The Other West Virginia Teacher

Strike

This year's strike wasn’t the first time West Virginia witnessed an organized
teachers' rebellion.

West Virginia's teacher strike in 1990 lasted eleven days.,

March 7, 2018 is the date that ended West Virginia’s nine-day long wildcat
strike of educators and school service personnel, the longest such strike in
the state’s history.

It is also the date that, twenty-eight years ago, marked its precursor. On
March 7, 1990, educators in forty-seven counties formed picket lines in front
of their schools, refusing to re-enter until a compromise had been met.

To those outside West Virginia, the 1990 teacher strike holds little
significance. There are no compendiums on the strike, no memorials to
commemorate it, few videos that catalogue it, and only a handful of national
articles that described it contemporaneously. Yet to adequately understand
the 2018 West Virginia strike, one must understand this history.

Union Roots

The history of the Mountain State is one of rebellions. Chief among these was
the Battle of Blair Mountain, when ten thousand rebelling miners were
brutally put down by management’s private army with help from the US
military. The bosses’ victory, of course, turned out to be a Pyrrhic one; the
United Mine Workers eventually organized the entirety of southern West
Virginia.

When the 1990 teacher strike arrived, this legacy of militant unionism was
still a palpable reality for many West Virginians. Just weeks before the
teachers walked out, Pittston coal miners had ended a militant ten-month
strike, centered on Virginia and West Virginia, that had frequently taken
turns into illegality.

The Pittston strikers won their central demands, forcing the company to
reinstate benefits and invest millions of dollars into a retirement fund for
older miners. While the UMWA was fined $64 million for miners’ illegal
tactics, and many strikers accrued backbreaking debts over the ten-month
period, observers collectively understood the strike to be a success. “Labor
winning here,” said UMWA president Cecil E. Roberts, “helped to turn things
around for the entire labor movement.” Teachers got the message. Two
weeks after the Pittston Coal Strike ended, they mounted what would then be
the largest statewide strike in West Virginia’s history.

A Familiar Story

Prior to the 1990 teacher strike, the average annual salary for public
educators in West Virginia was a dismal $21,904, making the Mountain
State forty-ninth in teacher pay. The public employee’s insurance plan had a
six-month backlog, while the retirement fund was short by $2 billion. In this
period, West Virginia’s public services budget became depleted as only
meager tax hikes were introduced and corporate subsidies ballooned.

Despite pressure from West Virginia Education Association (WVEA)

president Kayetta Meadows, the 1990 winter legislative session offered no
solutions. A new pay package that would have incrementally increased
teachers pay could not be agreed upon by the governor’s office or the
legislature.

Both Utah and Washington State had seen one-day statewide teacher strikes
that year over similar issues, but given the magnitude of challenges facing
West Virginia, Meadows and others knew that a strike in West Virginia could
not resolve the systemic issues they needed changed in a single day; they
would need to play a long game.

So forty-seven of the state’s fifty-five counties voted to strike. The state’s

attorney general, Roger Tompkins, declared the strike unlawful and mailed
teachers formal letters demanding that they return to work and halt the
unlawful work stoppage. To blunt his threats, the sixteen-thousand-member
strong WVEA joined forces with the then-small branch affiliate of the
American Federation of Teachers (AFT) in a loose affiliation with their
members, though not leadership (who never officially endorsed the
walkouts), to persevere and halt scabs from breaking union lines.

In the beginning, local news stations could only show scattered groups of
teachers protesting outside schools, since many of these areas are
predominately rural and employed few teachers overall. But soon, coal
miners arrived to reinforce the teachers’ picket lines, especially in the
Southern counties, where coal was a staple of the local economy and a
portion of the Pittston coal strike had taken place. They provided a new
sense of togetherness, and demonstrated to the legislature that the teachers
were gaining allies.

One participant recalled that as the movement grew, her house came to be
dubbed “Strike Central.” News flow and communications between her
county’s education association and the strikers maintained pressure on the
state. Unlike the most recent teachers strike, which was organized primarily
through the secret Facebook group West Virginia Public Employees
UNITED, complex phone trees and local meeting places were organized by
building reps and impromptu community leaders.

But it wasn’t easy.

On the picket lines, seven teachers in Kanawha County — home to the state’s
capital — were arrested for blocking school buses. One picketer was hit by an
enraged parent’s car and suffered a torn ligament as a result.

Administrators were also split on how or if to support the teachers. Whereas

this year, strikers received statewide support from superintendents, in 1990,
that was not the case. Some administrators threated to fire teachers who
joined the picket line, and in the aftermath of the strike, teachers who called
off or refused to enter the building were not paid for their time, though this
varied by county. The average loss of income for teachers was roughly $660
(or $1,263 in 2018 dollars), a significant amount for many struggling families
throughout the state.

Following Attorney General Tompkins’ written threats, Governor Caperton

declared that he would only meet with educators and their association
leadership when “calm and reason are restored and the teaching force
returns to the classroom.”

But by the weekend after the strike was declared, Caperton was forced to sit
down for two days of intense negotiation with Meadows. Caperton agreed to
organize a statewide “education summit” that would provide for “appropriate
legislative action,” albeit at an undetermined time. This vague proposal did
not set forth specific issues to be discussed, nor how to provide funding for
the summit’s proposals. Meadows wasn’t fooled. She hadn’t forgotten the
attorney general’s union-busting posture, and saw Caperton’s proposals as
an attempt to delay a confrontation until the state had maneuvered the
union into a more defensive position.
So she vowed to keep up the walkout until the legislature put forth a specific
timetable for the education summit, along with guidelines for implementing
a change in policy. Caperton, realizing that threats of lawsuits could not quell
the strike, capitulated and gave in to teacher demands. The strike lasted
eight work days — from March 7 through March 18 — and in that short
amount of time, West Virginia educators won a resounding victory.

Public educators would receive an additional five thousand dollars in pay,

spread out over a three-year period, in order to keep up with cost-of-living
adjustments and the average pay of contiguous states, bringing West Virginia
up to just under half the average teacher salary across all fifty states. New
classifications were set up for individuals with graduate credit hours beyond
a master’s degree, incentivizing teachers to pursue continuing education
courses and bringing in the latest research-based practices into their schools.

The public employees insurance plan would be fully funded so that

premiums would not increase and medical bills would be paid in full. The $2
billion gap in retirement funding would be addressed in future budgets, as
the state agreed to allocate future revenue to it and to stop diverting money
designated for educators’ retirement.

Two Strikes

The 2018 and 1990 West Virginia teachers’ strikes — separated as they are by
almost three decades — are remarkably similar. In 1990, educators were
squeezed by an underfunded and overloaded public insurance program;
similarly, in 2018, their premiums were inflating while their pay remained
stagnant. The second time around, the state was planning to increase
premiums by 15.2% in 2020, 14.3% in 2021, and 10% in 2022 for all public
employees, while retirees on Medicare would be hit even harder: 38.9% in
2020, 29% in 2021, and 32.8% in 2022.

Teacher pay once again failed to keep up with the times. When calculated
with the rate of inflation, the current average salary for West Virginia
teachers was only three thousand dollars more than teachers’ salaries prior
to the 1990 strike. This put the state’s teachers’ pay at forty-eighth in the
country. The twenty-eight years between the two strikes had slowly eroded
the important gains won in 1990.

The state government’s initial response to this year’s strike also echoed
Tompkins’ and Caperton’s attempts to quash the 1990 uprising. Governor
Justice at first stated that a 2 percent pay raise in one fiscal year for teachers
and school service personnel — around $808 per teacher — was the most the
state could afford. This, combined with Attorney General Patrick Morrisey’s
attempted legal action, did successfully bring union leadership to heel only
four days into the 2018 strike. Leadership from the WVEA, AFT, and
WVSSPA, fearing injunctions that could bankrupt their unions, huddled
around the governor to push him to promises of a 5 percent raise in return
for an end to the strike.

This, of course, is where the course of the 1990 and 2018 strikes diverge. In
1990, it was Meadows who led the union’s refusal to cave to the state’s
manipulations. This time, it was on rank-and-file members to push the strike
beyond these opening offers.This February 28, union leaders and state
officials called for a “cooling off period,” and superintendents began
preparing for school the next day. But soon enough, news traveled that three
southern counties — Wayne, Cabell, and Mingo — had called off school
operations, fearful they would not have enough staff to legally run the
schools. By 10:30 that evening, all schools had closed yet again. The
#55United movement had not been deterred, and had managed to maintain
unity across the state, something the 1990 strike neared but never fully
accomplished.

Superintendent support for the 2018 strike altered its dynamic, too. West
Virginia schools are separated by county, and each county maintains a board
of education and county-level superintendent. Whereas in 1990,
superintendents were not made aware of walkouts in advance, in 2018 a
sustained ground campaign to win support from superintendents shifted the
balance towards labor. Local WVEA and AFT presidents met routinely with
county superintendents in the lead-up to the initial walkouts, planning food
distribution services and discussing the action’s legality. As the strike went
wildcat, the state superintendent backed efforts to defy Attorney General
Morrisey’s power, knowing his injunction could only be authorized if the
county boards of education requested it.

Despite these divergences, in both strikes, educators defied legal threats,

instead charting their destinies away from the demands of the state.

One Struggle

“I don’t think anybody is satisfied really with the settlement we got,” said the
then-president of the Logan County Education Association in 1990. “We feel
that it was too little too late. But I don’t consider our efforts a loss. We went
out with nothing and we’re going back with something.”

The 2018 strike too won some resounding victories while shedding light on
daunting battles to come. Educators returned to work with a 5 percent pay
raise ($2,020 for next fiscal year), the removal of the condescending health
program Go365 from their mandatory health-care plan, a permanent tabling
of charter school bills, a guarantee that teacher seniority status would not be
altered, and the promise that a PEIA task force would provide stability to
public employees’ insurance plans.

Yet a source of long-term revenue still eludes the joint task force that
Governor Justice has assembled to tackle financing for PEIA. A natural gas
severance tax failed to pass the legislative session that preceded the strike,
and co-tenancy — a term used to describe the ability of natural gas
companies to drill on private property without express permission from the
landowner — passed through the House and Senate without much trouble.
These are daunting challenges for public employees in West Virginia, who
rightly fear that the hard-won gains of their strike will be eroded as they were
after 1990.
Michael Mochaidean is a high school social studies teacher and labor organizer with the
WVEA and IWW in West Virginia.