Professional Documents
Culture Documents
REQUIREMENT
STUDY
( CHAPTER 2 )
DR ROSLINDA SESWOYA
1. Amount of water required
2. Water quality standard
3. Flow in stream and river
4. Water demand for urban supplies
5. Intake works
1. Amount of water required
Average rainfall
• Peninsular Malaysia = 2500 mm
• East Malaysia = 5080 mm of rain.
• In some states,
groundwater resources
have been developed to
meet the needs of smaller
communities and isolated
industries; generally
those without access to
piped supplies from
surface sources.
2. Water quality standard
The beneficial use of a freshwater
is determined s based on the
Water Quality Index (WQI)
IV Irrigation
• BOD Load
Klang River Basin ( state of Selangor) 142 tons per day,
Perak River Basin (State of Perak) 114 tons per day,
Sarawak River Basin (State of Sarawak) 30 tons per day,
Jawi River Basin (State of Pulau Pinang) 26 tons per day and
Muar River Basin (State of Johor) 24 tons per day.
• SS Load
Klang River Basin (360 tons per day)
• NH3-N load
Klang river basin (37 tons per day)
Example 1
Determine the 1-in-10-
year 7-consecutive-day
low flow for a
streamflow records
listing the lowest mean
discharge of Seven
Consecutive days for
each year from 1984 to
2005*
Solution:
Complete it by yourself !
Solution :
1) Calculate Pn for design period n of 8, 13, 18, 23, 28, 33
38, and 43 year
District A
Po r ( upper limit ) r ( lower limit ) n (1 + r)^ n - upper limit (1 + r)^ n - lower limit
73000 0.03 0.015 8 1 1
13 1 1
18 2 1
23 2 1
28 2 2
33 3 2
38 3 2
43 4 2
Pn (upper limit)
250000.0 pn ( lower limit)
Pn (median)
200000.0 Pn
150000.0
100000.0
50000.0
0.0
1988 1993 1998 2003 2008 2013 2018 2023
Engineers also adopt the following figures for industry water demand;
Engineers also adopt F equals to 1.0 considering that water is supplied to all
the houses/building
4.6 Provision for additional water demand (Dn)
Class A Risk
Class B Risk
2700 90 2 @ 1370 L/min
Congested areas with buildings up to 5 storeys.
Class C Risk
1370 90 1
Shophouse up to 3 storey, light industry
Class D Risk
1140 120-terrace 1
Residential terrace house, detached, semi detached 150-detached /
semi detached
Class E Risk
680 180 1
Others
4.7 Maximum Day Demand ( MDD)
Design basis for water treatment facilities and pump is based on max
daily flow ( maximum day demand- MDD ) at the design year.
Example 3
Given ADD= 2.14 MLD ( million liter per day) and MDD = 3.21 MLD,
calculate the factor
Factor = MDD/ADD
= 3.21 MLD/ 2.14 MLD
= 1.5
Uniform Technical Guidelines for Water Reticulation and Plumbing, SPAN 2017
Peak hourly demand ( PHD)
Observe all the peaks for all the days throughout the year and note
the curve with the highest that is sustained for one hour or so. Record
the peak ( m3/day)
Storage volume for fire fighting is based on expected fire flow and fire
duration
Example 4
Solution
Commercial :
Includes offices, shopping complex,
3 per 100m2 gross area
entertainment / recreational centres,
restaurants, cafeteria and theatres
Item PE
Residential area 225 L/cap.d x 5 cap/unit x 19000 unit = 95000
Restaurant 3 PE/100 m2 x 30000 m2 = 900
School 0.2 PE/ student x 10000 student = 2000
School fully residential 1 PE/ student x 2000 student = 2000
Hospital 4 PE/bed x 500 beds = 2000
Hotels 4 PE/room x 1200 room = 4800
Factories 0.3 PE/staff x 4000 staff = 1200
Wet market 3 PE/stalls x 100 stalls = 300
Petrol kiosk 18 PE/service bay x 50 bays = 900
Bus terminal 4 PE/ bay x 20 bays = 80
PE = 109, 180 110,000
( slide 33)
Much lesser than 0.63 m3/s ( slide 18)
5. Intake works
An intake structure is required to withdraw water from a river, lake or
reservoir.
Intakes divided into two categories : 1) river intake and 2) lake and
reservoir intake
For surface water source, the intake should be located such as that
it can abstract the amount of water specified in 5.1 from 1 in 50 year
7 day minimum flow.
If filter washwater and sludge from the sedimentation tanks are
treated and the supernatant reused, the allowance for water
required for in-plant use may be reduced to 2%; hence,
For surface water source, the intake should be located such as that
it can abstract the amount of water specified in 5.1 from 1 in 50 year
7 day minimum flow.
5.3 Intake site selection
water quality
water depth
stream or current velocities
Foundation stability
Access
power availability
Proximity to water treatment plant
Hazards to navigation
Environmental impact
Water Quality:
The intake-structure site should be selected to yield the best
quality water possible. Intakes should not be located in dead areas
(areas with little or no water circulation), near wastewater outfalls,
near large inflows of poor-quality water, or in areas susceptible to
hazardous chemical spills.
Water Depth :
The intake structure should be located in such a way that water
can be withdrawn from the full range of water levels. The range of
water levels should include the lowest expected drought level and
the extreme flood level in the water source.
Hazard to Navigation:
In many cases, particularly in major rivers, the water body may also
serve as a navigation channel. In these cases, intake structures
must be located and designed so that they do not pose a hazard to
navigation. Particular attention in this regard must be given to
submerged intakes, because they may pose a hidden hazard and
are more susceptible to accidents.
Environmental lmpact:
The greatest impact of raw water intake is on recreational uses in
a body of water. Typically, a clear zone of 61 m or more is required
around intake sites, to protect boaters from the hazards of the
intake and to protect the water quality near the intake. In many
cases, this zone severely limits recreational use in a small body of
water. Other environmental issues that must be considered are
impacts on wildlife habitats, endangered species, and historical or
archaeological sites.
5.4 Intake design consideration
A: Intake Velocities