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Energy Quality Improvement of PV Grid

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 2nd International Conference on Automatic control, Telecommunications and Signals (ICATS15)
University BADJI Mokhtar - Annaba - Algeria - December 11-12, 2017

Energy Quality Improvement of PV Grid Connected

System Associated with Active Power Filter Based on
Fuzzy-Predictive Direct Power Control
Sabir ouchen Achour Betka Jean Paul GAUBERT
Electrical engineering department Electrical engineering department Laboratory of Computer Science and
LGEB laboratory Biskra LGEB laboratory Biskra Automatic Control for Systems (LIAS-
Biskra , Algeria Biskra , Algeria ENSIP), University of Poitiers France
Ouchen_sabir@yahoo.fr betkaachour@gmail.com jean.paul.gaubert@univ-poitiers.fr

Sabrina Abdeddaim Mehdi sellali

Electrical engineering department Electrical engineering department
LGEB laboratory Biskra LGEB laboratory Biskra
Biskra , Algeria Biskra , Algeria
s_abdeddaim@yahoo.fr sellalimehdi7@gmail.com

Abstract— Predictive control is a very large control
category. It has found a fairly current application
in the mastery and the control of power converters.
This paper presents a simulation study which includes
a control strategy to improve the performance of a double
stage photovoltaic system connected to the network
associate with shunt active power filter. A predictive direct
control power is proposed to compensate the reactive
power and to inject the active power into the network.
A fuzzy logic algorithm is also proposed to track
the maximum power point (MPP) of photovoltaic
generator. The results show that the control strategies
applied on the proposed system provide fast and high
performances under different irradiation conditions.
Furthermore, the controllers have presented a flexible
settlement of amounts of active power exchanged between
the PV system and the grid under a unite power factor
and a low total harmonic distortion that meets to the IEEE
Standard 519-1992.
Keywords— PV Grid connected; fuzzy logic control; predictive
direct power control; maximum power point.
I. INTRODUCTION
Nowadays, at the current rate of consumption of energy
resources, the deposits of fossil fuels (coal, oil and gas)
and fissile (uranium) represent only a few decades. In these
times, when the energy becomes a major challenge, both
economically and ecologically, the situation is even more
alarming that energy demand is growing [1].
Renewable energies offer undeniable benefits for the
environment and security of supply. They emit little
greenhouse gases compared to fossil fuels. Among these
source, photovoltaics is positioned as a solution to the
depletion of fossil energy resources[2].
From the moment that the exposure of the photovoltaic panels
of a nonlinear P-V characteristic curve which is variable with
the temperature and irradiance conditions.
The methods to attain the surveillance of maximum power
tracking Point Tracking (MPPT) is a very significant
technology [pso1]. Recently, numerous MPPT techniques have
been suggested, the majority of these techniques can be
grouped into two types: off-line and on-line approaches.
Offline or indirect technique such as open-circuit voltage
(OCV) [3], and short-circuit current [4] . It’s called by this
name because the PV panel must be disconnected from the
system to measure the parameters such as short-circuit the open
or circuit voltage. Online or direct technique such as perturb
and observe (P&O)[5], incremental conductance (IC) [6],
because they use the instant output current or/and voltage of
the PV panel during its operation.
Due to drawbacks of conventional MPPT algorithms, many
algorithms and artificial intelligence techniques have been
proposed to cover the old flaws. These new MPPT algorithms
which their principle is taken from biological structure and
nature have been developed to magnify output power from PV
array. As an example, one can cite: artificial neural
network(ANN) , genetic algorithm (GA)[7] and particle swarm
optimization (PSO) [8]. In addition to that, the fuzzy logic
controller (FLC) [9] that is used in the present work, which is
widely used recently.
 on the other hand, due to the growth of development in the A. PV panel modelling
fields of power electronics, intensive use of non-linear loads
caused serious disturbances, such as harmonics, unbalanced The operation of a photovoltaic module is described by the
currents, etc., injected into the electrical grid. standard model for a diode, sets by Schockley for a single PV
cell, is generalized to a PV module by considering it as a set of
Recently the active power filters are one of the most identical cells connected in parallel or / and in series [14].
solution proposed for the problem caused by the harmonics.
The SAPF injects the compensation current to the PCC
to cancel the harmonics and to make the sinusoidal source
current. to ensure proper operation of the different filter
control strategy are proposed such as: direct power control
DPC [10],[11], DPC-SVM[12] , DPC predictive [13]
The present paper is focused in two sections: The extraction
of the maximum PV-power by using a fuzzy logic MPPT
algorithm, predictive direct power control for the SAPF in
order to eliminate the undesirable harmonics on the grid side.
The rest of this paper is planned as follows: In section two, Fig.2: Model of a photovoltaic panel
explicit description of the system is specified, and also
modeling of the various proposed control techniques According to the circuit Fig.2 we have:
are proposed. To test the effectiveness of these approaches, I PV  I PH  I D  I SH (1)
section three displays and comments the obtained results.
Finally, section four give to this study. (VPV  RS I PV ) VPV  RS I PV
I PV  I PH  I 0 [(exp(q )  1]  (2)
nKT RSH
II. SYSTEM DESIGN AND MODELING
The global system is made up of four main blocks: the first The shunt resistance is big and it can be disregard in the
is the three phases network. The second is the nonlinear load mathematical model (Rsh≅0), Based on this hypothesis,
with a three phases rectifier uncontrolled, inductance (LL) the current of PV module with N cells connected in series
and resistance (RL). The third is a PV system which consists given by the equation below:
of a GPV that represents the solar power source, the DC-DC (VPV  RS I PV )
boost converter; the main role of this static converter is to make I PV  I PH  I 0 [(exp(q )  1] (3)
nKT
an impedance matching so that the panel delivers maximum
energy by using a fuzzy logic MPPT controller (FLC). 1. Fuzzy logic MPPT controller
The fourth is a shunt active filter, it consists of a P-DPC for the Recently, the Fuzzy Logic MPPT has used increasingly
inverter which has two main roles: the first one is combining for the photovoltaics systems [6], this command offers
between the network and the PV system through a filter Lf and the advantage of being robust and relatively simple to develop
the second is to compensate the harmonics and reactive power. control and it does not require cognition of the exact model
Finally, the PI regulator is there to control DC bus voltage regulate. The establishment of a fuzzy logic controller (FLC)
to ensure the best transfer of energy from GPV system is realized in three essential steps, which are: fuzzification,
to the network as showing in fig.1 inference with rule bases, and defuzzification [1], as shown
in Fig 3 :

Fig.3: Principal of fuzzy logic MPPT controller

During the fuzzification, the digital input variables

are converted to variable Linguistics which may be take
the following seven values: NB: NegativeBig, NM: Negative
Fig.1: Block diagram of the configuration studied Medium, NS:Negative Small, ZE: Zero, PS: Positive Small,
PM: Positive Medium and PB: Positive Big.
The input parameters: e et ∆e are related to the following C. Predictive direct power control strategy
equations:
Predictive direct control power PDPC is proposed
Ppv ( n )  Ppv ( n  1) to improve the direct control power DPC, this strategy
e (4) was presented in [15] to control the three-phase rectifier
V pv ( n )  V pv ( n  1)
with two levels and three levels. The main idea is to minimize
e  e( n )  e( n  1) (5) a cost function, this function is based on the sum of quadratic
differences of active and reactive power and their predicted
Depending on their evolution and a truth table as shown
in Table I, is assigned a value to the output parameter Δα values. In order to develop predictive direct control algorithm
PDPC, it is necessary first to establish a predictive model
Table I: Rule base for the FLC controller of the three-phase voltage inverter controlled using active
Δe e NB NM NS ZE PS PM PB and reactive instantaneous power. The approach which leads
NB NB NB NB NB NM NS ZE to this aim is explained in the following steps [13]:
NM NB NB NB NM NS ZE PS If assuming that the sampling period Ts is sufficiently small
NS NB NB NM NS ZE PS PM relative to the period of the mains voltage (Ts << T), network
ZE NB NM NS ZE PS PM PB
components of the voltage vector, eαß Can be regarded
as constant during the sampling period. This assumption gives:
PS NM NS ZE PS PM PB PB
PM NS ZE PS PM PB PB PB e (k) = e (k+1)
α α (11)
PB ZE PS PM PB PB PB PB
The defuzzification, is to convert a linguistic variable
to variable digital. This step applies only to the variable output
Δ α, fig.3 present the membership functions of the input
and the output.
 m c(k ) * W  /  n W 
   
 k 1
k   k 
  k 1 
(6)

B. DC link Voltage controller

Fig.5: Synoptic of the P-DPC strategy

The variations in active and reactive power between
two consecutive sampling instants are given by the following
formula:
Fig.4: DC voltage control
P(k  1)  P(k)    e α (k) e (k)  i (k  1) -i (k)
α . α α
from Fig.4 we have: q(k  1)  q(k)  e (k) - e (k)  i (k  1) -i (k) 
(13)
β β  β β 
Vdc K p .s  K i K p C (Ki / K p )
  (7) Furthermore, the evolution of the current vector absorbed
C .s  K p .s  K i s  K p / C. s Ki / C
2 2
Vdc  ref by the voltage inverter is governed by the differential equation
of the first order:
From (7) we can see that Vdc / Vdc-ref is a second order
transfer function: d i α (t) eα (t)  vα (t) i α (t)
n
L
f          r. i (t)  (14)
dt iβ (t)   eβ (t)   vβ (t) 
2
Vdc
 (8) β 
s  2. .n .S   n
2
Vdc  ref
By neglecting the effect of the series resistance of the coupling
After matching between the two relations (7), (8) We get: inductance r, the equation (14) becomes as the following form:
K p  2. .n . C (9) d iα  1  eα    v α 

dt iβ  eβ   vβ  (15)
Ki  C.n L
2
(10) f
 20
by using a discretization of the first order of equation (15) over (a)
a sampling period Ts, then we obtain the variation of the vector 10

Is (A)
of currents between the two successive sampling instants "k"
0
and "(k + 1) ", which is expressed by the equation below:

i α (k  1)  i α (k)   Ts eα (k)   vα (k) (16)

-10

iβ (k  1)  iβ (k)  L eβ (k)   vβ (k)  -20

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6
f 100
(b)
By substituting the expression of the equation (16) into (13) we 50 100

Vs (V)
obtain the predictive model of the voltage inverter, based on
0 0
the instantaneous active and reactive powers, below

P(k  1)   P(k)  Ts  α  e α (k)  v α (k) 

-50 -100
e (k) e (k) 0.18 0.19 0.2 0.21 0.22 0.23 0.24
α
q(k  1)  q(k)  L eβ (k)  .  e β (k)  v β (k) 
- e (k)
(17) -100
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6
f
β t (S)
From the equation (17), it is notable that the coupling Fig.6 : Curent and voltage source under irradiance change
inductance Lf, and the sampling period Ts are the only
Fundamental (50Hz) = 10.14 , THD= 22.64%
parameters involved in this predictive model system. 10

8
100

90

Mag (% of Fundamental)
Ideally, the convergence of controlled active and reactive 6

4
80

powers to their instructions is reached if the following 2

70

Is (A)
60
0
condition is verified: -2
50

40


-4 30

P (k  1)  P(k  1)  0 -6

-8
20

10


(18) -10
0.1 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.16 0.17
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

q (k  1)  q(k  1)  0 t (S) Harmonic order

The Condition in equation (18) cannot be satisfied until Fig.7: source current and its spectrum before filtering
changes in active and reactive power during the switching 100
Fundamental (50Hz) = 10.25 , THD= 0.61%

period, take the following values: 10

Mag (% of Fundamental)
90

80

 
5
70

P ( k )  P (k  1)  P(k)
Is (A)

60

(19) 0
50

40

  -5 30

q ( k )  q (k  1)  q (k) 20

-10 10

The errors ε (k), ε (k) are defined as follows: 0.3 0.31 0.32 0.33

t (S)
0.34 0.35 0.36 0.37
0
0 2 4 6 8
Harmonic order
10 12 14 16 18 20

p q
Fig.8: source current and its spectrum after (b) filtering

ε (k)  P ( k )  ΔP Fundamental (50Hz) = 7.398 , THD= 0.84%
p i 8

i  0,1, .. , 6
100


(20) 6
90
Mag (% of Fundamental)

ε (k)  q ( k )  Δ q 4 80

q i 2
70
Is (A)

60
0
50

The cost function is defined as follows: -2 40

30
-4

2 2 20

F  ε (k)  ε (k) (21) -6

10

p q -8
0.5 0.51 0.52 0.53 0.54 0.55 0.56 0.57
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
t (S) Harmonic order
The predicted reference values P*(k+1) et q*(k+1) are Fig. 9: source current and its after introducing PV at 1000 W/m2
computed as follows: 200

P * ( k  1)  2.P * ( k )  P * ( k  1) 190

180
(22)
q * ( k  1)  q * ( k )
170
Vdc (V)

160

150

III. SIMULATION RESULTS 140

130
Vdc
To verify the performances and the feasibilities of the P-DPC 120

110
Vdc ref

proposal applied on the PV system connected with shunt active 100

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6

power filter, a model under Matlab\Simulink 2013 is developed t (S)

and many simulation tests have been performed. Fig.10 : Dc bus voltage under irradiance change
 2000
(a) 820 IV. CONCLUSION
P
1500 800 P ref In this paper, a simulation study on a PV grid connected system
P (W)

0.59 0.595 0.6 0.605 0.61 associated with an active parallel filter is achieved. The results
1000
attained approve the feasibility of the proposed configuration
and confirms various features affected to the system controlled
500
600
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 by fuzzy logic controls for the control of MPPT and the
(b) 2 q predictive DPC for the active filter. The control strategies
400 0 proved a permanent flowing of the maximum PV power
q (Var)

200
-2
0.59 0.595 0.6 0.605 0.61
0
-200
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
t (S)
Fig.11: Active and reactive power under irradiance change
The present study is divided into two modes: the first mode
contains just the operation of the active filter APF between
t = 0.2s and t = 0.4s, before the second mode contains all of the
active filter APF associated with the PV-grid system between
0.4s and 1.6 s.
A. First mode t[0.2-0.4]
After the launch of SAPF at t = 0.2 s, the current source
becomes purely sinusoidal with a total harmonic distortion
which varies from THDi=22.60% to THDi= 0.61% (Fig.7-8)
With a transient of ∆T = 40 ms before reaching the steady
state. The voltage at the DC bus joins its fixed reference
Vdc_ref = 173 V after a time ∆t= 60 ms, which gives a good
dynamic to the power control (Fig.10). The active power is
constant and closely follows its reference value(Fig.11-a).
However, the reactive power is zero on average, thus ensuring
a unit power factor operation (Fig.11-b).
B. Second mode t[0.4-1.6]
Fig.6-a, present the evolution of the source current during the
change of solar irradiance. the source current is quasi
sinusoidal with changes in amplitude according to each
variation of solar irradiance.
Fig.6-b, illustrate the voltage source, which keeps its form and
amplitude during all the changes of solar irradiance.
Fig.10, show that Vdc follows impeccably its reference (173 V),
add to that, a transition state is observed in t=0.8 s and t=1.2 s
resulting to the change in solar irradiance.
In figure.11, active and reactive powers track the trajectories
imposed by the control system. Between 0.2 s and 0.4 s the
voltage source provides all the power to the load (when the
irradiance is null). After that from 0.4 s to 1.6 s the PV system
and the voltage source inject the power to the non-linear load at
the same time. Through all these tests the reactive power is
zero, which insure a unit power factor operation.
From Fig.8, the total harmonic distortion (THD) is about
0.61%, meaning compliance with IEEE 519-1992 norm.
Additionally, it is remarked, that the adding of the PV system
increases slightly the THD factor (0.84%) but it is kept within
the tolerable range (Fig.9).
q ref
amounts, while the P-DPC strategy allowed to get a suitable
injection of this power into the grid and a compensation of
undesirable harmonic current, under an acceptable THD
1.4 1.6
compliance with IEEE 519-1992 norm and ensured unite
power factor.
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