Professional Documents
Culture Documents
10
Integrative
Therapies
ROBERT D. NESS, DVM
complete description of these therapies. Rather, this is unique from those of mammals in several ways. Birds
an introduction into the wide array of holistic modalities are bipedal with modified forelimbs as wings. Many of
and their potential implications for pet birds. Further the long bones in their limbs are pneumatic, allowing
training and education is recommended prior to wide- for extension of the air sac system as well as less weight
spread implementation of these therapies in practice. for flying. The air sacs also may perfuse certain segments
Veterinary certification programs are available for some of the vertebral spine. The avian spine is divided into
of these modalities, including animal chiropractic and cervical, thoracic, synsacral, free-caudal and pygostyle
veterinary acupuncture. A list of resources and programs (fused-caudal) sections.20 The number of cervical verte-
is provided in Table 10.6. brae varies with species, with budgerigars having 11 and
Amazon parrots having 12. The last cervical vertebrae
and first 3 thoracic vertebrae are fused in Galliformes.
The number of thoracic vertebrae varies from 3 to 10,
Integrative Modalities depending on species. Ribs are present on both cervical
and thoracic vertebrae. A large portion of the avian spine
ANIMAL CHIROPRACTIC is fused into the synsacrum, including the lower tho-
racic, lumbar, sacral and caudal spine. There are 10 to
The practice of chiropractic is credited to D.D. Palmer
23 synsacral vertebrae and 5 to 9 caudal vertebrae. The
during the mid-1890s.27 D.D. Palmer’s son, B.J. Palmer,
ilium and ischium are fused together and to the syn-
further developed the practice through research and
sacrum. The pubic bones are unfused, except in ratites.
clinical practice. Although the Palmers are known as the
founders of current chiropractic care, adjustments have Chiropractic care can be used in a variety of avian cases
been used for thousands of years. B.J. Palmer estab- from trauma to reproductive conditions. Traumatic
lished the first chiropractic school in Davenport, Iowa, injury to the cervical vertebrae is a sequela to flying into
known as Palmer Chiropractic College. a wall or window. Torticollis and localized feather pick-
ing also can be potential chiropractic cases. Adjustment
Chiropractic is defined as “that science and art which
of the thoracic spine may correct certain respiratory or
utilizes the inherent recuperative powers of the body
digestive disturbances with underlying neurologic or
and deals with the relationship between the nervous sys-
neuromuscular origin. Dystocia can be the result of an
tem and the spinal column, including its immediate
abnormal egg, metabolic disturbance or abnormal pelvic
articulations, and the role of this relationship in the
anatomy. The latter etiologies may be assisted by chiro-
restoration and maintenance of health.”27 Because all
practic adjustment.22
functions of the body are innervated and controlled by
nerves, the implications of chiropractic care in health
management are enormous. Not only can chiropractic VETERINARY ACUPUNCTURE
therapy treat a stiff neck or back pain, it may be useful Acupuncture has been used for at least 5000 years in
in many systemic and metabolic disorders. China, which is considered the site of origin. Early
acupuncture needles were made from stone and fish
Chiropractic therapy is directed at the release of fixa- bones. About 500 A.D., the practice of acupuncture
tions and subluxations of the spine. The term subluxa- spread to Japan and Korea, which established their own
tion is used to describe a misaligned vertebra that is forms. By the 6th century, acupuncture had spread
unable to properly move in relation to adjacent verte- throughout Asia. By the 17th century, it was found in
brae. This can be either a structural or functional Europe, and finally arrived in North America during the
malalignment, which may not be obvious on radiograph 19th and 20th centuries. It was not until 1971 that
or conventional physical examination. These subluxa- acupuncture made its way into American culture. This
tions are corrected by a precise manipulation of the was the result of a New York Times journalist being
spine known as an adjustment. An adjustment involves treated with acupuncture while on assignment in China.
the application of a high-velocity, low-amplitude manual He had his appendix removed and was treated with
force to release fixations without damage to the motor acupuncture for postoperative pain. Over the past 30
unit.27 A motor unit is defined as two adjacent vertebrae years, acupuncture has slowly become more mainstream
and the associated structures between them, including in American culture.
ligaments, blood vessels, nerves, joints and muscles. The
adjustment must be specific in regard to the force and Veterinary acupuncture also has a long history. Evidence
angle applied to the specific vertebral joint. of elephant acupuncture dates back about 3000 years in
Sri Lanka. The Chinese Chou Dynasty dating back to
In general, any vertebrate is a potential chiropractic 1066 to 221 B.C. recorded several veterinary applica-
patient, including birds. The avian skeletal system is tions. The father of Chinese veterinary medicine is Shun
Chapter 10 | I N T E G R A T I V E T H E R A P I E S
345
Yang (Pao Lo), who was the first full-time practitioner of juvenile and some adult parrots, columbiformes, water-
Chinese veterinary medicine in 430 B.C.31 Veterinary fowl and poultry readily accept dry needles. The use of
acupuncture has developed in various parts of the 36- or 38-gauge by 15-mm needles is appropriate for
world, especially in Asia, over the past 2000 years. In parrots, poultry and other larger birds. Plastic Seirin #5
1974, the National Association of Veterinary Acupuncture needles can be made lightweight and better balanced by
(NAVA) was established as the first veterinary acupunc- cutting off the plastic handle for better retention of the
ture association in the West, but was active for only 5 needle in birds. Smaller birds may require Sooji Chim
years.10 Later in 1974, the International Veterinary hand needles (Korean gauge 8-mm length).
Acupuncture Society (IVAS) was established and has
since become a core association for veterinary acupunc- An effective alternative to traditional needling is aqua-
ture in the United States and the world. Since 1998, puncture. This technique involves the injection of
three other teaching organizations in the USA have cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12) or saline into the acupoint
offered training in veterinary acupuncture. using a 27- to 29-gauge hypodermic needle and 0.5- to
1-ml syringe. Medium to large size parrots receive up to
Acupuncture is one part of the holistic health system 0.10 ml per site, while smaller birds get as little as 0.01
known as Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). Other ml per site. The aquapuncture technique has the added
TCM components include proper nutrition, exercise, advantage of providing a longer lasting effect at the site.
herbal remedies and appropriate lifestyle. The main
premise of TCM is that we are all part of nature, and Another technique for potential use in birds is laser ther-
health is achieved by establishing balance with the natu- apy. Low-intensity, cold laser lights are effective in pene-
ral world. This balance of nature is characterized by the trating the thin skin of birds to stimulate the shallow
Chinese concept of Yin-Yang, which is the balance acupoints on birds. Disadvantages of laser therapy
between such things as light and dark, wet and dry and include the lack of specificity for acupoint stimulation in
hot and cold. areas where multiple points are close together and lack
of stimulation of deeper acupoints. Gold beads or wire
Acupuncture involves the placement of fine needles into implants have been used in birds for chronic cases
specific points on the body to elicit a physiologic and requiring much longer periods of stimulation. Acupunc-
energetic response along energetic pathways known as ture techniques seldom used in pet birds include elec-
meridians. Meridians are interconnected energetic path- troacupuncture and moxibustion, since birds are Yang
ways that run throughout the body. These pathways by nature and both of these are strong Yang-stimulating
carry the body’s Qi (vital life force or energy). The pres- techniques.24
ence of Qi is what defines the existence of life. The
placement of acupuncture needles into points along The clinical applications of veterinary acupuncture
these meridians enables the body to restore itself to include everything from pain management to treatment
homeostasis by affecting the Qi flow. of systemic diseases. Acupuncture is effective for many
chronic disorders such as allergies, arthritis, urinary
The physiologic effects of acupuncture are being studied incontinence and reproductive disorders. Typically,
and verified by scientific methods. The anatomic loca- acupuncture is combined with Chinese herbs and
tions of acupuncture points coincide with sites of an proper nutrition to achieve the greatest effect.
increased density of nerve endings, small capillary beds
and mast cell aggregation. As a result, a measurable Acupuncture and Traditional Chinese Veterinary
physiologic effect in beta-endorphin release, stimulation Medicine (TCVM) have been developing over the past 20
of circulation and decrease in inflammation results from years in pet bird medicine. Historically, the use of
acupuncture stimulation. In pain control, experiments acupuncture on birds in China was primarily restricted
have shown a modification in neural impulse transmis- to poultry, which was fairly limited due to the lack of
sion from the spinal cord to the brain after acupuncture. economic benefit in treatment of individual birds.
This effect is known as “gate control” theory, which pro- Rather, the administration of herbal treatments was
poses that acupuncture can block the action of pain more common for flock treatment.7 However, the use of
fibers in the spinal cord.26 acupuncture in pet birds has gained some popularity in
the USA in recent years, especially for the treatment of
A variety of acupuncture techniques exist. The use of the feather picking.1,28 Despite the lack of historical docu-
different techniques depends on the species and general mentation, acupuncture can be beneficial in the treat-
cooperation of the patient, type and severity of the con- ment of many pet bird conditions.
dition being treated, and personal preference of the
acupuncturist. Traditional dry needling is commonly The use of acupuncture in birds poses various chal-
used in mammals but is more difficult in birds. Most lenges from their anatomic differences and physiologic
346 C l i n i c a l Av i a n M e d i c i n e - Vo l u m e I
characteristics. Birds have a high metabolic rate and rela- tors is just as important in TCVM as in conventional
tively high body temperature (42.4° C) with rapid heart therapy. Crop stasis is thought of as a problem with the
and respiratory rates. They have hollow bodies with air Stomach or Liver meridian. The TCVM diagnosis of egg
sacs, pneumatic bones and hollow feather shafts. As binding is a Kidney Qi condition. Kidney disease is not
compared to mammals, birds are relatively dry, possess- treated as directly with TCVM in birds as in mammals
ing minimal moisturizing glands. These characteristics because the kidney association point is not available,
make birds Yang by nature.24 As a result, birds have a yielding to the use of various kidney meridian points
tendency toward a relative or true Yang excess when based on the TCVM diagnosis. Applying the basic con-
they are sick. The stress and anxiety inherent in the cepts of TCVM to establish a diagnosis and treat accord-
restraint of birds also must be considered when using ingly is more effective than applying a standard set of
acupuncture. In addition, because birds instinctively procedures to a conventional diagnosis. As a point of
mask signs of disease, they must be thoroughly exam- reference, Table 10.1 has a list of common acupoints
ined to reveal their true status prior to selection of the used in the treatment of common conditions in pet
acupuncture points. birds. In addition, Figs 10.1-10.3 illustrate the position
of these points.16
Acupuncture points are commonly extrapolated from
one species to another, and special points are commonly HERBAL THERAPY
described for individual species. Avian acupuncture
The use of specific herbs for medicinal purposes dates
employs the same techniques to locate and describe
back thousands of years. Several herbs are mentioned in
acupuncture points. Transpositional points from mam-
the Bible, and archeologists have documented herb use
mals constitute the majority of the acupoints in birds,
back to prehistoric times. Herbs are used around the
and these may be of TCM origin or special points
world, including Western herbs from North America,
defined in other species. Special TCM points for poultry
Ayurvedic herbs from India and traditional Chinese herbs.
without a mammalian counterpart also are used in pet
birds, including Gu Duan (end of thigh), used for Approximately 25% of our conventional drugs are
drooping wings, and Bei Ji (back of the body spine), derived from plants. Conventional drugs typically con-
which is a grouping of three points used to treat respira- tain a single active constituent from the plant, whereas
tory disease. A few points that have been specifically herbs provide a broader and more balanced effect on
described for pet birds include some of the back Shu the body through the synergistic actions of the herbal
points, which do not correspond to the mammalian components. Herbs are best prescribed to treat the
counterparts because of the fused synsacrum. Detailed entire individual and not only the clinical signs. Herbal
descriptions and indications of specific avian acupoints blends and formulations combine the benefits of multi-
are defined in the listed references.24 ple herbs, which typically produce a synergistic action
while minimizing the potential toxic effects of a single
Certain disorders in TCVM are more frequently seen in herb. Herbs provide many unique qualities that are very
birds. In general, these include Liver Yin deficiency, limited in conventional medicine, such as anticancer,
Heart Yin deficiency, stagnant Liver Qi, Kidney Yin defi- antiviral and immunoregulation properties.
ciency, Blood deficiency, Lung Yin deficiency and Lung
Dryness. Kidney Essence deficiency is common in cock- Currently, herbal products are not regulated or con-
atiels and budgerigars that have been inbred for genera- trolled. Therefore, practitioners and clients must remain
tions. External pathologic factors, described as Wind- cautious in administering a product without evaluating
Damp and Damp-Heat, are common in the Western diag- the company and verifying that the active component of
nosis of microbial infections.16 the herb or plant actually is in the formulation. Product
labels can bear the name of an herb or plant substance as
Acupuncture can be effective in the treatment of many long as some portion of it is present in the formulation,
conventional Western conditions diagnosed in pet birds. but it does not always imply that the medicinally active
Bacterial infections are commonly diagnosed in birds constituent is included. Standardized extracts are avail-
and are described as Damp-Heat or other pathogenic able for certain herbs through concentrating the active
Heat conditions in TCVM. Conjunctivitis can be treated ingredients, resulting in more of a plant drug than an
with local points and specific meridian points for herbal medicine.29 Standardizing alters the physical and
Liver/Kidney Yin deficiency. Sinusitis is often the result of energetic nature of the herb. This process also eliminates
a Wind-Cold or Wind-Heat condition, based on the char- the synergistic effects of the myriad chemical compo-
acteristics of the discharge. Various other TCVM condi- nents in the plant. For some herbs such as milk thistle,
tions can present with sinusitis as a clinical sign. standardization is advantageous, since the specific active
Identification and specific treatment of underlying fac- constituent is clearly known and purified in the process.
Chapter 10 | I N T E G R A T I V E T H E R A P I E S
347
be extrapolated for use in birds and other pets. Some of species should be an organic formulated diet, with lim-
the herbs that support and protect the liver include milk ited portions of fresh organic fruit, vegetables and rice.
thistle (Silybum marianum), dandelion (Taraxacum Seeds and nuts should be considered treat items and fed
officinale), Oregon grape (Mahonia spp.), burdock root in limited proportions because they are breeding stimu-
(Arctium lappa) and licorice root (Glycyrrhiza glabra).23 lants (see Chapter 4, Nutritional Considerations).
HOMEOPATHY
Homeopathy as practiced today is credited to Dr. Samuel
Hahnemann, a German medical doctor from the mid-
1800s. The governing principle of homeopathic medi-
cine is “similia similibus curantur” or “like cures like.”
This concept is based on using a very diluted form of a
substance to treat a condition or group of symptoms,
which in its full strength would cause the same set of
Greg J. Harrison
symptoms in the patient. These remedies are made from
plants, minerals, drugs, viruses, bacteria or animal sub-
stances. Homeopathic remedies work on the deep ener-
Fig 10.4 | Aloe is a hardy plant grown in the full sun. It is
often the best source of bioactivity. The gel from inside the getic level of the patient to undermine the constitutional
plant’s leaves is used for wounds. For internal consumption, the cause of the disease, rather than mask its symptoms.4
pointed edges are removed and the entire leaf is chopped up
and offered, or further ground and gavaged. Homeopathy is very effective in pet birds.13 Birds are
highly energetic beings and thus are particularly respon-
sive to energetic therapies. In choosing an appropriate
acidifier of the intestinal tract and entire body. Specific
homeopathic remedy, the practitioner must be thor-
avian indications for apple cider vinegar (organic, non- oughly acquainted with the Western medical examina-
pasteurized) include chronic bacterial or yeast infections, tion, conventional diagnosis, particular behavior charac-
chronic diarrhea or foul stools and proventricular dilation teristics and situational conditions of the avian patient.
disease support. It is dosed at 1 to 2 tablespoons per 8 The mental and emotional disturbances may be difficult
ounces of drinking water, as the only water source for 2 to discern, because most bird owners do not fully
weeks. Probiotics are supplements of beneficial bacteriaa understand the normal behavior and nature of their pet.
given to reestablish the normal bacterial flora in the diges- Evaluating the bird in its own environment, either per-
tive tract. They may be administered to birds after antibi- sonally or by videotape, is invaluable in evaluating these
otic therapy or severe GI disturbances. aspects of the diagnosis.
Digestive enzymes are beneficial in birds with pancreatic Because most pet birds do not visit the veterinary clinic
disease or primary digestive disorders leading to until they are quite ill, allopathic medications (antibi-
maldigestion. The classic essential enzymes provided in otics or antifungals) may be required to get the patient
most formulations include protease, lipase and amylase. through the crisis before treating with the homeopathic
These may be combined with other specific enzymes or remedy. Due to the critical nature of clinically sick birds
herbs, depending on the condition. in practice, the practitioner may not have the opportu-
nity to try a second remedy if the first is ineffective. The
Supplements used in the treatment of inflammatory con- first indication of a remedy failure in these cases may be
ditions and arthritis include glucosamine, methyl sul- death of the patient. Initial supportive care with allo-
fonal methane (MSM) and proanthocyanidins.18 Proan- pathic and other holistic therapies to stabilize the critical
thocyanidins are a group of strong antioxidants that patient either before or in addition to the homeopathic
scavenge destructive free radicals and include grape remedy is recommended by the author.
seed extract, pine bark extract, bilberry and citrus
bioflavonoids. These substances provide excellent The practice of homeopathy involves matching the
antioxidant effects that reduce inflammation, improve patient’s symptoms with an appropriate remedy. The
cellular integrity and eliminate free radicals from the first step involves making a list of the clinical signs from
body. Glucosamine sulfate is the preferred and most an evaluation and thorough history of the patient. This
effective form of glucosamine products. It has reparative list is then used to look up rubrics, or lists of potential
effects on arthritis. Some formulations of glucosamine remedies, for each clinical sign from a homeopathic
contain chondroitin or MSM for further joint support, repertory. The rubrics are compared for overlapping
but glucosamine is shown to be effective alone. MSM is a remedies, which are selected as possible treatments.
sulfur-based supplement that is proposed to have anti- These are then compared in a homeopathic materia
inflammatory effects on joints and generally supports medica, which describes all the symptoms potentially
healthy tissue and cells. Sulfur is suspected to be an treated with that remedy. The remedy that matches the
Chapter 10 | I N T E G R A T I V E T H E R A P I E S
351
symptoms or clinical signs most accurately is selected as ity of the condition and the characteristics of the patient.
the first remedy of choice. The most detailed repertories
and materia medica are based on human symptoms and Homeopathic remedies are made by serial dilutions of
responses, however, limited veterinary references exist toxic substances that, if used in full strength, would cause
and continue to be developed. An avian homeopathic symptoms similar to those being treated. Substances are
repertory (Table 10.3) has been compiled16 and a simpli- diluted serially, either in 1/10 (X potency) or 1/100 (C
fied materia medica (Table 10.4) summarized.3 The potency) stages. Therefore, a 30C potency is a tincture of
potency and frequency are selected based on the sever- the homeopathic substance diluted 1/100, 30 times.
Succession is carried out at each stage to release the cur- and the concepts of homeopathy. Dr. Bach developed
ative energy of the substance to imprint on the memory various vaccines during his tenure in immunology, and
of the water at the energetic level as well as remove the then developed some of the first nosodes, oral homeo-
toxic and harmful effects of the substance.4 The end pathic vaccines. In his clinical experience, Dr. Bach real-
result is a homeopathic substance that contains only the ized the importance of the mental and emotional states
energetic signature of the toxic substance, but no physi- of mind in the recovery from illness. In 1930, he
cal amount of the substance itself. embarked on a quest to develop a treatment method that
did not depend on the destruction or alteration of one
living thing to benefit another, which ultimately lead to
FLOWER ESSENCE THERAPY
the discovery of his first twelve healing herbs with a natu-
Healing with flower essences proposes similar principles ral affinity to mental traits. In all, 38 healing remedies
to homeopathy. Both forms of therapy are based on cur- were identified, which he believed would remedy all the
ing the patient by restoring the body’s energy pattern negative states of mind that afflict mankind.
and vibrational characteristics. The underlying premise
is that all life forms possess an innate vibrational energy A variety of other flower essences have been described
force that is disrupted by conditions and circumstances in the past 30 years. In the 1970s, Richard Katz and
of our environment, leading to disease and illness.8 Patricia Kaminski developed the California Flower
These disruptions are further related to emotional and Essences. Ian White described the Australian bush flower
behavioral specifics, which can be characterized and essences in the 1980s, influenced by the Australian
treated with the vital energy or essence of certain flow- Aborigines’ traditional knowledge and experience with
ers. The aroma or essence of a flower naturally elicits an native plants. Other flower essence lines include the
emotional response, similar to the way music affects an Alaskan (1980s), Bailey in Britain and Celestial Remedies
individual’s mood. (1990s), to name a few.8 All of these flower essence lines
are based on the same premises described by Dr. Bach.
Dr. Edward Bach is credited for the development of the
first 100-year-old therapeutic system of flower essence Flower essences can be very effective in the treatment of
therapy.2 Dr. Bach was a distinguished British physician in clinical and behavioral issues of birds and other pets.
the early 1900s with a strong influence from Hahnemann The underlying premise in using flower essences to treat
356 C l i n i c a l Av i a n M e d i c i n e - Vo l u m e I
conditions in birds is the presence of an emotional com- vibrational energy of the patient to restore the energetic
ponent to the problem. These formulations act on the imbalance causing the disease or condition. By increasing
energetic signature of different emotions that produce the vital force of the patient, aromatherapy strengthens
the outward behaviors. It is commonly accepted that the natural immune system and promotes self-healing.9
emotional and psychological stress can lead to physical
illness; therefore, the flower essences can be incorpo- Birds are extremely susceptible to any aerosolized
rated into a holistic treatment plan. agents, including essential oils used in aromatherapy.
Therefore, care must be taken not to overwhelm the
In general, birds are more emotional than most other ani- bird’s respiratory system with too strong a treatment. An
mals.2 The stress and anxiety experienced by birds during electric aromatic diffuser can be used in a well-ventilated
treatment may be more detrimental than the disease con- room for 5-minute intervals, several times daily for cer-
dition itself; therefore, the use of a flower essence prior to tain conditions. The scent of the essential oils should be
and during a veterinary exam and treatment may signifi- barely detectable, or else it is too strong for the bird’s
cantly improve the chances of survival. Birds also respond respiratory system. Some aromatic agents may inherently
quickly to the remedies, probably due to their sensitive be too strong or noxious for use around birds, there-
emotional natures. Most formulations of flower essence fore, these should be used with caution. This therapy is
are based in brandy, which can be harmful to the patient used less commonly in birds, except for cases of stress
if given directly. Therefore, these remedies should be reduction, due to the potential respiratory risks.
diluted in spring water before they are administered to
birds at the rate of 10 to 12 drops per ounce of water. Some conditions in pet birds respond well to aromather-
apy, including certain respiratory ailments and stress and
Birds present with a number of medical conditions that anxiety issues. A respiratory essential oil blend for diffu-
have an emotional or behavioral basis. Feather picking is sion consists of eucalyptus (50%), pine (25%), tea tree
by far the most common and frustrating of these condi- (10%), and niaouli or cajeput (15%).9 This blend is dif-
tions. A more progressive and intense manifestation is fused near the cage several times daily for 5-minute
self-mutilation, as exhibited in Moluccan cockatoos chew- intervals. A 15-ml essential oil blend for stress and anxi-
ing into the pectoral muscles of their chests. Biting and ety is composed of lavender (10 ml), marjoram (4 ml)
screaming are other undesirable behaviors that are merely and neroli (1 ml).9 This is diffused for 5 minutes near
displaced natural behaviors, which can be modified with the cage, repeated 4 to 5 times daily. A diffusion of
flower essence remedies. Birds that suffer from a physical lavender, bergamot or ylang ylang in the exam room
loss of a companion, physical injury or medical illness can provides a calming and relaxing effect on the patient,
be supported with these remedies as part of their therapy. client and doctor.23 The electric aromatic diffuser can be
turned on in the waiting room or exam room for 5 to 10
The choice of remedies is individualized for each patient. minutes every 3 to 4 hours during the day.
Oversimplification by using a single remedy for a particu-
lar problem is much less effective than thoroughly evalu-
ating the patient and formulating a remedy of various
ENERGY THERAPY
flower essences. Of course, there are certain remediesa Various forms of energy therapies have developed
that are commonly effective for a particular condition through the ages in many cultures. Some of the cur-
such as the stress and anxiety of a veterinary visit or treat- rently practiced energy therapies include Reiki, thera-
ment. Rescue Remedy is a classical formulation of five peutic touch and pranic healing. These healing practices
flower remedies, consisting of star-of-Bethlehem, rock- involve directing the ability to consciously modulate the
rose, impatiens, cherry plum and clematis. This remedy energies of a living being. These healing practices
can be sprayed in the exam room, sprayed directly onto involve the healer or practitioner serving as a conduit
the bird or given directly by mouth.15 A list of the classic for the universal energy to stabilize or balance the
Bach Flower Essences and their basic uses is summarized patient’s innate energy field.
in Table 10.5.2,8 Extensive repertories of other flower
Therapeutic touch is an example of this type of therapy
essences exist for man11 and animals.5
that is practiced throughout the world. Dolores Krieger
and Dora Kunz developed this practice based on the fol-
AROMATHERAPY lowing four basic scientific premises:12 1) Humans and ani-
The therapeutic application of aromatic essential oils is mals are physically open energy systems. This implies that
known as aromatherapy. The administration of the oils by the transfer of energy between living things is a natural
diffusion or aerosolization is most common, but topical and continuous process; 2) Humans and animals are bilat-
and oral applications also are effective routes for some erally symmetrical, implying a pattern to the underlying
formulations. The essential oils act on the underlying energy field; 3) Illness is an imbalance in an individual’s
Chapter 10 | I N T E G R A T I V E T H E R A P I E S
357
Table 10.5 | Flower Essences Therapeutic touch and other energy therapies produce
Essence Remedies Restores certain consistent and reliable results.12 The first response
Agrimony Concealed distress Inner peace experienced within a few minutes of a treatment is relax-
Aspen Fear of unknown, Courage ation. Clinically, there is a significant reduction or elimi-
apprehension
nation of pain. Healing responses tend to be accelerated,
Beech Intolerance, bad temper Tolerance, flexibility
presumably by boosting the patient’s immune system.
Centaury Submissiveness, compliance Assertiveness,
resistance Psychosomatic illnesses are alleviated through the effects
Cerato Lack of confidence Confidence on the patient’s autonomic nervous system.
Cherry Plum Uncontrolled behavior, Control
compulsiveness The success of these therapies is based on the learned
Chestnut Bud Learning difficulty, repetitive Ability to learn skills and techniques combined with intentionality. Proper
behavior
centering and focus is critical in assessing the patient’s
Chicory Possessiveness, attention Normal caring &
seeking protectiveness energy field for subtle changes and asymmetry. With prac-
Clematis Absentmindedness Alertness tice and deliberate intent, the healing practitioner can bal-
Crab Apple Uncleanliness, infection, Cleanliness, dignity ance the patient’s energy. This technique is very useful in
poisoning
calming and soothing nervous or distressed patients; it
Elm Inadequacy, overwhelmed Competence
also helps ease the induction and recovery from anesthe-
Gentian Discouragement, setback Perseverance
sia. The pain and discomfort from trauma or illness, as
Gorse Hopelessness, despair Endurance
Heather Loneliness, inattentiveness Quiet composure
well as boosting the body’s innate healing response, can
Holly Malice, intense dislike Harmlessness be relieved through this energy modulation.
Homesick, inability to cope Adjust to present cir-
Honeysuckle
with present conditions cumstances
Hornbeam Weakness, unresponsiveness Vitality
Impatiens Impatient, irritability Patience Integrative Therapies for
Larch
Mimulus
Hesitancy, loss of confidence
Fear of known things,
Confidence
Courage
Common Avian Conditions
nervousness
Mustard Depression, gloominess Serenity FEATHER PICKING
Oak Lack of resilience in normal Resilience
strong bird Feather picking is a clinical sign of a multitude of poten-
Olive Fatigue & exhaustion Strength tial diseases and disorders and not a diagnosis in itself.
Pine Guilt & contriteness Positive attitude The underlying causes include systemic or metabolic dis-
Red Chestnut Overprotectiveness, Confidence, trust orders (see Chapter 4, Nutritional Considerations,
overconcern
Section II Nutritional Disorders), infectious diseases,
Rockrose Terror, hysteria Courage, calm
allergies, parasites and psychogenic disturbances. Most
Rock Water Rigidity, repression, Flexibility, spontane-
inflexibility ity, gentleness cases are psychogenic in nature, but they should have a
Scleranthus Imbalance, uncertainty Stability, balance complete diagnostic analysis to rule out other contribut-
Star-of-Bethlehem Mental, emotional & physical Mental, emotional & ing factors. Treatments for feather-picking disorders vary
shock physical calmness
considerably but should be based on the individual
Sweet Chestnut Extreme mental & physical Endurance
distress assessment with an attempt to address the underlying
Vervain Impulsiveness, hyperactivity Restraint factors as well as the psychogenic manifestations.
Vine Dominance, territoriality Positive leadership
abilities Many integrative therapies can be utilized to complement
Walnut Difficulty coping with change Adaptability the conventional approach to treating a feather-picking
Water Violet Indifference, aloofness, Social contact bird. Some of these address the psychogenic component
reserve
of the problem, including Bach flower essences, herbal
White Chestnut Restlessness, sleepiness, Ability to rest
preoccupation therapy and aromatherapy.21 Other modalities address the
Wild Oat Lack of direction Direction deeper energetic components, such as acupuncture and
Wild Rose Resignation, apathy Will to live homeopathy. Some treatments are directed at stabilizing
Willow Maliciousness, spitefulness Good temper the nutritional or metabolic imbalances, such as nutriceu-
ticals and antioxidant therapy.
energy field, with healing being achieved by balancing Acupuncture is reported as a viable option for the treat-
this energy field; and 4) Humans have natural abilities to ment of feather picking in pet birds.1,7,16,24,28 The conven-
transform and transcend their conditions of living. Other tional diagnosis of feather picking is often attributed to
forms of energy therapy and healing arts are based on the social/emotional well-being, psychological status or
similar assumptions and current scientific premises. stressful environmental conditions of the bird. This
358 C l i n i c a l Av i a n M e d i c i n e - Vo l u m e I
determination relates to a TCVM diagnosis as a Shen dis- John’s wort has many properties that make it particularly
turbance (deficient Heart Blood), Phlegm and Heat dis- useful in the treatment of feather picking. Numerous sci-
turbance of the Heart, Heat invading the Pericardium, or entific studies have determined that Saint John’s wort is
excess Liver Yang.28 Certain acupuncture points are rou- an effective antidepressant.29 In addition, it serves as a
tinely used in birds with feather-picking issues, but the nerve tonic and speeds wound healing, which is useful
final selection of points should be based on a complete in soothing and repairing the damaged feather follicles.
assessment of the patient and TCVM diagnosis. Some of Saint John’s wort has good antibacterial and antiviral
the routine points include SP-6, ST-36, LI-4, LI-11, PC-6 properties, beneficial in cases of infectious folliculitis or
and HT-7. SP-6 is used to tonify and strengthen Yin. ST- systemic diseases. Several other herbs are sedative and
36 is the master point of the abdomen and used to treat soothing in nature, including valerian root, passion-
deficiencies, dispel Cold and tonify Qi and Blood. LI-4 flower and kava kava.29 These may be effective individu-
helps to expel Wind Heat and to release the Exterior, ally or in combination for the management of very nerv-
tonify defensive Qi and calm the spirit. LI-11 is used to ous and hyperactive patients.
clear Heat, resolve Dampness, and regulate Nutritive Qi
and Blood. PC-6 can calm the mind, regulate Heart Qi Bach Flower Essence is excellent at addressing the
and relieve irritability due to stagnation of Liver Qi. HT-7 underlying emotional and behavioral issues that often
is useful in calming the mind, quieting the spirit, serve as the root of the feather-picking condition.8,19 A
improving thinking and regulating other emotional combination of three to five different essences may be
issues. Other potential points used for feather-picking indicated for an individual case. Some essences address
cases include GV-20, LIV-3, GB-34, SP-10, SP-11, BL-12 the underlying issue of fear or anxiety, such as aspen,
and BL-15. Table 10.1 lists the common avian acupunc- agrimony, cherry plum, mimulus and rockrose. Others
ture points and general indications for use. The treat- are useful when birds are picking at certain times or sit-
ment regimen is dependent on each case but is usually uations, such as red chestnut or heather for when the
started at once to twice weekly for the first several weeks bird picks when left alone or scleranthus for when pick-
and gradually reduced, based on the patient’s response. ing occurs during breeding season. Mustard or gorse
Each session should begin with an assessment of the may be indicated if the bird is feather picking out of
patient’s condition and response, with adjustment of the depression. Walnut is helpful when feather picking
selected acupuncture points as indicated. begins after a move or other change in the environment.
Wild oat can be given if the bird is simply over-preening,
Homeopathy is useful at addressing the underlying ener- while agrimony is a better choice for self-mutilation.
getics of the feather-grooming problem but must be indi- Chicory is a good choice when the picking is used to get
vidualized for each patient.19 A homeopathic remedy is attention, whereas cherry plum is used when the picking
prescribed based on the full assessment of the patient; seems to be compulsive in nature. Most flower essence
however, certain remedies commonly surface as primary formulas also should contain a combination remedyb of
choices. Some of these include aconitum napellus, apis impatiens, clematis, rockrose, cherry plum and star-of-
mellifica, arnica montana, arsenica album, belladonna, Bethlehem for stress and anxiety. This formula also is
ignatia, natrum muriaticum, nux vomica, pulsatilla used to calm patients for veterinary examinations, aid in
pratensis, psorinum, sepia, staphisagria, stramonium, recovery after surgery and treat shock and distress dur-
tuberculinum avium and veratrum album.19 An avian ing severe illness or injury. Table 10.5 contains a sum-
homeopathic repertory has been summarized in Table mary of the flower essences and general indications.
10.3. In general, the study of homeopathic remedies for
mental problems will reveal the proper remedy. Each A variety of nutriceuticals can be added to balance the
type of bird has general personality characteristics that nutritional deficiencies and resolve underlying metabolic
can influence the choice of remedy. For instance, cocka- conditions leading to feather picking.1,19 Aloe vera has
toos are very social birds, thus requiring a remedy that anti-inflammatory and vulnerary effects, which assist heal-
addresses social issues when separated from the flock. ing of damaged and irritated skin and feather follicles in
Alternately, Amazon parrots and macaws are more likely feather-picking cases. Aloe also provides a multitude of
to be suffering from internal systemic diseases, requiring nutrients for healthy feather condition, including natural
a remedy to address those problems as well. The home- vitamins, minerals and amino acids. Antioxidants are often
opathic remedy, potency or frequency may have to be beneficial in treating chronic feather-picking cases by scav-
adjusted based on the patient’s response and discontin- enging free radicals and supporting the healing process of
ued upon resolution of the problem. damaged skin and feathers. Potent antioxidants, also
called oligomeric proanthocyanidins, include grape seed
Western herbs are helpful in treating the psychological extract, pycnogenol, bilberry and citrus bioflavonoids.
issues and calming the feather-picking patient.19 Saint These are available in various forms, either individually or
Chapter 10 | I N T E G R A T I V E T H E R A P I E S
359
in combination, and can be added to the food or water as tive, cholagogue, anti-inflammatory, vulnerary and
a general supplement. A potent amino acid supplement, anthelmintic effects on the GI tract.14 Aloe vera juice can
5-hydroxy L-tryptophan, has been suggested for feather- be dosed orally at 1 to 2 drops per 100 g body weight or
grooming problems.19 Being very potent, only a few grains added to the drinking water at the rate of 2 ml per 4
should be added to the food daily. Omega-3 fatty acids ounces of drinking water. Apple cider vinegar is an
have been suggested for a variety of veterinary conditions excellent acidifier to the intestinal tract and general
including feather disorders. The benefits of omega-3 fatty nutritive.19 Indications for use include chronic diarrhea,
acids pertinent to feather-picking disorders include treat- dysbiosis, candidiasis and chronic bacterial enteritis.
ment of seborrhea and pruritus as well as mood stabiliza- Apple cider vinegar can be added to the drinking water
tion.1 These fatty acid supplements also help reduce at the rate of 1 to 2 tablespoons per 8 ounces of water
inflammation by modifying the arachidonic acid cascade. for up to 2 weeks. A line of rice-based intestinal support
productsc is commercially available. Rice is highly
DIGESTIVE DISORDERS digestible and gluten free, thereby being a good hypoal-
The digestive tract of birds is often disrupted by infec- lergenic whole-grain product. Certain protein fractions
tious and metabolic conditions. This can include any- of rice support gastrointestinal secretory function and
thing from sour crop caused by Candida albicans to repair of mucosal cells.14 Therefore, these rice-based
cloacal papillomas. Whenever possible, the underlying products are well suited for management of gastroin-
cause of the gastrointestinal (GI) disorder also must be testinal inflammatory and allergy disorders, including
identified and rectified. Many of these disturbances, chronic vomiting, chronic diarrhea, dysbiosis, food
however, can be stabilized with the use of nutriceuticals allergy and gram-negative enteritis. One rice-based prod-
and herbal formulations. Several aspects of the digestive uct, Ultraclearc, is dosed at 1 g per kg body weight, given
process can be addressed with these supplements, 3 times daily.
including soothing and protecting the GI mucosa, bal-
ancing the microbial population and providing nutritive The digestive system of birds has evolved with plant
support. enzymes for proper digestion.19 As more cooked and
processed foods are fed to pet birds, fewer digestive
The GI mucosa is easily inflamed and irritated by invad- enzymes are found in the diet because cooking inactivates
ing pathogens or foreign agents. As a result, the inflamed the plant enzymes. Animal source digestive enzymes, such
mucosa will be less effective in the absorption of nutri-
as pancreatic enzymes, are less effective in birds, because
ents and proper digestion. Several Western herbs are
they are inactive in acidic environments such as the bird’s
highly effective in soothing the inflamed GI mucosa.29
crop and proventriculus. Therefore, pet birds should be
Slippery elm bark has a soothing, protecting and lubricat-
provided plant sources of digestive enzymesd, which are
ing effect on the GI tract. In addition, it serves as an
stable and active over a wide pH range. A source of natu-
astringent and nutritive. The tannin constituents tighten
ral enzymes produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae in fer-
the digestive mucosa to relieve inflammation and prevent
mentation vats has empirically shown to have beneficial
further fluid loss in the intestines. The mucilage con-
effects in birds (G.J. Harrison, personal communication,
stituents help lubricate the digestive tract and facilitate
2003).
the removal of waste material. Slippery elm is effective in
many digestive conditions on several levels. Marshmallow
A wide variety of digestive disorders in birds, including
root provides a soothing, lubricating and protective bar-
bulky stools, intestinal gas, undigested food in feces,
rier to mucosal surfaces through its mucilage compo-
slow crop emptying, chronic bacterial enteritis, weight
nent. This makes marshmallow beneficial in cases of GI
loss and chronic immunosuppression, benefit from the
ulceration or irritation. Marshmallow is best taken inter-
addition of digestive enzymes.
nally as a tea or low-alcohol tincture. Licorice root is an
excellent anti-inflammatory and demulcent herb. It is
Probiotics are microbial supplements given to reestablish
good at healing GI ulcerations and reducing the gastric
a balanced gastrointestinal microflora. These products
acid secretions while producing anti-inflammatory effects
generally contain various species of Lactobacillus and
similar to corticosteroids.
Bifidobacterium, which are intended to repopulate the
Several nutriceutical products have beneficial nutritive patient’s intestinal tract with beneficial bacteria. Probiotics
and supportive effects on the digestive tract. Aloe vera is are indicated after chronic digestive disease or extended
an excellent nutritive and anti-inflammatory agent. Aloe or excessive use of antibiotics, where the normal bacterial
vera is effective in treating inflammatory bowel disor- flora would be disrupted. Avian-specific productsa are rec-
ders and constipation. The active constituents of Aloe ommended; however, limited benefit may result from
vera include barbaloin and isobarbaloin. Aloe has purga- mammalian products or active yogurt culture.
360 C l i n i c a l Av i a n M e d i c i n e - Vo l u m e I
Oregon grape (Mahonia spp.) is a stronger and faster Liver regeneration is often overlooked in the treatment
acting hepatic stimulant than dandelion root. It is indi- of liver disease by conventional means. However, several
cated in cases suggestive of a deficient liver, such as holistic products are available to facilitate liver regenera-
poor protein digestion, constipation, or poor skin and tion. Milk thistle is effective in regenerating hepatocytes
feather condition. Since this herb stimulates bile produc- in addition to the other benefits discussed previously.
tion, its use should be avoided in suspected cases of bile Specific products with liver-regenerative potential are
Chapter 10 | I N T E G R A T I V E T H E R A P I E S
361
commercially available.14 Livaplexf is a liver glandular patient, based on the TCVM diagnosis.
combined with other liver-supportive nutrients. Lipogeng
is indicated in cases of hepatic lipidosis. Specific nutriceutical products that are marketed for
mammals may be useful in birds with similar conditions.
These products often include kidney glandulars, vita-
RENAL DISEASE mins, herbs and enzymes. Arginase is the enzyme neces-
Kidney disease is frequently diagnosed in pet birds but sary for the detoxification of arginine from the kidney.14
seldom specifically treated. Conventional treatments Kidney-supportive products are commercially available.h,i,j
often attempt to correct only the clinical signs, such as
lowering the elevated uric acid level in gout cases or Recommended dietary changes include lower protein
reducing urine output in cases of polyuria. Specific diag- diets, but debate continues regarding the degree of pro-
nosis of the renal disorder is important in developing an tein restriction that is beneficial and safe.6 Cases impli-
effective treatment plan. Certain natural supplements cating protein as a contributing factor in renal diseases
and holistic remedies can be generalized to support such as gout consistently have very high protein levels.
renal function and healing of the kidney (see Chapter Most importantly is a proper balancing of the diet with
16, Evaluating and Treating the Kidneys). normal protein levels and natural, organic foods (see
Chapter 4, Nutritional Considerations).
Omega-3 fatty acids (n-3 FA) have several renal benefits.6
The supplementation of n-3 FA can increase renal blood
flow and nephron glomerular filtration rate, lower sys-
EGG BINDING
temic arterial blood pressure and reduce hyperlipidemia. Egg binding is failure of the oviduct to pass an egg into
Specifically, the n-3 FA supplements reduce total triglyc- the cloaca. In a TCVM perspective, this would be failure
erides and very low-density lipoprotein concentrations; n- of the Kidney Qi to warm the lower burner, thus weak-
3 FA reduce inflammation by modulating the arachidonic ening the oviduct.16 If the egg is stuck due to lack of
acid cascade. In addition, n-3 FA decrease plasma viscosity. lubrication in the oviduct, the TCVM assessment would
Sources of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids include fish be failure of the Spleen to transport and move fluids
oils, flax seed, borage and pumpkin oils. The specific dos- where needed, and failure in production of Qi for egg
ing for n-3 FA has not been established, but it is suggested laying. Egg binding is diagnosed as interior Cold defi-
that the ratio of n-6 to n-3 FA may be of greater impor- ciency with a build up of phlegm. Potential acupuncture
tance in the overall analysis. One recommendation for points include SP-6, ST-36, GV-20 and PC-6. SP-6 is cho-
dosing suggests mixing flax seed oil with 4 parts corn oil sen to strengthen the Spleen, tonify the Kidneys and
and dosing at 0.10 to 0.20 ml per kg body weight.1 calm the mind. ST-36 is the Master point of the
abdomen. In addition, ST-36 tonifies the Spleen,
Various Western herbal remedies have positive effects on strengthens the body and tonifies Qi. GV-20 is used to
the kidneys.29 Dandelion leaf is a potent natural diuretic lift the spirit, clear the mind and tonify Yang. PC-6 calms
and excellent nutritive herb. The leaves provide a wide the mind and tonifies the uterus. Other acupoints are
range of vitamins and minerals including potassium, selected on an individual basis, depending on the over-
which is commonly lost with mainstream diuresis. all condition of the patient.
Couch grass serves as an excellent tonic and disinfectant
of the urinary tract. It is a soothing, anti-inflammatory Chiropractic adjustment of the pelvis and synsacrum of
demulcent and saponin-based diuretic with mild antimi- the hen may be necessary for the proper passage of an
crobial effects. Couch grass is a specific remedy for egg. Improper nerve innervation of the oviduct can result
chronic or acute cases of cystitis and urethritis in mam- in poor oviduct contractions with slowing or blockage of
mals. Herbs with good antimicrobial effects and an affin- the egg-laying process. In addition, the pelvis may not
ity for the kidneys include echinacea, Oregon grape and widen properly due to erratic nerve innervation or hor-
thyme. Marshmallow root is a very safe and gentle monal imbalances. Relief of the fixations and subluxa-
mucilage, providing a soothing and protective barrier to tions will aid in proper nerve innervation of the repro-
mucosal surfaces, including the urinary tract. ductive tract and ease the egg-laying process.
Chinese herbal products formulated as Kidney Proper vitamin and calcium levels are critical in the lay-
Yin/Yang/Qi tonics are beneficial for certain renal dis- ing of eggs. Low blood calcium can affect various aspects
eases. Classic formulations include Six Flavor Tea, Eight of egg laying. Calcium is necessary for the production of
Flavor Tea, Rehmannia 6 and Rehmannia 8. Other the eggshell, resulting in soft-shelled eggs when defi-
Chinese herbal formulations may be indicated, depend- cient. Calcium also is required for the normal contrac-
ing on the TCVM diagnosis and concurrent problems. tion of muscles, including the smooth muscle in the wall
Acupuncture also may be beneficial in managing the of the oviduct. In addition, calcium must be balanced
362 C l i n i c a l Av i a n M e d i c i n e - Vo l u m e I
IMMUNE DEFICIENCY AND The general life-style and environment play a vital role in
CHRONIC INFECTIONS the risk of developing cancer in pets as well as people.25
A well-balanced and positive emotional environment
Many diseases in birds, as in any other species, begin with
helps set the tone for health. Toxic conditions, such as
a suppressed immune system. The weakened immune
smoke, chemical products, strong aerosolized sprays and
system can be the result of physical or psychological con-
odors, should be avoided. Exposure to cooking in coated
ditions. The physical causes include poor genetic consti-
cookware or plastics should be minimized. Provide fresh,
tution, malnutrition, toxic agents or infectious debilita-
clean air in a well-ventilated room and natural unfiltered
tion. Psychological sources may be environmental stress, sunlight. Encourage the bird to fly and/or otherwise exer-
lack of socialization, sexual frustration and abuse or neg- cise.
lect. The course of disease when exposed to an infectious
agent is dependent on the stability of the immune system. Good nutrition with a wide variety of healthy foods and
a basis of an organic formulated diet should be pro-
Nutriceutical supplements can boost the immune system vided. A variety of organic foods should be offered,
by providing proper nutritional support and immune- including whole grains, raw fruits and vegetables. Foods
strengthening components. Apple cider vinegar and Aloe high in essential vitamins and minerals are often the
vera are two examples of nutritional supplements. same as those with good antioxidant and anticancer
Antioxidants boost the immune system by clearing free properties. These include certain vegetables such as
radicals that otherwise would cause tissue degradation asparagus, tomatoes, bell pepper, turnips, kale, cauli-
and immune suppression. These products can simply be flower and broccoli. Certain fruits also provide excellent
added to the drinking water or food on a daily basis. nutrients, including apples, cranberries, pomegranate,
Aloe vera and most antioxidants can be given as contin- cherry, fig, grapes and mango. Foods rich in fiber and
uous daily supplements, whereas apple cider vinegar is antioxidants are recommended to fight off cancer and
best administered for up to 2 weeks or as needed. support the body’s immune system.29 Excellent foods to
include in a diet for cancer patients include Spirulina
Several Western herbs are effective immune boosters.
spp, kelp, garlic, onions, tumeric and parsley.25 Foods to
Certain herbs specifically boost the patient’s immune avoid include white flour, sugar, meats, fats and dairy
system, such as Spirulina sp. and pau d arco. Other products. The diet also should minimize salt intake and
herbs support the immune system through their antimi- excessive vitamin and mineral supplementation.
crobial properties. Herbs with antimicrobial effects
include echinacea spp, goldenseal, Oregon grape and Herbs assist the body in fighting cancer by providing
olive leaf.29 These are often used in combination with tonic support of organs and systems. Herbal formula-
other herbs as formulations. Certain Chinese herbs pos- tions that support the liver, kidneys and lymphatics help
sess immune-stimulating properties and antimicrobial strengthen the immune system by cleansing the body of
effects, including Huang Lian Jie Du Tang (Coptis and toxins and metabolic waste products.29 The classic Essiac
Scute) and Yin Qiao San (Lonicera and Forsythia and Hoxsey formulas were designed for this purpose.
Formula).15 These formulations likely have changed over the years,
but still contain an array of alterative and cholagogue
The energetic modalities such as acupuncture and herbs primed to cleanse the body, improve digestion
homeopathy have strong immune-modulating effects. and eliminate waste products.
These therapies treat at the deep energetic level of the
patient to boost its innate immune response. As a result, Some notable individual herbs with strong anticancer
the immune-stabilizing effects are stronger and longer effects include red clover, burdock root and dandelion
lasting (see Table 10.1 for specific acupuncture points root. Red clover is an effective anticancer herb; it inhibits
and Table 10.4 for homeopathic remedies in birds). the activity of carcinogenic compounds, improves blood
Chapter 10 | I N T E G R A T I V E T H E R A P I E S
363
structure and strengthens lymphatic functions.29 Liver-sup- Anticancer herbal formulations should be individualized
portive herbs useful in fighting cancers include yellow for each cancer patient, based on their specific cancer
dock and milk thistle. Yellow dock serves as a strong liver and the debilitating effects on the body. A typical herbal
stimulant, while milk thistle protects the liver from harm- formulation usually contains three to five herbs. An
ful by-products of the cancer or cancer therapy. Diuretic example of a general tonic anticancer support formula-
herbs like dandelion leaf and nettle aid in removal of sys- tion consists of 2 parts red clover, 1 part astragalus, 1
part dandelion root and 1 part garlic.29 This formula,
temic waste through the kidneys and urinary tract. Herbs
which can easily be adjusted for the particular patient or
that assist toxic waste removal by soothing and protecting
condition, provides good systemic support, immunos-
the mucus membranes of the urinary and digestive tracts
timulation and cleansing properties.
include slippery elm, marshmallow, flaxseed, psyllium and
plantain. Finally, immunostimulant herbs that strengthen Nutriceuticals are common among the anticancer reme-
the cancer patient’s immune response include astragalus dies on the market for pets and people. Inositol with IP-
and garlic. 6k is a classic example of a nutriceutical product shown
Herbal Database
www.herbmed.org
364 C l i n i c a l Av i a n M e d i c i n e - Vo l u m e I
to fight cancer by stimulation of the body’s natural killer Products Mentioned in the Text
cell activity.30 Antioxidants are popular additions to holis- a. Parrot-specific Lactobacillus (Munich), www.janezek.de
b. Rescue Remedy, Bach Flower Remedies Ltd, Nelson Bach USA Ltd,
tic cancer therapies because of the stabilizing effects on Wilmington, MA 01887, USA
c. Ultraclear, Metagenics, 1152 Ensell Rd, Lake Zurich, IL 60047, USA,
the patient’s tissues produced through the scavenging of www.metagenics.com
free radicals. Antioxidants can be in the gentle form of d. Avian Enzyme, HBD International Inc, Brentwood, TN, USA,
www.harrisonsbirdfoods.com
vitamin C or the very potent form of proanthocyanidins e. Ultraclear Plus, Metagenics, 1152 Ensell Rd, Lake Zurich, IL 60047, USA,
such as grape seed extract or pycnogenol. Certain mush- www.metagenics.com
f. Livaplex, Standard Process, PO Box 904, Palmyra, WI 53156, USA,
rooms also have shown potential in the treatment of www.standardprocess.com
g. Lipogen, Metagenics, 1152 Ensell Rd, Lake Zurich, IL 60047, USA,
cancer, including Reishi, Maitake and Shiitake.25 www.metagenics.com
Coenzyme Q10 and N,N Dimethylglycine (DMG) are h. Arginex, Standard Process, PO Box 904, Palmyra, WI 53156, USA,
www.standardprocess.com
examples of immune-stimulating nutriceuticals with i. Renatrophin, Standard Process, PO Box 904, Palmyra, WI 53156, USA,
www.standardprocess.com
potential use in cancer therapy.14 These products also are j. Renagen, Metagenics, 1152 Ensell Rd, Lake Zurich, IL 60047, USA,
effective in the treatment of chronic diseases, which www.metagenics.com
k. Cellular Forte, Phytopharmica, Integrative Therapeutics, 9775 SW
debilitate the body’s innate healing process. Commerce Circle, Suite A-6, Wilsonville, OR 97070, USA, www.phy-
topharmica.com
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