DUHOK POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF TECHNICAL ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF PETROCHEMICAL

((DENSITY AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY))

LAWEN JALAL M.
FLUID MECHANICS
Practical
Group B
Report No. 1
INTRODUCTION

Density is defined as the mass per unit volume of a substance, and it is a

physical property of matter. A physical property can be measured without
changing the chemical identity of the substance. Since pure substances
have unique density values, measuring the density of a substance can
help identify that substance.
Density is determined by dividing the mass of a substance by its volume
The units of density are commonly expressed as g/cm3 or Kg/m3 for
solids, g/mL for liquids, and g/L for gases.
Density is also an intensive property of matter. This means that the value
of density is independent of the quantity of matter present. For example,
the density of a gold coin and a gold statue are the same, even though
the gold statue consists of the greater quantity of gold. This is in contrast
to extensive properties, like volume (the amount of space occupied by
matter), which depend of the quantity of mater present. The more matter
present, the larger the volume.
Specific gravity or relative is the ratio of the density of the fluid to the
density of water. Specific gravity can be determined directly from the
density of a liquid as measured divided by density water.
PROCEDURES

DENSITY OF A LIQUID
Mass a clean, dry 100 ml beaker, Measure tap water in a graduated
cylinder and carefully pour the water into the cylinder. Mass the beaker
and water (dry all spills on the balance). Dry the beaker and repeat steps
for precise measures.

DENSITY OF A CYLINDER
We recorded the masses of the cylinders on the analytical balance. We
used these masses throughout the experiment. We measured the
diameter and length of cylinder using the Vernier calipers. Recorded the
values. Determined the density of the cylinder.

DENSITY OF A SOLID
We obtain a solid sample from the instructor then we weighted the solid
sample directly on balance and we recorded the mass of the solid
material. Then we get graduated cylinder from the instructor and we put
approximately (225 ml) of water (V1), then we put our solid material softly
inside cylinder which is water in it, then we read the volume of water (V2)
and recorded the readings.

MATERIAL USES
Solid and liquid :-

cylinder Volumetric flask Weighting balance Vernier caliper

CONCLUTION

The procedure for determining the density of a given material

changes depending on the type of material being used. A
geometric formula is used to determine the density of a
regularly shaped solid. Every regularly shaped solid has a
corresponding geometric formula that calculates density
regardless of the dimensions of the regularly shaped solid, In the
lab, the regularly shaped solid was a cylindrically shaped steel
alloy (letter A), so the geometric formula used to calculate
density was D=mass/ (π r2 h).
The density of a liquid is determined using direct measurements.
By using direct measurements, the experimental density of the
unknown liquid in the lab.

DISCUSSION
1.What property of oil makes it float on water?

Oil is less dense than water therefore it can float on water. The density is a
factor here. Oil should be less dense than water than in order for it to
float on water.
2.Why would heating the gas in an air balloon make the balloon rise?

As air is heated, it becomes less dense than the surrounding cooler air.
3.What is the difference between density and specific gravity?

One is a ratio of the other. Specific gravity is a measure of a density.

4.How does a graph help us interpret scientific data?

It allows you to see a change in the data and use it to predict possible
changes.
5.An object made of aluminum has a mass of 8.37 g. When it was placed
in a graduated cylinder containing 20.0 mL of water, the water level rose
to 23.1 mL. Calculate the density and specific gravity of the object.

23.1 mL – 20.0 mL = 3.1 = volume of the object D = 8.37 g/ 3.1 mL = 2.7

g/mL the density of the object
Specific Gravity = 1
6.What is the mass of a solution that has a density of 0.775 g/mL and a
volume of 50.0 mL?

Density = mass / volume 0.775 g/mL = mass / 50.0 mL

The mass of the solution is 38.75 grams.

7.What is the volume of a solution that has a specific gravity of 1.2 and a
mass of 185 g?
1.2 * 185 = 222 mL volume of solution
8.If we have salt water and fresh water in one container which one of
them will float above the other?

The fresh water float above cause it is less dense than salt water, When
salt is dissolved in water, as it is in ocean water, that dissolved salt adds to
the mass of the water and makes the water denser than it would be
without salt.
9.If we heated fresh water to 80 °C, is the density is becomes higher or
lower than it value at standard conditions?

When the water is heated, the water less dense than the cold water, the
molecules in the hot water are moving faster and are a little farther apart
than the molecules in cold water.
10.If we heated the liquid is the specific gravity is increased or decreased
with temperature rise?

It depends on the material. With most solids and gases, SG decreases with
temperature, because materials expand. A notable exception is water,
which attains a maximum density at 4 C, then expands as temperature
falls.