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Economic Value Added or EVA is a tool for gauging the real economic performance of a
business and its ability to create shareholder value. EVA provides a means for coupling the two
fundamental drivers of economic or share holder value– operating earnings and capital
efficiency. The benefits of EVA are discussed in greater detail in the Fall 2005 issue of InSight.
The EVA Example worksheet details the calculation of EVA over five years for a
middle-market manufacturing company operating in a capital intensive industry.
The EVA Template worksheet provides a simple template for the calculation of EVA
from annual financial statement inputs provided by the user.
From an income statement perspective, this company is a successful middle-market business, even though
the company's EVA was negative in two of the five years. On a cumulative present value basis, the firm
generated positive EVA over the full period and, therefore, built economic or shareholder value in excess of
the required return on invested capital.
The economic value calculation is based upon the company's historical annual Profit & Loss Statements
and Balance Sheets summarized on pages 2 & 3. Net operating profit after tax ("NOPAT"), on page 4, is
determined by adjusting GAAP operating earnings to reflect any difference between book and economic
depreciation, the recognition of R&D expenditures over the period that they are expected to benefit the
business, and the capitalization of operating lease obligations. Total capital employed in the business, on
page 5, is determined by adjusting book value of interest bearing debt and equity to include capitalized
R&D expenditures, any excess book depreciation in prior periods, all previously amortized goodwill, and the
present value of future operating lease obligations. Different or additional adjustments may be appropriate
depending on the circumstances of the subject business.
The conclusions regarding the company's ability to generate economic value added are presented on page
6.
Year 1 2 3 4 5
Long Term Debt, less current portion 34,072 33,215 33,077 29,395 25,408
Other LT Liabilities 724 929 1,065 1,522 1,865
Total Liabilities & Net Worth 72,491 73,061 77,568 88,272 92,647
Adjustments:
Depreciation - - - - -
Capital Employed:
Debt 35,249 34,413 33,139 33,074 29,046
Equity 21,432 22,052 26,712 28,670 36,942
Book Value of Capital 56,681 56,465 59,851 61,744 65,989
Adjustments:
Capitalized R&D 6,901 6,751 6,662 6,680 6,600
Depreciation - - - - -
Goodwill - - - - -
Present Value of Operating Leases 10,558 12,645 11,678 9,700 7,400
Comments
EVA Example - 12 -
Assumptions in red bold
Comments
EVA Example - 13 -
EVA Example - 14 -
EVA Example - 15 -
EVA Template
Subject Company:
This worksheet is intended as a simple template for calculating economic value added (EVA) from annual financial statement
inputs provided by the user. Depending on the circumstances of the subject company, it may not provide all of the
adjustments that would be appropriate for a technically precise EVA calculation. A more detailed explanation of the
calculation of EVA and the underlying financial theory can be found in "The Quest for Value" by G. Bennett Stewart III,
published by HarperBusiness.
Year 1 2 3 4 5
EVA Template - 16 -
EBITDA Margin 12.9% 13.1% 13.0% 12.8% 12.0%
EVA Template - 17 -
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Unadjusted Annual Balance Sheet
($ in Thousands)
Long Term Debt, less current portion 34,100 32,900 32,850 29,150 25,550
Other LT Liabilities 700 900 1,100 1,500 1,900
Total Liabilities & Net Worth 72,100 72,800 77,300 88,000 92,700
EVA Template - 18 -
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Annual EVA Summary
($ in Thousands)
Adjustments:
Depreciation - - - - -
EVA Template - 19 -
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Annual EVA Summary
($ in Thousands)
Year 1 2 3 4 5
Capital Employed:
Debt 35,300 34,100 32,900 32,850 29,150
Equity 21,000 22,000 26,700 28,700 33,039
Book Value of Capital 56,300 56,100 59,600 61,550 62,189
Adjustments:
Capitalized R&D 6,901 6,751 6,662 6,680 6,600
Depreciation - - - - -
Goodwill - - - - -
Present Value of Operating Leases 10,558 12,645 11,678 9,700 7,400
EVA Template - 20 -
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Annual EVA Summary
($ in Thousands)
EVA Template - 21 -
Insert assumptions
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Insert assumptions
EVA Template - 24 -
Comments
EVA Template - 25 -
Insert assumptions
Comments
EVA Template - 26 -
EVA Template - 27 -