Post-Test

Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

____ 1. Suppose we measure a response variable Y for several values of an explanatory variable X. A scatterplot of
log Y versus log X looks approximately like a negatively-sloping straight line. We may conclude that
A. the rate of growth of Y is positive, but slowing down over time.
B. an exponential growth model would approximately describe the relationship between Y
and X.
C. a power model would approximately describe the relationship between Y and X.
D. the relationship between Y and X is a positively-sloping straight line.
E. the residual plot of the regression of log Y on log X would have a “U-shaped” pattern
suggesting a non-linear relationship.

Figure 1-1

____ 2. Use Figure 1-1. For these data,

A. the median jump is between 75 and 80 inches.
B. the median jump is between 80 and 85 inches.
C. the smallest jump must be below 65 inches.
D. the winning jump in the 1976 Olympic Games was 40 inches.
E. none of the above.
____ 3. A consumer group surveyed the prices for a certain item in five different stores, and reported the average
price as $15. We visited four of the five stores, and found the prices to be $10, $15, $15, and $25.
Assuming that the consumer group is correct, what is the price of the item at the store that we did not visit?
A. $5
B. $10
C. $15
D. $20
E. $25
____ 4. A sample of production records for an automobile manufacturer shows the following figures for production
per shift:

705 700 690 705

The variance of the sample is

A. 8.66.
B. 7.07.
C. 75.00.
D. 50.00.
E. 20.00.
____ 5. You catch 10 cockroaches in your bedroom and measure their lengths in centimeters. Which of these sets of
numerical descriptions are all measured in centimeters?
A. median length, variance of lengths, largest length
B. median length, first and third quartiles of lengths
C. mean length, standard deviation of lengths, median length
D. mean length, median length, variance of lengths.
E. both (B) and (C)

____ 6. Using the standard Normal distribution tables, the area under the standard Normal curve corresponding to Z 
1.1 is
A. 0.1357.
B. 0.2704.
C. 0.8413.
D. 0.8438.
E. 0.8643.

Scenario 3-2
The following table and scatter plot present data on wine consumption (in liters per person per year) and death
rate from heart attacks (in deaths per 100,000 people per year) in 19 developed Western countries.

Wine Consumption and Heart Attacks

Country Alcohol from Heart disease Country Alcohol from Heart disease
wine deaths wine deaths
Australia 2.5 211 Netherlands 1.8 167
Austria 3.9 167 New Zealand 1.9 266
Belgium 2.9 131 Norway 0.8 227
Canada 2.4 191 Spain 6.5 86
Denmark 2.9 220 Sweden 1.6 115
Finland 0.8 297 Switzerland 5.8 285
France 9.1 71 United 1.3 199
Kingdom
Iceland 0.8 211 United States 1.2 172
Ireland 0.7 300 West Germany 2.7
Italy 7.9 107
____ 7.Use Scenario 3-2. The wine consumption data are in liters of alcohol per person. Which of these are all
measured in liters of alcohol per person?
A. The mean, the first quartile, and the variance of wine consumption.
B. The median wine consumption and the correlation between wine consumption and heart
disease deaths.
C. The median, the variance, and the standard deviation of wine consumption.
D. The standard deviation of wine consumption and the correlation between wine
consumption and heart disease deaths.
E. The mean, the median, and the standard deviation of wine consumption.

Scenario 3-8

A fisheries biologist studying whitefish in a Canadian Lake collected data on the length (in centimeters) and
egg production for 25 female fish. A scatter plot of her results and computer regression analysis of egg
production versus fish length are given below.
Note that Number of eggs is given in thousands (i.e., “40” means 40,000 eggs).

Predictor Coef SE Coef T P

Constant -142.74 25.55 -5.59 0.000
Fish length 39.250 5.392 7.28 0.000
 S = 6.75133 R-Sq = 69.7% R-Sq(adj) = 68.4%

____ 8. Use Scenario 3-8. The equation of the least-squares regression line is
A. Eggs = –142.74 + 39.25(Length)
B. Eggs = 39.25 – 142.74(Length)
C. Eggs = 25.55 + 5.392(Length)
D. Eggs = 25.55 + 5.392(Eggs)
E. Eggs = –142.74 + 39.25(Eggs)
____ 9. I select two cards from a deck of 52 cards and observe the color of each (26 cards in the deck are red and 26
are black). Which of the following is an appropriate sample space S for the possible outcomes?
A. S = {red, black}
B. S = {(red, red), (red, black), (black, red), (black, black)}, where, for example, (red, red)
stands for the event "the first card is red and the second card is red."
C. S = {(red, red), (red, black), (black, black)}, where, for example, (red, red) stands for the
event "the first card is red and the second card is red."
D. S = {0, 1, 2}.
E. All of the above.

Scenario 5-6
A system has two components that operate in parallel, as shown in the diagram below. Because the
components operate in parallel, at least one of the components must function properly if the system is to
function properly. Let F denote the event that component 1 fails during one period of operation and G denote
the event that component 2 fails during one period of operation. Suppose and .
The component failures are independent.

____ 10. Use Scenario 5-6. The probability that the system functions properly during one period of operation is closest
to
A. 0.5.
B. 0.776.
C. 0.940.
D. 0.970.
E. 0.994.

Scenario 5-9
You ask a sample of 370 people, "Should clinical trials on issues such as heart attacks that affect both sexes
use subjects of just one sex?" The responses are in the table below.

Suppose you choose one of these people at random

 Yes No
Male 34 105
Female 46 185

____ 11. Use Scenario 5-9. What is the probability that the person said "Yes," given that she is a woman?
A. 0.20
B. 0.22
C. 0.25
D. 0.50
E. 0.575
____ 12. Which of the following random variables should be considered continuous?
A. The time it takes for a randomly chosen woman to run 100 meters
B. The number of brothers a randomly chosen person has
C. The number of cars owned by a randomly chosen adult male
D. The number of orders received by a mail-order company in a randomly chosen week
E. None of the above
____ 13. Suppose there are three balls in a box. On one of the balls is the number 1, on another is the number 2, and on
the third is the number 3. You select two balls at random and without replacement from the box and note the
two numbers observed. The sample space S consists of the three equally likely outcomes {(1, 2), (1, 3), (2,
3)}. Let X be the sum of the numbers on two balls selected. Which of the following is the correct probability
distribution for X?
(A) # Prob (B) # Prob (C) # Prob (D) # Prob (E) # Prob
1 1/3 3 1/3 1 1/6 3 1/6 1 1/4
2 1/3 4 1/3 2 2/6 4 2/6 2 1/4
3 1/3 5 1/3 3 3/6 5 3/6 3 1/4

A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
E. E

Scenario 6-8
Let the random variable X represent the profit made on a randomly selected day by a certain store. Assume X
is Normal with a mean of $360 and standard deviation $50.

____ 14. Use Scenario 6-8. The value of P(X > $400) is
A. 0.2881.
B. 0.8450.
C. 0.7881.
D. 0.2119.
E. 0.1600.

Scenario 6-9
The weights of grapefruits of a certain variety are approximately Normally distributed with a mean of 1 pound
and a standard deviation of 0.12 pounds.
____ 15. Use Scenario 6-9. What is the probability that the total weight of three randomly selected grapefruits is more
than 3.4 pounds?
A. nearly 0
B. 0.0274
C. 0.1335
D. 0.2514
E. 0.2611

Scenario 6-17
You are stuck at the Vince Lombardi rest stop on the New Jersey Turnpike with a dead battery. To get on
the road again, you need to find someone with jumper cables that connect the batteries of two cars together so
you can start your car again. Suppose that 16% of drivers in New Jersey carry jumper cables in their trunk.
You begin to ask random people getting out of their cars if they have jumper cables.

____ 16. Use Scenario 6-17. You’re going to give up and call a tow truck if you don’t find jumper cables by the time
you’ve asked 10 people. What’s the probability you end up calling a tow truck?
A. 0.8251
B. 0.1749
C. 0.1344
D. 0.0333
E. 0.0280

Scenario 7-1
A CBS News/New York Times opinion poll asked 1,190 adults whether they would prefer balancing the
Federal budget over cutting taxes; 59% of those asked said "Yes." Suppose that in fact 62% of all adults
favor balancing the budget over cutting taxes.

____ 17. Use Scenario 7-1. The number 62%

A. is evidence of bias.
B. must be an error, since the actual percentage is 59%.
C. is a sampling distribution.
D. is a statistic.
E. is a parameter.

Scenario 8-1
A 2008 Gallup poll found that 47% of adults 18 years old or older in the United States felt that a third
political party is needed to represent the American people. In the description of methods, the poll takers said:
“For results based on the total sample of national adults, one can say with 95% confidence that the maximum
margin of sampling error is 3 percentage points.”

____ 18. Use Scenario 8-1. Among the poll respondents who identified their current party affiliation as “independent,”
63% agreed that we need a third political party. The margin of error for this result is
A. less than ±3%, because only some of the people in the sample were independents, so the
sample size is smaller.
B. greater than ±3%, because only some of the people in the sample were independents, so
the sample size is smaller.
C. equal to ±3%, because this result comes from the same sample survey.
D. less than ±3%, because only some of the population are independents, so it's easier to
estimate facts about them.
 E. greater than ±3%, because only some of the population are independents, so it's harder to
estimate facts about them.

Scenario 10-4
An agricultural researcher wishes to see if a kelp extract helps prevent frost damage on tomato plants. One
hundred tomato plants in individual containers are randomly assigned to two different groups. Plants in both
groups are treated identically, except that the plants in group 1 are sprayed weekly with a kelp extract, while
the plants in group 2 are not. After the first frost in the autumn, 12 of the 50 plants in group 1 exhibited
damage, and 18 of the 50 plants in group 2 showed damage. Let p1 be the actual proportion of all tomato
plants of this variety that would experience damage under the kelp treatment, and let p2 be the actual
proportion of all tomato plants of this variety that would experience damage under the no-kelp treatment,
assuming that the tomatoes are grown under conditions similar to those in the experiment.

____ 19. Use Scenario 10-4. Is there evidence of a decrease in the proportion of tomatoes suffering frost damage for
tomatoes sprayed with kelp extract? To determine this, you test the hypotheses H0: p1 = p2, Ha: p1 < p2. The
P-value of your test is
A. greater than 0.10.
B. between 0.05 and 0.10.
C. between 0.01 and 0.05.
D. between 0.001 and 0.01.
E. below 0.001.

Scenario 11-11
Random samples of male and female high school students were asked to identify their favorite food group.
Here are the results:
Gender
Female Male
Carbohydrates 45 21
Favorite
Dairy 20 17
Food
Fruits and vegetables 14 9
Group
Proteins 7 17

Expected counts for each cell are given in the following table:
Gender
Female Male
Carbohydrates 37.8 28.2
Favorite
Dairy 21.2 15.8
Food
Fruits and vegetables 13.2 9.8
Group
Proteins 13.8 10.2

____ 20. Use Scenario 11-11. Which of the following represents the individual component of chi-square contributed by
the cell Female/Dairy?
A.

B.
C.

D.

E.
Pre-Test
Answer Section

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. ANS: C PTS: 1 TOP: Interpreting log-log scatterplot

2. ANS: B PTS: 1 TOP: Interpret histogram
3. ANS: B PTS: 1 TOP: Calculating the mean
4. ANS: D PTS: 1 TOP: Calculating variance
5. ANS: E PTS: 1 TOP: Units for numerical measures
6. ANS: E PTS: 1 TOP: Standard Normal Calculations
7. ANS: E PTS: 1 TOP: Characteristics of r—unitless measure
8. ANS: A PTS: 1 TOP: Interpret computer output
9. ANS: B PTS: 1 TOP: Sample space
10. ANS: E PTS: 1 TOP: Multiplication Rule, Independent events
11. ANS: A PTS: 1 TOP: Conditional probability from 2-way table
12. ANS: A PTS: 1 TOP: Continuous vs. Discrete random variables
13. ANS: B PTS: 1 TOP: Discrete random variables: probabilities from tables
14. ANS: D PTS: 1 TOP: Normal random variable probability
15. ANS: B PTS: 1 TOP: Combining normal random variables
16. ANS: B PTS: 1 TOP: Geometric mean
17. ANS: E PTS: 1 TOP: Parameter vs. Statistic
18. ANS: B PTS: 1 TOP: Factors influencing width of confidence interval
19. ANS: B PTS: 1 TOP: P-value for test of significance
20. ANS: D PTS: 1 TOP: Components of chi-square in 2-way table