the realisation that these were not
you said that was the first time that it had only academic considerations, but that your life
happened in your life. You particularly named was/is, as we all are, shaped and constantly
perfectionism as one example. I’d be really shaped by such cultural forces, what difference
interested to understand more about what that did this start to make? What did that make
began to make possible in your life. What sorts possible?
of things did speaking of problems as outside of
you, make possible? What effects did that have K: This meant that I could start looking at my life
on your thoughts of who you are? differently. I could look at the way cultural forces
did and didn’t suit me. And I could do this, not
K: At the time when we first started having as part of a self-engrossed intense therapeutic
conversations, my sense of who I am was very journey, but from a pure personal responsibility
fragile indeed. I was so immersed in my shame approach.
and sense of failure that to start considering that
anything could be outside of me and not S: Can you tell me more about the difference
automatically be a product of my own awfulness between a ‘self-engrossed intense therapeutic
suddenly gave space for me to consider ‘what do journey’ and ‘a pure personal responsibility
I think about this’. Before that, I was so approach’?
immersed in it that there wasn’t even the space
to consider if I had an opinion about the K: Yeah … once we had identified that it was
different forces that were in operation in my life. certain cultural forces that were manifesting in
my life, then I could step away from self-
S: How significant was this, that through this way engrossed, I could step away from internal self-
of speaking, perfectionism and particular forces assessment, or an intense ‘personal development
that were in operation in your life became more therapeutic model’ and instead start to
visible? Can you say a bit more about that? investigate the social forces at play in my life.
The more we had the conversations, the more it
K: It was significant because it linked me back to was possible to see the forces as being outside
the times in my life prior to being so vulnerable. of me.
Starting to see some of the forces affecting my
life as cultural constructs was significant too. S: I know you have described how this new way of
Our conversations connected me back to ways of looking at your life also enabled you to connect
thinking and talking that had been part of my with others, which means you were not isolated
life before … it was such a relief, in a sense, to in your own thoughts and understanding of what
be able to engage my intellect. was going on. In moving away from self-
It was also significant in that it cleared a assessment and being self-engrossed, it was
space for my values to emerge again. I had a move towards connection with others.
known that there are cultural forces that Is that right?

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K: Yeah, absolutely, and the very act of exploring 1. It made it possible for Katerina to name
the impact of various social forces on my life was certain life forces that were dictating her life
an act of commitment to a community – these forces were effectively dictating
as well as to myself. Coming into these directions she took in life, dictating her view
conversations was like ‘I am engaging with the of self, shaping her sense of identity. The
world again’. We started with the idea, ‘Well, hey, forces were very active in discrediting any
let’s just assume that perfectionism or ‘eating ideas or actions Katerina was taking to
disorder’ is something that exists outside of me reclaim her life from these forces.
and that has its own way of operating. And let’s 2. Naming and researching the consequences
assume that maybe there’s me and I might have and impact of these forces in all areas of her
some ideas about this that are not the same’. life created spaces for Katerina to gradually
I love that as an image because it just sparks gain small distances from the impact of
my interest, it sparks my engagement. these forces. Through inviting Katerina to
take a look at the consequences of these
S: How do you think these conversations
forces, she was able to decide for herself
contributed to you having your own ideas more?
what she thought.
K: Partly because I find them instantly interesting. 3. Gradually, Katerina took her own position
It was a delight to have my interest involved in in response to these forces. In response to
something that was relevant to me, but just not reviewing the habits of ‘unloving eating’,
quite me. And the release of that constant Katerina once said, ‘You are really interfering
attempt at being responsible for everything was with what I want’, and ‘I’m so over this’.
really beautiful. In this way, she began to claim spaces of
her own.
S: How did these ways of speaking contribute to
4. In these spaces of her own, Katerina was
a release from responsibility for everything,
able to give expression to ideas she had, and
Katerina? How do you think that happened?
hopes she had, for her life. She was able to
K: It’s almost like it changed my sense of space. stake a claim on values that were important
I vividly remember the day you said, ‘Well, if to her: ‘I want relief from exhaustion’, ‘I want
perfectionism could be a dance, what would to be able to live in the world again’, ‘I want
it look like?’ I also remember the other time my life, my capabilities, and joy’, ‘I can meet
you said, ‘As a dare, if you can, just let these challenges’, and ‘the forces do not have to
ideas filter through without you doing anything – succeed’.
these new ideas that we’ve talked about today 5. In speaking about these hopes and
where perfectionism might be a theme that preferences, many doorways opened. These
might have real impacts on your life – well you doorways enabled my enquiries to focus on
don’t have to do anything about that, you could the preferences Katerina had for her life. In
just leave it, just let these ideas filter through’. this way, externalising conversations opened
I remember you said ‘dare’ and it was like an the doorway for the development of other
invitation to connect with my spirit, my stories about Katerina’s life, of her preferred
independence and my choices. It was really stories of identity. Stories that had been
stimulating. subordinated by powerful forces began to be
noticed and became the focus of our
EXTERNALISING CONVERSATIONS BEGAN TO conversations.
MAKE SEVERAL THINGS POSSIBLE
In re-reading these extracts from our I would like to highlight a point that became
conversations, it is possible to consider just what very clear to me through this work. In conversations
externalising conversations made possible for with Katerina, it was very important to always
Katerina. engage with parallel stories. On the one hand, broad

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externalising conversations about perfectionism (the playfulness was clearly present. In the following
problem) made so much possible and have ongoing transcript, Katerina explores the significance of
application in response to recurring forces in taking small steps which then become the basis of
Katerina’s life. At the same time, it has been alternative story-lines. Katerina described these
critical to focus our attention on Katerina’s efforts moments as ‘the smallest possible steps I take
to reclaim her life from these forces. In this way, when in the grip of constant thought’.
I was always interested in Katerina’s responses to
what she was going through. I was also vitally LEARNINGS ABOUT LITTLE STEPS
interested in the meaning Katerina gave to each Katerina: I think it was particularly powerful to be
step she took. moving as we did between actions and what
Narrative practitioners focus on a ‘double- they might connect me with. What was amazing
listening’, so entry points for new or neglected was that there was nothing that I had to do, it
aspects of Katerina’s life were consistently being was things that I was already doing, and how
listened for and asked about. Regardless of the I ascribed significance to that.
degree to which Katerina shared stories of
experiences of failure as a person, I was careful to Shona: Does an example come to mind? Can you
also focus my interest on any responses Katerina think of a small story about this where you
was making. Such enquiries led to drawing out actually responded in an active way to things or
actions taken in daily life and the values these aspects that were really important to you?
actions were an expression of. In this way, other
K: I come back to the time we wrote a list of the
stories of life were discovered and developed – and
smallest possible steps I could take that
these multi-stories began to take shape parallel to
resisted what perfectionism might be having me
the dominant story-lines.
do, or that just supported me in living my life.

AN EXAMPLE OF PARALLEL STORY S: Why do you think it was important for us to


DEVELOPMENT write the smallest of smallest of steps that you
As perfectionism became slightly less pervasive, were taking?
and as Katerina gained some small distance from K: It’s important to remember what my life was like
this force, it became possible for her to identify tiny at that point, I was mainly in bed. More than
moments that represented other experiences of life. that, small is where it starts. It was delicious to
We began to explore these moments of difference, actually think, ‘Oh well, sometimes when I think
times when Katerina could just begin to dare to I’m frozen, I manage to move my little finger’.
notice when perfectionism was not operating in the If I’m locked in what perfectionism’s done to my
same way, or when the ‘sense of how life should be’ idea of body worth, or of relaxation, then for me,
was not operating as strongly as it sometimes did. it’s significant to say, ‘Bollocks, I just want to
I began to ask Katerina to tell stories about these see what happens if I wiggle my finger’ …
times of difference. Using minute actions as examples and then
Early on, one of the times of difference that writing them down cleared a space for me to
Katerina noticed was an experience of playfulness. wiggle the finger again next time I was frozen.
One of the first stories that she told was a moment I could feel, ‘I am linking into something that is
when she’d had an experience when she didn’t feel being done here, something is being done about
under the operations of perfectionism – this this sense of absolute paralysis’.
happened while she was brushing her teeth. She
was brushing her teeth one day and noticed that her S: And who was doing the doing?
little finger was not holding the toothbrush like all
K: I was doing the doing.
the others fingers were. This little finger was instead
pointed upwards and, as she focussed on this and S: And how significant was it to bring those stories
then began to wiggle it around, a sense of fun and forward?

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K: It was bringing me to life. I’m taking actions • yearning to be in the world again
that only I can know how significant they are. • getting relief from the exhaustion
And I’m knowing that they’re significant
• non-judgemental curiosity
because a process, a person but also a process,
• creating places of safety
is showing me that. We’re unfolding this, and it
made it possible for me to trust that actually • enjoying myself
I’m not stuck here forever because steps are • navigating the territory of being in the world
being taken. When we then linked these minute • rising to the challenge
actions to my values that had a history, then I • wanting to be me.
could start to identify that I was doing my
values, doing my beliefs. And that, in the end, A significant counter-story I would like to share
revolutionised how I could relate to people. involved noticing and appreciating beauty. Katerina
Starting on that small scale, really linked me to would delight in telling very beautiful stories. These
a whole other set of values around compassion included stories of times when she got well enough
and valuing small steps. to go and sit out in the sunshine in her back
garden. She would describe how she had been able
S: In continuing to pay attention to very small
to focus on the leaves on the trees and derive a rich
steps but very hard-won steps, and noticing how
sense of enjoyment and pleasure from this. Katerina
these are linked to values, what do you think
also began to notice and re-tell times when she had
you are making possible for yourself? How is life
a sense of revelry or joy, or a connection with the
different?
natural world that was not ruled by perfectionism.
K: It’s becoming easier and easier to make Conversations about this became incredibly
decisions. and to choose the next course of important.
action. It’s a cumulative sense that I’m a person Katerina described these alternative physical
and body that engages in these particular ways. expressions as subversive acts. She said that this
When I’m vulnerable now, I can actually almost was ‘political’ for her – that she was putting a
be carried by the collection of my own actions political value on playfulness and joy. In the face of
and beliefs. I’m much less vulnerable to be the life-threatening experiences she was going
swept into self-destructive behaviours or just through, a counter-story developed of ‘subversion in
abysmal fear, anxiety stuff. playfulness and delight’.

In focussing on those tiny moments of life when TAKING CARE IN THERAPEUTIC CONVERSATIONS
Katerina was responding to practices of Initially, perfectionism was so active in every
perfectionism, other accounts about her life began aspect of Katerina’s life that even our conversations
to emerge. At every opportunity, I would ask were at risk of being sabotaged by it. Over many
Katerina: ‘Well, what might you call that? What years, Katerina’s experience had enabled her to gain
might be some names that describe what you’re a comprehensive understanding of perfectionism
talking about?’ Just as there were very many names and how it worked. I thought Katerina’s
given for the different operations and ways in which understandings could help. I was interested in
perfectionism worked, Katerina also began to consulting Katerina about what she knew about the
identify many names for these alternative operations of perfectionism, and this enabled us to
experiences of life. A theme of ‘playfulness’ speak about ways that perfectionism might infiltrate
emerged out of focusing on these tiny moments of our therapeutic conversations. I was interested in
difference. And, as you can tell, there was a sense ways that therapeutic conversations could be
of fun in this. In this way there was parallel story safeguarded from the workings of perfectionism and
development through our work together. the steps I could take towards this hope. Some of
Some of the emerging stories that were named Katerina’s understandings that became the basis of
as significant by Katerina and more fully developed discussion and influenced what took place in our
over time, include: conversations, included:

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• Perfectionism operates in the realm of ideas. • Using the written word to develop documents
• Perfectionism can put a rigid freeze on any and declarations has been very significant.
initiative. Sometimes we deliberately created
documents that were incomplete. Naming
• Perfectionism is never satisfied with what’s
letters and documents as works in progress
achieved – blame is implicit.
provided some protection from judgement
and critique. I’ll include one of these
In the beginning of our conversations, any time
unfinished documents here:
that Katerina took a position clearly or made a
definitive statement, she would say that she was at
risk of that opinion being critiqued by the operation RISING TO THE CHALLENGE
of some form of judgement. Steps she took to re- Katerina’s knowledges about her life.
claim her life were often subject to ridicule and her Skills Katerina uses in living her life.
preferences could be quickly disregarded. Through
discussion with Katerina, I explored ways of • Noticing spaces of ‘quietly welcoming’.
responding to perfectionism’s presence in
• Noting times of being non-judgemental.
therapeutic conversations. I’d like to share some of
• Experiencing thinking: ‘The Katerina that
the practices I engaged that helped circumnavigate
wants to come out is worthy’.
such intrusions.
• Remembering that worrying will not help.
• I paused regularly to ask about the effects of
our conversations. Sometimes Katerina would • Reminding myself that the habits are
choose to take a break to stretch, get a drink, likely to hang around and to not be fazed
or move around. or distressed when they do.
• Other times I took care to notice the pace of • Noticing that these actions and thoughts
my questions. I learned that if I went too reflect rising to the challenge. They
quickly or if I jumped ahead of Katerina, are acts of resistance. They are a
if we got excited about some new celebration. They are another dimension
developments, that this could leave Katerina altogether.
vulnerable to judgement, perfectionism, and
critique. REFLECTIONS
• I developed the practice of regularly making In this paper, I have tried to convey a range of
editorials (summaries of new steps or recent ways in which narrative practices opened
understandings using Katerina’s exact words possibilities for Katerina to deconstruct the
followed by a question) as a way of influence in her life of cultural forces such as
influencing the pace of the conversation. perfectionism. I have also tried to describe how this
Asking a question at the end of each editorial work involved parallel story development. Extended
provided an opportunity for Katerina to externalising conversations about perfectionism took
consider what was of significance to her – place at the same time as the development of
to help restore a preferred sense of herself. alternative story-lines around playfulness and
This process seemed to provide a focus for appreciation of beauty. Throughout the entire
Katerina’s ideas and preferences. process, we tried to make the most of every
• Wherever possible, I became interested in opportunity for Katerina to put her own hopes,
any actions, or small steps that Katerina had intentions and values into words, as this clearly
already taken that could provide an example contributed to restoring a preferred sense of herself.
of whatever value, hope or wish that was It seems significant to close with Katerina’s
being spoken about. This identification of words:
small steps contributed to Katerina Our conversations positioned me so I could
recognising and then further developing the consider and take a stand about life and develop
skills required to support her life. values and responses.

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I felt I was being skilled by this process of RELATED READING
noticing small things. I got skilled in noticing my Gremillion, H. (2003). Feeding Anorexia: Gender and
own actions that give me pleasure. I could say what Power at a Treatment Center. Durham: Duke
it felt like to see and smell that beautiful rose. University Press.
Through this process I began to feel myself as a O’Grady, H. (2005) Woman’s relationship with herself:
Gender, Foucault, and therapy. Hove: Routledge.
person of ethics again. I found another angle to
Welch, S. D. (2000). A feminist ethic of risk (rev. ed.).
what I did and how I did it.
Minneapolis: Fortress Press.
White, M. (1997). Narratives of therapists’ lives.
Adelaide: Dulwich Centre Publications.
White, M. (2000). Reflections on narrative practice.
Adelaide: Dulwich Centre Publications.

www.narrativetherapylibrary.com

Narrative Therapy Library Website

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