Outline

• Ventilation
• Pressure and sequence of breathing
Respiration: II and III • Respiratory volume and capacity
• External and internal respiration
11/25/09 • Transport of gases by blood

• Control of breathing
• Homeostatic imbalances

Pulmonary ventilation
Pressure background
(breathing)
2 phases • Atmosphere pressure = 760 mm Hg = 1 atm
1. inspiration: air flowing to lungs • Boyle’s law
2. expiration: air flowing out of lungs volume = pressure
Depends on pressure
volume = pressure

• Volume change  pressure change 

gas flow to equalize pressure

1
 Pressure for breathing Sequence of breathing
• Intrapulmonary pressure (Ppul): in aveoli Inspiration 0
• Intrapleural pressure (Pip): in pleural cavity 1. muscles contract, ribs rise,
Atmospheric pressure
diaphragm descends
Parietal pleura
Thoracic wall Visceral pleura
Pleural cavity 2. thoracic cavity volume increases
-1
= 4 mm Hg Ppul - Pip: 3. lung volume increases
prevents lung 4. intrapulmonary pressure decreases
756
Intrapleural collapse
760 pressure (-1 mm Hg)
756 mm Hg
(–4 mm Hg) 5. air flows IN until gradient is 0
Lung Intrapulmonary
Diaphragm pressure 760 mm Hg
(0 mm Hg)

Fig. 22.12 Fig. 22.13

Sequence of breathing Respiratory Volume

Amount of air moving in and out of the lungs
Expiration 0 4 types:
1. muscles relax, ribs descend, 1. tidal (TV): normal (500mL)
diaphragm rises 2. inspiratory reserve (IRV): forced inspired
2. thoracic cavity volume decreases 3. expiratory reserve (ERV): forced expired
+1
3. lung volume decreases 4. residual (RV): remaining air
4. intrapulmonary pressure increases
(+1 mm Hg)
5. air flows OUT until gradient is 0

Fig. 22.13 Fig. 22.16

2
 Respiratory Capacities Gas Exchange
A combination of respiratory volumes:
Total lung capacity (TLC) = TV + IRC + ERV + RV
External respiration Internal respiration
• Aveoli of lungs with • Capillaries with tissue
Vital capacity (VC) = TV + IRV + ERV
capillaries • O2 in
Inspiratory capacity (IC) = TV + IRV
• O2 in • CO2 out
Functional residual capacity (FRC) = ERV + RV
• CO2 out

Fig. 22.17
Fig. 22.16

Basic laws of gases External respiration

1. Dalton’s law of partial pressure
Total pressure = sum of partial pressures
exerted by each gas
Ie. 760 mm Hg = PN2 + PO2 + PCO2 + PH2O
O2 & CO2 movement across respiratory membrane
Due to 3 factors:
1. partial pressure gradient and solubility
Fig. 22.16

= 78.6% + 20.9% + 0.04% + 0.46% PCO2 PO2

2. Henry’s law Aveoli of
lungs 40 104 mm Hg
Gas in contact with liquid will dissolve
according to its partial pressure aveoli
Blood 45 40 mm Hg
Gas solubility: ability of gas to dissolve in liquid blood
Gas flows from higher to lower partial pressure

3
 External respiration External respiration
O2 & CO2 movement across respiratory membrane O2 & CO2 movement across respiratory membrane

2. ventilation - perfusion coupling 3. Thickness and surface area

ventilation: amount of gas in aveoli 0.5 – 1 µm thick
perfusion: blood flow reaching aveoli 300 million aveoli
match (couple):
ventilation
PO2  arterioles constrict
_ perfusion
Fig. 22.19

Internal respiration Transport of gases by blood

O2 & CO2 movement btwn capillaries and tissues Oxygen:
• Carrier: Hemoglobin (Hb) RBC
Partial pressure gradient and solubility
• Main factor: pressure Hb

PCO2 PO2 PO2: Hb binds O2, 1  4 O2 – Hb

% O2 saturation of Hb

dissociation curve
blood • Other factors:
40 100 mm Hg
temperature = affinity
tissue >45 <40 mm Hg pH = affinity
Fig. 22.16

Fig. 22.20 PO2

4
 Transport of gases by blood Summary
CO2: • Breathing occurs in inspiration and
• 3 Carriers: expiration sequences which depend on
1) Plasma globin pressure.
2) Hb • Respiration volume and capacity describe
3) Bicarbonate ion air movement during breathing.
Carbonic • External and internal respiration of O2 and
anhydrase
CO2 + H2O H2CO3 H+ + HCO3- CO2 are controlled by basic laws of gas.
- blood pH • O2 and CO2 are transported by blood.
- affects O2 binding

Outline Neural control

Control of breathing • Medulla and Pons
1) VRG: rhythm of breathing
Neural Pontine
respiratory
2) DRG: integrate peripheral center
Chemical sensory information
Pons
3) Pontine respiratory center: Medulla

(pneumotaxic center) VRG

modifies rhythm of VRG DRG
Homeostatic imbalances of respiration
External
intercostals

Diaphragm

Fig. 22.23

5
 Chemical control Chemical control
• Level of CO2, O2 and H+ • Hering Breuer Reflex (inflation reflex)
• Chemoreceptors: aortic and carotid bodies, medulla – Lung stretches
PCO2 (hypercapnia, hypoventilation)  ventilation – Stretch receptors in lungs activated
– Medulla activated
PCO2 (hypocapnia, hyperventilation)  ventilation – End inspiration, start expiration

PO2  ventilation

Fig. 22.24, 25

Homeostatic imbalances of Homeostatic imbalances of

respiratory system respiratory system

• Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): • Asthma: inflammation of airways, immune

– Inability to force air out of lung response, reversible
– Irreversible
• Tuberculosis: bacterial infection, destroys
– Ie. emphysema: swollen aveoli, no elasticity
aveoli
chronic bronchitis: excessive mucus
• Lung cancer

6
 Summary
• Breathing is controlled neurally by the
medulla and pons and chemically by
chemoreceptors.
• Disorders of the respiratory system are
largely caused by smoking.