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Consider a turbulent flow field between two parallel plates as shown in the figure.
U(2h)=0
Y h
U(0)=0
∂U i 1 ∂P ∂ 2U i ∂ u ′i u ′j
Uj =− +ν − (1)
∂x j ρ ∂x i ∂x j ∂x j ∂x j
Let
U = (U(y), 0,0) (2)
1 ∂P d d2U
x-comp: 0=− − u ′v ′ + ν 2 (3)
ρ ∂x dy dy
1 ∂P d 2
y-comp: 0=− − v′ (4)
ρ ∂y dy
P P ∂P dP0
+ v ′ 2 = 0 , or = . (5)
ρ ρ ∂x dx
1 dP0 d d2U
0=− − u ′v ′ + ν 2 . (6)
ρ dx dy dy
ME639 1 G. Ahmadi
dU τ0 2
Integrating (6) and noting that ν = = u * , we find
dy y= 0
ρ
y dP0 dU
− u ′v′ + ν
2
− − u* = 0 . (7)
ρ dx dy
h dP0 2
− = u* . (8)
ρ dx
dP0
Eliminating between (7) and (8), the result is
dx
dU 2 y
− u ′v ′ + ν = u * 1 − (9)
dy h
y
Introducing the dimensionless variable η = , equation (9) may be restated as
h
u ′v′ 1 d
− + (U + ) = 1 − η , (10)
u *2 R * dη
where
U u *h
U+ = and R *
= . (11)
u* ν
yu *
Alternatively introducing y + = , equation (9) becomes
ν
u ′v′ dU + 1
− 2
+ +
= 1 − * y+ . (12)
u* dy R
For high Reynolds number flows as R * → ∞ , equations (10) and (12) imply
u ′v′
− = 1− η (as R * → ∞ , η ~ 1 (core region)) (13)
*2
u
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u ′v′ dU +
− + =1 (as R * → ∞ , y + ~ 1 (surface layer)) (14)
u *2 dy +
U + = f ( y+ )
Law of the Wall: − u ′v′ = g( y + ) , (15)
u *2
with boundary conditions f (0) = 0 and g(0) = 0 , and the shapes of f (y + ) and g( y + ) are
to be found experimentally.
In the core region, the turbulent stresses are given by (13) and the mean velocity
is given as
U − U0
Velocity Defect Law: = F(η) (16)
u*
The velocity gradients from (15) and (16) may be found, i.e.
2
dU u * df
= (17)
dy ν dy +
and
dU u * dF
= . (18)
dy h dη
Inertial Sublayer
From equations (17) and (18) in the limit of η << 1 and y + >> 1 , we find
2
dU u * df u * dF
= = (as η → 0 , y + → ∞ ) (19)
dy ν dy + h dη
y
Multiplying (19) by , the result is
u*
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df (y + )
+ dF(η) 1
y +
=η = = const. (20)
dy dη κ
Solving, we find
1
F(η) = ln η + c1 for η << 1 (21)
κ
and
1
f (y + ) = ln y + + c 2 for y + >> 1 (22)
κ
u ′v ′
− 2
= 1. (23)
u*
The velocity defect law and the law of the wall in the inertial sublayer are given
as
U − U0 1
= ln η + c1 , (24)
u* κ
U 1
= ln y + + c 2 . (25)
u* κ
Subtracting, we find
U0 1 u *h
= ln R * + c 2 − c1 (R = *
) (26)
u *
κ ν
with c1 and c 2 known, equation (26) is the statement of the logarithmic friction law.
Pipe Flow
The law of the wall and the velocity defect law are also valid for turbulent pipe
flows. Equations (9) - (26) can be written for pipe flows with the following minor
changes:
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y u * r0
η= and R =
*
. (27)
r0 ν
Here, r0 is the radius of the pipe and y is the distance from the wall. For pipe flows,
κ = 0.4 and equations (24) - (26) become
U
U+ = *
= 2.5 ln y + + 5 , is valid for up to η ≈ 0.25
U
(28)
U − U0
= 2.5 ln η − 1 (29)
u*
U0
*
= 2 .5 R * + 6 (30)
u
Wake Function
1 1
W (η) = sin π(η − ) + 1 . (32)
2 2
Viscous Sublayer
In the viscous sublayer, the Reynolds stress is negligible. Equation (14) then
becomes
dU +
= 1. (33)
dy +
or
U+ = y+ (34)
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Kolmogorov Scale
∂U u *
In the inertial sublayer − u ′v ′ ≈ u * and
2
≈ . The turbulent production then
∂y κy
is given as
3
∂U u *
Pr oduction = − u ′v′ = . (35)
∂y κy
3
u*
ε= (36)
κy
1
ν3 4
η = (37)
ε
Let
+ ηu *
η = , (37)
ν
then
1
4
4
u* ν3
1
η+ = or η + = ( κy + ) 4 (38)
*3
ν4 u
κy
Λ = κy (39)
or
Λu *
Λ+ = = κy + (40)
ν
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Table of variation of the scales near a wall
+
y +
1
+ 4
Λ+ = κy +
η = ( κy )
5 1.2 2
12 1.5 4
40 2 16
200 3 80
1000 4.5 400
Λ+
1000
Viscous
Sublayer
10
η+
0.1
y+
1 5 100 1000
1
From the table and the schematics diagram, it is observed that for y + ≤ = 2.5 ,
κ
Λ+ < η + and a turbulent flow cannot exist.
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