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fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TPEL.2017.2735365, IEEE
Transactions on Power Electronics
1
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Transactions on Power Electronics
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Fig. 1. Structure of a two-plate compact CPT system for electric vehicle charging applications
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This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TPEL.2017.2735365, IEEE
Transactions on Power Electronics
3
According to (11), for a given system power PM, there are 180°phase difference, which means V2=-V1. Since a resistive
three methods to reduce the chassis voltage |V13|: increasing the load RL is used at the output side, the output voltage V2 is in
switching frequency ω; designing the capacitive coupler phase with the output current I2. Then, VC1 and VC2 can be
structure to increase C13 and decrease C24; and designing a rewritten as
compensation circuit to reduce sinθ. It needs to be noted that C1 jL1
decreasing sinθ can increase the voltages |VC1| and |VC2|. VC1 V1 C V1 R VC1 1
M L (15)
E. Compensation Circuit Design V V V jL1 V
C2 1 1
RL
C2 2
An example of the compensation circuit topology is shown in where, θ1 and θ2 are the phase of VC1 and VC2, and their phase
Fig. 3. A full-bridge inverter is used on the primary side to difference is θ. If the parameters are designed to satisfy
provide an AC excitation. A full-bridge rectifier and a low-pass ωL1>>RL·C1/CM, θ and sinθ can be approximated to be
filter (Lf-Cf) are used on the secondary to provide a DC current C1 R L R R 1
sin L L (16)
to the output resistor Ro. Two compensation inductors L1 and L2 C M L1 L1 C M 2 L12
are adopted on the primary and secondary sides, respectively, to It can be concluded that, for a constant voltage working
resonate with the capacitive coupler. Using the fundamental mode LC-compensated CPT system, sinθ can be reduced
harmonics approximation (FHA) method and the coupler through decreasing the load resistance RL, increasing the
model in Fig. 2(b), it can be simplified as Fig. 4. coupling capacitance CM, and increasing the compensation
This circuit topology is similar to the double-sided LC inductance L1.
compenation in [6], except that the external capacitances are
eliminated and only an external inductor is required at each side. III. DESIGN EXAMPLE
The equivalent resistance is expressed as RL=Ro×8/π2. The
voltages VC1 and VC2 are expressed as, A. 3.0kW Full Power Example
VC1 V1 I 1 jL1 (12) In a practical application as shown in Fig. 1, the chassis size
VC 2 V2 I 2 jL2 of a passenger car is about 4.6m×1.8m [10], which can be used
According to [6], the compensation inductors L1 and L2 can to transfer 3.0 kW power. In this design, the size of plates P2
be designed to achieve a constant voltage working mode, and P4 is chosen to be 0.45m×0.45m, and their air-gap distance
resulting in is set to be 110 mm. The finite element analysis (FEA) by
1 1 Maxwell shows that C13=706pF and C24=15.5pF. Then, |V13|
L1 1 k 2 C can be calculated using (11), as shown in Fig. 5.
C 1 (13)
L 1 1 It shows that increasing the switching frequency ω and
2
1 kC 2C2 decreasing sinθ both help to decrease voltage |V13|. For example,
In Fig. 4, if the parameters are designed to be symmetric if the system switches at 6.78 MHz, the chassis voltage can be
(L1=L2, C1=C2, kC=CM/C1), the input current I1 is calculated as limited to be lower than 8.35 V, as long as the compensation
V1 C C M RL circuit is designed to maintain sinθ lower than 0.03.
I1 1 j 1 (14)
RL CM L1 B. 350W Downsized Prototype Design
According to Ref. [6], at the constant voltage mode, the input
Considering the space limitation in our lab, a 0.91m×0.91m
voltage V1 and output voltage V2 have the same magnitude and
metal plate is used to act as the vehicle chassis. The size of
plates P2 and P4 is also 0.45m×0.45m, and the airgap is 110mm.
To achieve similar power density as the previous 3.0 kW
system, the power of this system is downscaled to be 350 W.
On the primary side, a metal plate P1 is also used and connected
to the earth ground to reduce the conductive loss. The
capacitances are measured as C12=134pF, C13=82pF, C24=15pF,
and C34=124pF. Two inductors (L1=188μH, L2=205μH) are
used on the primary and secondary sides [6]. Silicon carbide
Fig.4. Simplified circuit topology of a two-plate CPT system Fig. 5. Calculated voltage on chassis in a 3.0 kW two-plate compact CPT system
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This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TPEL.2017.2735365, IEEE
Transactions on Power Electronics
4
devices are used in the inverter and rectifier to provide 1MHz efficiency from the dc source to the dc load including the power
switching frequency, and a 20Ω resister is connected with the electronics circuit reaches 70.1%. The experimental waveforms
rectifier as the load. Then, the prototype is shown in Fig. 6. are shown in Fig. 8, in which Fig. 8(a) indicates that a unity
In this experimental prototype, the bottom plate acts as the power factor is realized on both the input and output sides.
ground-side plate, and it is directly connected to the earth The chassis voltage was measured with its RMS value with
ground in the power socket on the wall with a wire. Therefore, respect to the ground at 132 V. Because of the parasitic
the bottom plate has the same potential as the earth ground and capacitance of the voltage probe, the voltage VC1 and VC2
becomes part of the earth ground. The capacitance between the cannot be measured directly with the probe. Therefore, they
top and bottom plate acts as the parasitic capacitance between should be measured by indirect method. According to (12),
the vehicle chassis and the earth ground, and the current Using the measured waveforms of V1, I1, V2, and I2 from the
flowing from the bottom plate back to the compensation circuit oscilloscope, the waveforms of VC1 and VC2 can then be
can be treated as the returning current from the earth ground. acquired and plot in MATLAB, as shown in Fig. 8(b). It shows
The voltages on the plates and chassis can cause electric field that the experimental RMS values of VC1 and VC2 are 7.5kV and
emissions to the surrounding environment. In this 350W CPT 6.5kV, respectively, which agree with the simulation results.
system, circuit simulation by LTspice shows that the voltage on The enlarged figure shows the details which indicate that their
plates P2 and P4 can be 7kV, and the voltage on the chassis is time difference is about 0.22μs, which is about 8° difference at
about 130V. Using these voltages as excitations, the electric 1MHz, resulting in a sinθ of 0.14.
field emissions are simulated using Maxwell as shown in Fig.7.
B. Misaligned Case
The Maxwell simulation shows that most of the electric
fields concentrate between the chassis and the earth ground, When there are misalignments, the coupling capacitances
and the electric field emissions are limited. According to IEEE decrease and the resonances in the circuit are affected, resulting
C95.1 standard [8], the human exposure of electric fields at in the reduction of system power and efficiency. The system
1MHz should be lower than 614V/m. The simulation result
shows that the safe range of this two-plate system is 40mm
away from the edge of the coupler.
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This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TPEL.2017.2735365, IEEE
Transactions on Power Electronics
5
0885-8993 (c) 2017 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission. See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.