Chapter 9

Hypothesis Tests

Learning Objectives

1. Learn how to formulate and test hypotheses about a population mean and/or a population proportion.

2. Understand the types of errors possible when conducting a hypothesis test.

3. Be able to determine the probability of making these errors in hypothesis tests.

4. Know how to compute and interpret p­values.

5. Be able to use critical values to draw hypothesis testing conclusions.

6. Be able to determine the size of a simple random sample necessary to keep the probability of 
hypothesis testing errors within acceptable limits.

7. Know the definition of the following terms:

null hypothesis two­tailed test
alternative hypothesis p­value
Type I error level of significance
Type II error critical value
one­tailed test power curve

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Chapter 9

Solutions:

1. a. H0:     600 Manager’s claim.

Ha:   >  600

b. We are not able to conclude that the manager’s claim is wrong.

c. The manager’s claim can be rejected.  We can conclude that   >  600.

2. a. H0:     14
Ha:   >  14 Research hypothesis

b. There is no statistical evidence that the new bonus plan increases sales volume.

c. The research hypothesis that   >  14 is supported.  We can conclude that the new bonus plan 
increases the mean sales volume.

3. a. H0:   =  32 Specified filling weight

Ha:     32 Overfilling or underfilling exists

b. There is no evidence that the production line is not operating properly.  Allow the production 
process to continue.

c. Conclude     32 and that overfilling or underfilling exists.  Shut down and adjust the production 
line.

4. a. H0:     220
Ha:   <  220 Research hypothesis to see if mean cost is less than $220.

b. We are unable to conclude that the new method reduces costs.

c. Conclude   <  220.  Consider implementing the new method based on the conclusion that it lowers 
the mean cost per hour.

5. a. Conclude that the population mean monthly cost of electricity in the Chicago neighborhood is 
greater than $104 and hence higher than in the comparable neighborhood in Cincinnati.

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 Hypothesis Tests

b. The Type I error is rejecting H0 when it is true. This error occurs if the researcher concludes that the 
population mean monthly cost of electricity is greater than $104  in the Chicago neighborhood when 
the population mean cost is actually less than or equal to $104.

c. The Type II error is accepting H0 when it is false.  This error occurs if the researcher concludes that 
the population mean monthly cost for the Chicago neighborhood is less than or equal to $104 when it
is not.

6. a. H0:     1 The label claim or assumption.

Ha:   >  1

b. Claiming   >  1 when it is not.  This is the error of rejecting the product’s claim when the claim is 
true.

c. Concluding     1 when it is not.  In this case, we miss the fact that the product is not meeting its 
label specification.

7. a. H0:     8000
Ha:   >  8000 Research hypothesis to see if the plan increases average sales.

b. Claiming   >  8000 when the plan does not increase sales.  A mistake could be implementing the 
plan when it does not help.

c. Concluding     8000 when the plan really would increase sales.  This could lead to not 
implementing a plan that would increase sales.

8. a. H0:     220
Ha:   <  220

b. Claiming   <  220 when the new method does not lower costs.  A mistake could be implementing 
the method when it does not help.

c. Concluding     220 when the method really would lower costs.  This could lead to not 
implementing a method that would lower costs.

x  0 19.4  20
z   2.12
9. a. / n 2 / 50

b. Lower tail p-value is the area to the left of the test statistic

Using normal table with z = -2.12: p-value =.0170

c. p­value  .05, reject H0 

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Chapter 9

d. Reject H0 if z  ­1.645

­2.12  ­1.645, reject H0

x  0 26.4  25
z   1.48
10. a. / n 6 / 40

b. Upper tail p-value is the area to the right of the test statistic

Using normal table with z = 1.48: p-value = 1.0000 - .9306 = .0694

c. p­value > .01, do not reject H0 

d. Reject H0 if z  2.33

1.48 < 2.33, do not reject H0

x  0 14.15  15
z   2.00
11. a. / n 3 / 50

b. Because z < 0, p-value is two times the lower tail area

Using normal table with z = -2.00: p-value = 2(.0228) = .0456

c. p­value  .05, reject H0 

d. Reject H0 if z  ­1.96 or z  1.96

­2.00  ­1.96, reject H0

x  0 78.5  80
z   1.25
12. a. / n 12 / 100

Lower tail p-value is the area to the left of the test statistic

Using normal table with z = -1.25: p-value =.1056

p­value > .01, do not reject H0 

x  0 77  80
z   2.50
b. / n 12 / 100

Lower tail p-value is the area to the left of the test statistic

Using normal table with z = -2.50: p-value =.0062

p­value  .01, reject H0 

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 Hypothesis Tests

x   0 75.5  80
z   3.75
c.  / n 12 / 100

Lower tail p-value is the area to the left of the test statistic

Using normal table with z = -3.75: p-value ≈ 0

p­value  .01, reject H0 

x  0 81  80
z   .83
d. / n 12 / 100

Lower tail p-value is the area to the left of the test statistic

Using normal table with z = .83: p-value =.7967

p­value > .01, do not reject H0 

13. Reject H0 if z  1.645

x  0 52.5  50
z   2.42
a. / n 8 / 60

2.42  1.645, reject H0 
x  0 51  50
z   .97
b.  / n 8 / 60

.97 < 1.645, do not reject H0 

x   0 51.8  50
z   1.74
c. / n 8 / 60

1.74  1.645, reject H0 

x  0 23  22
z   .87
14. a. / n 10 / 75

Because z > 0, p-value is two times the upper tail area

Using normal table with z = .87: p-value = 2(1 - .8078) = .3844

p­value > .01, do not reject H0 

x  0 25.1  22
z   2.68
b. / n 10 / 75

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Chapter 9

Because z > 0, p-value is two times the upper tail area

Using normal table with z = 2.68: p-value = 2(1 - .9963) = .0074

p­value  .01, reject H0 

x  0 20  22
z   1.73
c.  / n 10 / 75

Because z < 0, p-value is two times the lower tail area

Using normal table with z = -1.73: p-value = 2(.0418) = .0836

p­value > .01, do not reject H0 

15. a. H0:   

Ha:  < 1056

x  0 910  1056
z   1.83
b.  / n 1600 / 400

Lower tail p-value is the area to the left of the test statistic

Using normal table with z = -1.83: p-value =.0336

c. p­value  .05, reject H0. Conclude the mean refund of “last minute” filers is less than $1056.

d. Reject H0 if z  ­1.645

­1.83  ­1.645, reject H0

16. a. H0:    3173

Ha:  > 3173

x  0 3325  3173
z   2.04
b. / n 1000 / 180

p-value = 1.0000 - .9793 = .0207

c. p-value < .05. Reject H0. The current population mean credit card balance for undergraduate
students has increased compared to the previous all-time high of $3173 reported in April 2009.

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 Hypothesis Tests

17. a. H0:    24.57

Ha:    24.57

x  0 23.89  24.57
z   1.55
b. / n 2.4 / 30

Because z < 0, p-value is two times the lower tail area

Using normal table with z = -1.55: p-value = 2(.0606) = .1212

c. p­value > .05, do not reject H0. We cannot conclude that the population mean hourly wage for 

manufacturing workers differs significantly from the population mean of $24.57 for the goods­

producing industries.

d. Reject H0 if z  ­1.96 or z  1.96

z = ­1.55; cannot reject H0.  The conclusion is the same as in part (c). 

18. a. H0:    4.1

Ha:    4.1

x  0 3.4  4.1
z   2.21
b. / n 2 / 40

Because z < 0, p-value is two times the lower tail area

Using normal table with z = -2.21: p-value = 2(.0136) = .0272

c. p­value = .0272 < .05

  Reject H0 and conclude that the return for Mid­Cap Growth Funds differs significantly from that for 
U.S. Diversified funds. 

19. H0:  ≥ 12

Ha:  < 12

x 
z 0  10  12  1.77
 n 8 50

p-value is the area in the lower tail

Using normal table with z = -1.77: p-value = .0384

p-value  .05, reject H0. Conclude that the actual mean waiting time is significantly less than the
claim of 12 minutes made by the taxpayer advocate.

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Chapter 9

20. a. H0:    32.79

Ha:   < 32.79

x  0 30.63  32.79
z   2.73
/ n 5.6 50
b.

c. Lower tail p-value is area to left of the test statistic.

Using normal table with z = -2.73: p-value = .0032.

d. p-value �.01; reject H 0 . Conclude that the mean monthly internet bill is less in the southern state.

21. a. H0:    15

Ha:   > 15

x  17  15
z   2.96
b. / n 4 / 35

c. Upper tail p-value is the area to the right of the test statistic

Using normal table with z = 2.96: p-value = 1.0000 - .9985 = .0015

d. p­value   .01; reject H0; the premium rate should be charged.

22.  a. H0:    8

Ha:    8

x  8.4  8.0
z   1.37
b.  / n 3.2 / 120

Because z > 0, p-value is two times the upper tail area

Using normal table with z = 1.37: p-value = 2(1 - .9147) = .1706

c. p­value > .05; do not reject H0. Cannot conclude that the population mean waiting time differs from 
8 minutes.

x  z.025 ( / n )
d.

8.4 ± 1.96 (3.2 / 120)

8.4 ± .57 (7.83 to 8.97)

Yes;    8 is in the interval. Do not reject H0.

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 Hypothesis Tests

x  0 14  12
t   2.31
23.   a. s/ n 4.32 / 25

b. Degrees of freedom = n – 1 = 24

Upper tail p-value is the area to the right of the test statistic

Using t table: p-value is between .01 and .025

Exact p-value corresponding to t = 2.31 is .0149

c. p­value  .05, reject H0.

d. With df = 24, t.05 = 1.711

Reject H0 if t  1.711

2.31 > 1.711, reject H0.

x  0 17  18
t   1.54
24.  a. s/ n 4.5 / 48  

b. Degrees of freedom = n – 1 = 47

Because t < 0, p-value is two times the lower tail area

Using t table: area in lower tail is between .05 and .10; therefore, p-value is between .10 and .20.

Exact p-value corresponding to t = -1.54 is .1303

c. p­value > .05, do not reject H0.

d. With df = 47, t.025 = 2.012

Reject H0 if t  ­2.012 or t  2.012

t = ­1.54; do not reject H0

x  0 44  45
t   1.15
25.  a. s/ n 5.2 / 36  

Degrees of freedom = n – 1 = 35

Lower tail p-value is the area to the left of the test statistic

Using t table: p-value is between .10 and .20

Exact p-value corresponding to t = -1.15 is .1290

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Chapter 9

p­value > .01, do not reject H0

x  0 43  45
t   2.61
b. s/ n 4.6 / 36  

Lower tail p-value is the area to the left of the test statistic

Using t table: p-value is between .005 and .01

Exact p-value corresponding to t = -2.61 is .0066

p­value  .01, reject H0

x  0 46  45
t   1.20
c. s/ n 5 / 36  

Lower tail p-value is the area to the left of the test statistic

Using t table: p-value is between .80 and .90

Exact p-value corresponding to t = 1.20 is .8809

p­value > .01, do not reject H0

x  0 103  100
t   2.10
26. a. s/ n 11.5 / 65  

Degrees of freedom = n – 1 = 64

Because t > 0, p-value is two times the upper tail area

Using t table; area in upper tail is between .01 and .025; therefore, p-value is between .02 and .05.

Exact p-value corresponding to t = 2.10 is .0397

p­value  .05, reject H0

x  0 96.5  100
t   2.57
b. s/ n 11/ 65  

Because t < 0, p-value is two times the lower tail area

Using t table: area in lower tail is between .005 and .01; therefore, p-value is between .01 and .02.

Exact p-value corresponding to t = -2.57 is .0125

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 Hypothesis Tests

p­value  .05, reject H0

x  0 102  100
t   1.54
c. s/ n 10.5 / 65  

Because t > 0, p-value is two times the upper tail area

Using t table: area in upper tail is between .05 and .10; therefore, p-value is between .10 and .20.

Exact p-value corresponding to t = 1.54 is .1285

p­value > .05, do not reject H0

27. a. H0:     238

Ha:   <  238

x  0 231  238
t   .88
b. s/ n 80 / 100

Degrees of freedom = n – 1 = 99

Lower tail p-value is the area to the left of the test statistic

Using t table: p-value is between .10 and .20

Exact p-value corresponding to t = -.88 is .1905

c. p­value > .05; do not reject H0. Cannot conclude mean weekly benefit in Virginia is less than the 
national mean.

d. df = 99 t.05 =  ­1.66

Reject H0 if t  ­1.66

­.88 > ­1.66; do not reject H0

28. a. H0:     9

Ha:   <  9

x  0 7.27  9
t   2.50
b. s/ n 6.38 / 85

Degrees of freedom = n – 1 = 84

Lower tail p-value is P(t ≤ -2.50)

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Chapter 9

Using t table: p-value is between .005 and .01

Exact p-value corresponding to t = -2.50 is .0072

c. p­value  .01; reject H0. The mean tenure of a CEO is significantly lower than 9 years.  The claim of 
the shareholders group is not valid.

29. a. H0:  = 90,000

Ha:   90,000

x  0 85, 272  90, 000.00

t   2.14
b. s/ n 11, 039.23 / 25

Degrees of freedom = n – 1 = 24

Because t < 0, p-value is two times the lower tail area

Using t table: area in lower tail is between .01 and .025; therefore, p-value is between .02 and .05.

Exact p-value corresponding to t = -2.14 is .0427

c. p­value  .05; reject H0. The mean  annual administrator salary in Ohio differs significantly from the 
national mean annual salary.

d. df = 24 t.025 =  2.064

Reject H0 if t < ­2.064 or t > 2.064

­2.14 < ­2.064; reject H0.    The conclusion is the same as in part (c).

30. a. H0:  = 6.4

Ha:   6.4

b. Using Excel or Minitab, we find   x  7.0 and s = 2.4276

x  0 7.0  6.4
t   1.56
s/ n 2.4276 / 40

df = n ­ 1 = 39

Because t > 0, p-value is two times the upper tail area at t = 1.56

Using t table: area in upper tail is between .05 and .10; therefore, p-value is between .10 and .20.

Exact p-value corresponding to t = 1.56 is .1268

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 Hypothesis Tests

c. Most researchers would choose  a  .10 or less.  If you chose  a = .10 or less, you cannot reject H0. 

You are unable to conclude that the population mean number of hours married men with children in 
your area spend in child care differs from the mean reported by Time.

31. H0:   423

Ha:  > 423

x  0 460.4  423.0
t   2.20
s/ n 101.9 / 36

Degrees of freedom = n ­ 1 = 35
Upper tail p-value is the area to the right of the test statistic

Using t table: p-value is between .01 and .025.

Exact p-value corresponding to t = 2.02 is .0173

Because p­value = .0173 < α, reject H0; Atlanta customers have a higher annual rate of consumption 
of Coca Cola beverages. 

32. a. H0:  = 10,192

Ha:   10,192

x  0 9750  10,192
t   2.23
b. s/ n 1400 / 50
Degrees of freedom = n – 1 = 49

Because t < 0, p-value is two times the lower tail area

Using t table: area in lower tail is between .01 and .025; therefore, p-value is between .02 and .05.

Exact p-value corresponding to t = -2.23 is .0304

c. p­value  .05; reject H0. The population mean price at this dealership differs from the national mean 
price $10,192.

33. a. H0:   21.6

Ha:  > 21.6

b. 24.1 – 21.6 = 2.5 gallons

x  0 24.1  21.6
t   2.08
c. s/ n 4.8 / 16

Degrees of freedom = n – 1 = 15

Upper tail p-value is the area to the right of the test statistic

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Chapter 9

Using t table: p-value is between .025 and .05

Exact p-value corresponding to t = 2.08 is .0275

d. p­value  .05; reject H0. The population mean consumption of milk in Webster City is greater than 
the National mean.

34. a. H0:  = 2

Ha:   2

xi 22
x   2.2
b. n 10

  xi  x 
2

s  .516
c. n 1

x  0 2.2  2
t   1.22
d. s/ n .516 / 10

Degrees of freedom = n ­ 1 = 9

Because t > 0, p-value is two times the upper tail area

Using t table: area in upper tail is between .10 and .20; therefore, p-value is between .20 and .40.

Exact p-value corresponding to t = 1.22 is .2535

e. p­value > .05; do not reject H0. No reason to change from the 2 hours for cost estimating purposes.

p  p0 .175  .20
z   1.25
p0 (1  p0 ) .20(1  .20)
35. a. n 400

b. Because z < 0, p-value is two times the lower tail area

Using normal table with z = -1.25: p-value = 2(.1056) = .2112

c. p­value > .05; do not reject H0

d. z.025 = 1.96

Reject H0 if z  ­1.96 or z  1.96

z =   1.25; do not reject H0

9 ­ 14
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 Hypothesis Tests

p  p0 .68  .75
z   2.80
p0 (1  p0 ) .75(1  .75)
36. a. n 300

Lower tail p-value is the area to the left of the test statistic

Using normal table with z = -2.80: p-value =.0026

p-value  .05; Reject H0 

.72  .75
z  1.20
.75(1  .75)
b. 300

Lower tail p-value is the area to the left of the test statistic

Using normal table with z = -1.20: p-value =.1151

p-value > .05; Do not reject H0
.70  .75
z  2.00
.75(1  .75)
c. 300

Lower tail p-value is the area to the left of the test statistic

Using normal table with z = -2.00: p-value =.0228

p-value  .05; Reject H0

.77  .75
z  .80
.75(1  .75)
d. 300

Lower tail p-value is the area to the left of the test statistic

Using normal table with z = .80: p-value =.7881

p-value > .05; Do not reject H0

37. a. H0: p  .125
Ha: p > .125

52
p  .13
b. 400

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Chapter 9

p  p0 .13  .125
z   .30
p0 (1  p0 ) .125(1  .125)
n 400

Upper tail p-value is the area to the right of the test statistic

Using normal table with z = .30: p-value = 1.0000 - .6179 = .3821

c. p­value > .05; do not reject H0. We cannot conclude that there has been an increase in union 
membership.
 
38. a. H0: p  .64
Ha: p  .64

52
p  .52
b. 100

p  p0 .52  .64
z   2.50
p0 (1  p0 ) .64(1  .64)
n 100

Because z < 0, p-value is two times the lower tail area

Using normal table with z = -2.50: p-value = 2(.0062) = .0124

c. p­value  .05; reject H0. Proportion differs from the reported .64.

d. Yes. Since  p = .52, it indicates that fewer than 64% of the shoppers believe the supermarket brand is
as good as the name brand.

39. a. H0: p  .75

Ha: p  .75

85
p  .85
b. 30 – 49 Age Group   100

p  p0 .85  .75
z   2.31
p0 (1  p0 ) .75(1  .75)
n 100

Because z > 0, p-value is two times the upper tail area

Using normal table with z = 2.31: p-value = 2(.0104) = .0208

Reject H0.  Conclude that the proportion of users in the 30 – 49 age group is higher than the overall 
proportion of .75.

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 Hypothesis Tests

144
p  .72
c. 50 – 64 Age Group   200

.72  .75
z  .98
.75(1  .75)
200

Because z < 0, p-value is two times the lower tail area

Using the normal table with z = -.98: p-value = 2(.1635) = .3270

Do not reject H0. The proportion for the 50 – 64 age group does not differ significantly from the 
overall proportion.

  d. The proportion of internet users increases from .72 to .85 as we go from the 50 – 64 age group to the
younger 30 – 49 age group.  So we might expect the proportion to increase further for the even 
younger 18 – 29 age group.  Indeed, the Pew project found the proportion of users in the 18 – 29 age
group to be .92.

a. Sample proportion: p  .35

40.

Number planning to provide holiday gifts: np  60(.35)  21

b. H0: p  .46
Ha: p < .46

p  p0 .35  .46
z   1.71
p0 (1  p0 ) .46(1  .46)
n 60

p-value is area in lower tail

Using normal table with z = -1.71: p-value = .0436

c. Using a .05 level of significance, we can conclude that the proportion of business owners providing
gifts has decreased from 2008 to 2009. The smallest level of significance for which we could draw
this conclusion is .0436; this corresponds to the p-value = .0436. This is why the p-value is often
called the observed level of significance.

41. a. H0: p  .70

Ha: p < .70

p  p0 .67  .70
z   1.13
p0 (1  p0 ) .70(1  .70)
b. n 300

Lower tail p-value is the area to the left of the test statistic
9 ­ 17
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Chapter 9

Using normal table with z = -1.13: p-value =.1292

c. p­value > .05; do not reject H0. The executive's claim cannot be rejected.

p
42. a.  = 12/80 = .15

p (1  p ) .15(.85)
  .0399
b. n 80

p (1  p )
p  z.025
n

.15    1.96 (.0399)

.15    .0782 or .0718 to .2282

c. H0: p  .06
Ha: p  .06

p
 = .15

p  p0 .15  .06
z   3.38
p0 (1  p0 ) .06(.94)
n 80

p-value ≈ 0

We conclude that the return rate for the Houston store is different than the U.S. national return rate.

43. a. H0: p ≤ .10

Ha: p > .10

b. There are 13 “Yes” responses in the Eagle data set.

13
p  .13
  100

p  p0 .13  .10
z   1.00
p0 (1  p0 ) .10(1  .10)
c.   n 100

Upper tail p-value is the area to the right of the test statistic

Using normal table with z = 1.00: p-value = 1 - .8413 = .1587

9 ­ 18
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 Hypothesis Tests

p­value > .05; do not reject H0.

On the basis of the test results, Eagle should not go national. But, since p > .13, it may be worth 
expanding the sample size for a larger test.
44. a. H0: p  .51
Ha: p > .51

232
p  .58
b. 400

p  p0 .58  .51
z   2.80
p0 (1  p0 ) (.51)(.49)
n 400

p-value is the area in the upper tail at z = 2.80

Using normal table with z = 2.80: p-value = 1 – .9974 = .0026

c. Since p­value = .0026  .01, we reject H0 and conclude that people working the night shift get 
drowsy while driving more often than the average for the entire population. 

45. a. H0: p = .30

Ha: p  .30

24
p  .48
b. 50

p  p0 .48  .30
z   2.78
p0 (1  p0 ) .30(1  .30)
c.   n 50

Because z > 0, p-value is two times the upper tail area

Using normal table with z = 2.78: p-value = 2(.0027) = .0054

p­value  � .01; reject H0. 

We would conclude that the proportion of stocks going up on the NYSE is not 30%.  This would 
suggest not using the proportion of DJIA stocks going up on a daily basis as a predictor of the 
proportion of NYSE stocks going up on that day.

9 ­ 19
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Chapter 9

 5
x    .46
46. n 120

Ha :   <  10
H0:    10

.05

x
10

c  =  10 ­ 1.645 (5 / 120 )  =  9.25

Reject H0 if  x   9.25

a. When   =  9,

9.25  9
z  .55
5 / 120

P(Reject H0)  =  (1.0000 ­ .7088)  =  .2912

b. Type II error

c. When   =  8,

9.25  8
z  2.74
5 / 120

  =  (1.0000 ­ .9969)  =  .0031

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 Hypothesis Tests

47. Reject H0 if z    ­1.96 or if z    1.96

 10
x    .71
n 200

Ha:    20 H0:   =  20 Ha :    20

.025 .025

x x
c1 20 c2

c1  =  20 ­ 1.96 (10 / 200 )  =  18.61

c2  =  20 + 1.96 (10 / 200 )  =  21.39

a.   =  18

18.61  18
z  .86
10 / 200

  = 1.0000 ­ .8051  =  .1949

b.   =  22.5

21.39  22.5
z  1.57
10 / 200

  = 1.0000 ­ .9418  =  .0582

c.   =  21

21.39  21
z  .55
10 / 200

  = .7088

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Chapter 9

48. a. H0:     15

Ha:   >  15

Concluding     15 when this is not true.  Fowle would not charge the premium rate even though 
the rate should be charged.

b. Reject H0 if z    2.33

x  0 x  15
z   2.33
/ n 4 / 35

Solve for x  = 16.58

Decision Rule:

Accept H0 if  x < 16.58

Reject H0 if  x  16.58

For   =  17,

16.58  17
z  .62
4 / 35

  = .2676

c. For   =  18, 

16.58  18
z  2.10
4 / 35

  = .0179

49. a. H0:     25

Ha:   <  25

Reject H0 if z    ­2.05

x  0 x  25
z   2.05
/ n 3 / 30

Solve for  x   =  23.88

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 Hypothesis Tests

Decision Rule:

Accept H0 if  x > 23.88

Reject H0 if  x  23.88

b. For   =  23,

23.88  23
z  1.61
3 / 30

  = 1.0000 ­.9463 = .0537

c. For   =  24,

23.88  24
z  .22
3 / 30

  = 1.0000 ­ .4129 = .5871

d. The Type II error cannot be made in this case.  Note that when    =  25.5, H0 is true.  The Type II 
error can only be made when H0 is false.

50. a. Accepting H0 and concluding the mean average age was 28 years when it was not.

b. Reject H0 if z    ­1.96 or if z    1.96

x  0 x  28
z 
/ n 6 / 100

Solving for x , we find

at z  =  ­1.96, x =  26.82
at z  =  +1.96, x =  29.18

Decision  Rule:

Accept H0 if 26.82 <  x < 29.18

Reject H0 if  x  26.82 or if x  29.18

At   =  26,

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Chapter 9

26.82  26
z  1.37
6 / 100

  = 1.0000 ­ .9147 = .0853

At   =  27,

26.82  27
z  .30
6 / 100

  = 1.0000 ­ .3821 = .6179

At   =  29,

29.18  29
z  .30
6 / 100

  = .6179

At   =  30,

29.18  30
z  1.37
6 / 100

  = .0853

c. Power  =  1 ­ 

at    =  26,    Power  =  1 ­ .0853  =  .9147

When    =  26, there is a .9147 probability that the test will correctly reject the null hypothesis that  
  =  28.

51. a. Accepting H0 and letting the process continue to run when actually over ­ filling or under ­ filling 
exists.

b. Decision Rule: Reject H0 if z    ­1.96 or if z    1.96 indicates 

Accept H0 if 15.71 <  x < 16.29

Reject H0 if  x  15.71 or if x  16.29

For   =  16.5

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 Hypothesis Tests

16.29  16.5
z  1.44
.8 / 30

  = .0749

x
16.29 16.5

c. Power  =  1 ­ .0749  =  .9251

d. The power curve shows the probability of rejecting H0 for various possible values of .  In 
particular, it shows the probability of stopping and adjusting the machine under a variety of 
underfilling and overfilling situations.  The general shape of the power curve for this case is

1.00

.75

Power .50

.25

.00
15.6 15.8 16.0 16.2 16.4

Possible Values of u

 4
c  0  z.01  15  2.33  16.32
52. n 50

16.32  17
z  1.20
At  4 / 50

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Chapter 9

 = .1151

16.32  18
z  2.97
At  4 / 50
= .0015

Increasing the sample size reduces the probability of making a Type II error.

53. a. Accept     100 when it is false.

b. Critical value for test:

 75
c  0  z.05  100  1.645  119.51
n 40

119.51  120
z  .04
At  = 120  75 / 40

= .4840

119.51  130
z  .88
c. At = 130 75 / 40

 .1894

d. Critical value for test:

 75
c  0  z.05  100  1.645  113.79
n 80

113.79  120
z  .74
At  75 / 80

= .2296

113.79  130
z  1.93
At  75 / 80

= .0268

Increasing the sample size from 40 to 80 reduces the probability of making a Type II error.

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 Hypothesis Tests

( za  z  ) 2  2 (1.645  1.28)2 (5)2

n   214
(0   a ) 2
(10  9) 2
54.

( za  z ) 2  2 (1.96  1.645) 2 (10)2

n   325
(0  a ) 2
(20  22)2
55.

56. At 0  =  3, a  =  .01. z.01  =  2.33

At a  =  2.9375,   =  .10. z.10  =  1.28

  = .18

( za  z  ) 2  2 (2.33  1.28) 2 (.18) 2

n   108.09
( 0   a ) 2
(3  2.9375) 2
   Use 109

57. At 0  =  400, a  =  .02. z.02  =  2.05

At a  =  385,   =  .10. z.10  =  1.28

  = 30

( za  z ) 2  2 (2.05  1.28) 2 (30) 2

n   44.4
(0  a )2 (400  385)2
   Use 45

58. At 0  =  28, a  =  .05.  Note however for this two ­ tailed test, za / 2  =  z.025  =  1.96

At a  =  29,   =  .15. z.15  =  1.04

  = 6

( za / 2  z  ) 2  2 (1.96  1.04) 2 (6)2

n   324
( 0   a ) 2 (28  29) 2

59. At 0  =  25, a  =  .02. z.02  =  2.05

At a  =  24,   =  .20. z.20  =  .84

  = 3

9 ­ 27
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Chapter 9

( za  z ) 2  2 (2.05  .84) 2 (3) 2

n   75.2
( 0   a ) 2
(25  24) 2
  Use 76

60. a. H0:  = 16

Ha:   16

x  0 16.32  16
z   2.19
b. / n .8 / 30

Because z > 0, p-value is two times the upper tail area

Using normal table with z = 2.19: p-value = 2(.0143) = .0286

p­value  .05; reject H0. Readjust production line.

x  0 15.82  16
z   1.23
c. / n .8 / 30

Because z < 0, p-value is two times the lower tail area

Using normal table with z = -1.23: p-value = 2(.1093) = .2186

p­value > .05; do not reject H0. Continue the production line.

d. Reject H0 if z  ­1.96 or z  1.96

For  x = 16.32,  z = 2.19; reject H0

For  x = 15.82,  z = ­1.23; do not reject H0

Yes, same conclusion.

61. a. H0:  = 900

Ha:   900


x  z.025
b. n

180
935  1.96
200

935  25 (910 to 960)

c. Reject H0 because  = 900 is not in the interval. 
9 ­ 28
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 Hypothesis Tests

x  0 935  900
z   2.75
d.  / n 180 / 200

Because z > 0, p-value is two times the upper tail area

Using normal table with z = 2.75: p-value = 2(.0030) = .0060

62. a. H0:    � 119,155

Ha:    > 119,155

x  0 126,100  119,155
z   2.60
b. / n 20,700 / 60

Upper tail p-value is the area to the right of the test statistic

Using normal table with z = 2.60: p-value = 1.0000 - .9953 = .0047

c. p­value  � .01, reject H0. We can conclude that the mean annual household income for theater goers 
in the San Francisco Bay area is higher than the mean for all Playbill readers.

63. The hypothesis test that will allow us to conclude that the consensus estimate has increased is given 
below.

H0:    � 250,000

Ha:    > 250,000

x  0 266, 000  250, 000

t   2.981
s/ n 24, 000 / 20

Degrees of freedom = n – 1 = 19

Upper tail p-value is the area to the right of the test statistic

Using t table: p-value is less than .005

Exact p-value corresponding to t = 2.981 is .0038

p­value  .01; reject H0. The consensus estimate has increased.

64. H0:  = 25

Ha:   25

x  0 24.0476  25.0
t   1.05
s/ n 5.8849 / 42

Degrees of freedom = n – 1 = 41

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Chapter 9

Because t < 0, p-value is two times the lower tail area

Using t table: area in lower tail is between .10 and .20; therefore, p-value is between

.20 and .40.

Exact p-value corresponding to t = -1.05 is .2999

Because p­value > α = .05, do not reject H0. There is no evidence to conclude that the mean age at 
which women had their first child has changed.

65. a. H0:  ≤ 520

Ha:  > 520

b. Sample mean: 637.94

Sample standard deviation: 148.4694

x  0 637.94  520
t   5.62
s/ n 148.4694 / 50

Degrees of freedom = n – 1 = 49

p-value is the area in the upper tail

Using t table: p-value is < .005

Exact p-value corresponding to t = 5.62 �0

c. We can conclude that the mean weekly pay for all women is higher than that for women with only a
high school degree.

d. Using the critical value approach we would:

Reject H0 if t �t.05 = 1.677

Since t = 5.62 > 1.677, we reject H0.

66. H0:   125,000

Ha:  > 125,000

x  0 130, 000  125,000

t   2.26
s/ n 12,500 / 32

Degrees of freedom = 32 – 1 = 31

Upper tail p-value is the area to the right of the test statistic

Using t table: p-value is between .01 and .025

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 Hypothesis Tests

Exact p-value corresponding to t = 2.26 is .0155

p­value  .05; reject H0. Conclude that the mean cost is greater than $125,000 per lot.

67.   H0:  = 86

Ha:   86

x  80

s  20

x  0 80  86
t   1.90
s/ n 20 / 40

Degrees of freedom = 40 ­ 1 = 39

Because t < 0, p-value is two times the lower tail area

Using t table: area in lower tail is between .025 and .05; therefore, p-value is between .05 and .10.

Exact p-value corresponding to t = -1.90 is .0648

p­value > .05; do not reject H0. 

There is not a statistically significant difference between the population mean for the nearby county 
and the population mean of 86 days for Hamilton county. 

68. a. H0: p  .80

Ha: p  .80

455
p  .84
542

p  p0 .84  .80
z   2.33
p0 (1  p0 ) .80(1  .80)
      n 542

p-value is the area in the upper tail

Using normal table with z = 2.33: p-value = 1.0000 - .9901 = .0099

p­value  .05; reject H0. We conclude that over 80% of airline travelers feel that use of the full body 
scanners will improve airline security. 

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Chapter 9

b. H0: p  .75
Ha: p  .75

423
p  .78
542

p  p0 .78  .75
z   1.61
p0 (1  p0 ) .75(1  .75)
       n 542

p-value is the area in the upper tail

Using normal table with z = 1.61: p-value = 1.0000 - .9463 = .0537

p­value > .01; we cannot reject H0. Thus, we cannot conclude that over 75% of airline travelers 
approve of using full body scanners. Mandatory use of full body scanners is not   
recommended.  

Author’s note: The TSA is also considering making the use of full body scanners optional. Travelers 
would be given a choice of a full body scan or a pat down search.

69. a. H0: p = .6667

Ha: p  .6667

355
p  .6502
b. 546

p  p0 .6502  .6667
z   .82
p0 (1  p0 ) .6667(1  .6667)
c. n 546

Because z < 0, p-value is two times the lower tail area

Using normal table with z = -.82: p-value = 2(.2061) = .4122

p­value > .05; do not reject H0; Cannot conclude that the population proportion differs from 2/3. 

70. a. H0: p  .80

Ha: p > .80

252
p  .84
b. 300   (84%)

9 ­ 32
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 Hypothesis Tests

p  p0 .84  .80
z   1.73
p0 (1  p0 ) .80(1  .80)
c. n 300

Upper tail p-value is the area to the right of the test statistic

Using normal table with z = 1.73: p-value = 1.0000 - .9582 = .0418

d.  p­value  .05; reject H0. Conclude that more than 80% of the customers are satisfied with the 
service provided by the home agents.  Regional Airways should consider implementing the home 
agent system.

503
p  .553
71. a. 910

b. H0: p  .50
Ha: p > .50

p  p0 .553  .500
z   3.19
p0 (1  p0 ) (.5)(.5)
c. n 910

Upper tail p-value is the area to the right of the test statistic

Using normal table with z = 3.19: p-value ≈ 0

You can tell the manager that the observed level of significance is very close to zero and that this 
means the results are highly significant. Any reasonable person would reject the null hypotheses and 
conclude that the proportion of adults who are optimistic about the national outlook is greater than .
50

72. H0: p  .90

Ha: p < .90

49
p  .8448
58   

p  p0 .8448  .90
z   1.40
p0 (1  p0 ) .90(1  .90)
n 58

Lower tail p-value is the area to the left of the test statistic

Using normal table with z = -1.40: p-value =.0808

p­value > .05; do not reject H0. Claim of at least 90% cannot be rejected.

9 ­ 33
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Chapter 9

73. a. H0: p  .24

Ha: p < .24

81
p  .2025
b. 400   

p  p0 .2025  .24
z   1.76
p0 (1  p0 ) .24(1  .24)
c. n 400

Lower tail p-value is the area to the left of the test statistic

Using normal table with z = -1.76: p-value =.0392

p­value  .05; reject H0. 

The proportion of workers not required to contribute to their company sponsored health care plan 
has declined.  There seems to be a trend toward companies requiring employees to share the cost of 
health care benefits.

74. a. H0:     72

Ha:   >  72 

Reject H0 if z    1.645

x  0 x  72
z   1.645
/ n 20 / 30

Solve for  x = 78

Decision Rule:

Accept H0 if  x < 78

Reject H0 if  x  78

b. For   =  80

9 ­ 34
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 Hypothesis Tests

78  80
z  .55
20 / 30

  = .2912

c. For   =  75,

78  75
z  .82
20 / 30

  = .7939

d. For   =  70,  H0 is true.  In this case the Type II error cannot be made.

e. Power  =  1 ­ 

1.0

.8
P
o
.6
w
e
r .4

.2

72 74 76 78 80 82 84
Possible Values of 
Ho False

75. H0:     15,000

Ha:    <  15,000

At 0  =  15,000, a  =  .02. z.02  =  2.05

At a  =  14,000,   =  .05. z.10  =  1.645

( za  z  ) 2  2 (2.05  1.645) 2 (4, 000)2

n   218.5
( 0   a ) 2
(15, 000  14, 000) 2
   Use 219

76. H0:   =  120

Ha:      120

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Chapter 9

At 0  =  120, a  =  .05.  With a two ­ tailed test, za / 2  =  z.025  =  1.96

At a  =  117,   =  .02. z.02  =  2.05

( za / 2  z  )2  2 (1.96  2.05) 2 (5)2

n   44.7
( 0   a ) 2 (120  117) 2
  Use 45

b. Example calculation for    =  118.

Reject H0 if z    ­1.96 or if z    1.96

x  0 x  120
z 
/ n 5 / 45

Solve for x . At z  =  ­1.96,  x = 118.54

At z  =  +1.96,  x = 121.46

Decision Rule:

Accept H0 if 118.54 < x < 121.46

Reject H0 if  x  118.54 or if x  121.46

For   =  118,

118.54  118
z  .72
5 / 45

  = .2358
Other Results:
If  is z 
117 2.07 .0192
118 .72 .2358
119 -.62 .7291
121 +.62 .7291
122 +.72 .2358
123 -2.07 .0192

9 ­ 36
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May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.