Journal of Research in Ecology An International Scientific Research Journal

ORIGINAL RESEARCH

A look at the geological attractions of south east of Iran in order to

achieve the sustainable development
Authors: ABSTRACT:
Journal of Research in Ecology

Abdollah Yazdi1 If an area has geological attractions and necessary infrastructures

Zahra Shafei 2 and prepared for tourism, geotourism can have a direct effect on sustainable
Fatemeh Shabani 3 development, employment and improvement of the local economy situation.
Geological attractions and sustainable economic development are some branches of
geotourism. Therefore, South East of Iran (Sistan and Baluchistan Province) is selected
for study because of having valuable geological heritage and lack of necessary
Institution:
economic development. Including unique geological phenomenon, this area showed
1. Young Researchers and
Elite Club, Kahnooj Branch, novel sights of geomorphologic attractions in an accessible range. Attractions like
Islamic Azad University, semi-active volcanoes of Taftan and Bazman, standing the bulk of Iran’s mud
Kahnooj, Iran. volcanoes in this area with variant beautiful shapes, huge sand dunes of Loot desert,
Chabahar Bay, Miniature Mountains, Ladiz cave, Khaje Mountain and tens of other
2. Department of Geology, natural landscapes convert this area to one of the most unique geotourism areas in
Faculty of Sciences, Islamic the world. Introducing the above attractions, this article tries to attract the attention
Azad University, North
of responsible persons and researchers more towards the importance and role of
Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran.
geotourism in this area. Providing guidelines to develop the geotourism in this area,
3. Department of Geology, we hope that some steps are taken towards overall development of this province.
Ferdowsi University of
Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran. Keywords:
Geotourism, Sistan and Baluchistan Province, mud volcanoes, miniature
mountains.

Corresponding author:
Abdollah Yazdi
Email Id
Web Address:
http://jresearchbiology.com/
documents/EC0105.pdf
Article Citation:
Abdollah Yazdi, Zahra Shafei and Fatemeh Shabani
A look at the geological attractions of south east of Iran in order to achieve the
sustainable development
Journal of Research in Ecology (2016) 4(1): 124-136
Dates:
Received: 25 May 2016 Accepted: 23 June 2016 Published: 22 July 2016
This article is governed by the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/
licenses/by/4.0), which gives permission for unrestricted use, non-commercial, distribution and
reproduction in all medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Journal of Research 124-136 | JRE | 2016 | Vol 4 | No 1

in Ecology
An International www.ecologyresearch.info
Scientific Research Journal
 Yazdi et al., 2016

INTRODUCTION
Iran has a beautiful nature, diverse climates and
Figure 2. Taftan volcano’s morphology in four main
areas rich in unique phenomenon of the earth science and directions (Source: Google Earth)
surveying these attractions are necessary for more
identification of them as well as geotourism development phenomenon as well as understanding the way of their
(Yazdi, 2012). Therefore, according to this matter Sistan forming and evolution (Amrikazemi, 2009).
and Baluchistan Province (South East of Iran) are one of As far as the given definitions, geotourism is not
the prone areas in geotourism field that include a only a novel section in the tourism market, but also
complex of geological unparalleled attractions; we considering a guideline for serving the maintenance of
surveyed and introduce these attractions in this article. the nonliving life and ecological development. Most of
Undoubtedly, principal development of tourism in this geotourism spectators are not just geologists but also
province will have direct effect on economic growth. they are helpers of the nature. Therefore, geotourism
attempts to make the land stay-in besieged via formation
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY and defining geosites (a place that has unusual shapes
The methodology used in the present article is and thought-provoking geological and geomorphological
descriptive and analytic. Different library specimens and manners) and geoparks (a place that has one or numerous
satellite images were interpreted and analyzed for the exclusive geological phenomenon as well as substantial
studied areas and fields that are used for this purpose. natural and cultural fascinations) and prevent the
Geotourism concept geological heritage via. humans (Yazdi et al., 2014).
Geotourism has a specific periphery in-which Geotourism and sustainable development
geological tourism is on its center of attraction World Commission on Environment and
(Newsome and Dowling, 2006) and is surveying the Development was held on 1987 in the conference of
complications related with the ground, geomorphological “Our common future” and defined sustainable
situation, geostructural phenomena and their tourism development as: “a development that meets the needs of
capability. From the assumption of Gates (2006), the current generation without harming the future
geotourism means “tourism in geological landscapes”. generation’s needs” (Raftar, 2012). Sustainable
Therefore, it can be said that geotourism is an important development is the most important accessories that have
and conscious tourism in the nature with the objective of the main role of tourism programming since the most of
visiting and recognizing the geological functions and tourism’s development projects are according to the
attractions and activities related to the natural
environment, geosites, cultural works and heritage.
Therefore, countries that has diverse geological
phenomenon can be more successful in economic
incomes and sustainable development if they proceed to
attract geotourists and universal registration of geosites
and geoparks.
Sistan and Baluchistan

Figure 1. Situation of Sistan and Baluchistan province The vast province of Sistan and Baluchistan are
in Iran country (AITO, 2016 ) located in the South East of Iran with more than 11% of
125 Journal of Research in Ecology (2016) 4(1): 124-136
Yazdi et al., 2016

Figure 3. Removal of sulfur steams and gas in south-

eastern part of Taftan volcano (GSMEI, 2016;
Banki.ir, 2016)

the total area of the country with 187,502 square

kilometers. Regarding geological coordinates, it is Figure 5. Public appearance of Miniature Mountains
between 25°.3ꞌ and 31°.9ꞌ latitude and 58°.9ꞌ and 63°.20ꞌ (dl3.upload.ir .com)
longitude. This is the largest province in Iran and is
adjacent with the provinces of South Khorasan, Kerman,
Hormozgan, Oman Sea and countries of Afghanistan and
Pakistan. Water boarder of this province with Oman Sea
is 320 Km and land border of it with Afghanistan and
Pakistan (1100 Km) (Figure 1).
Overview of the geology and physical geography of
Sistan and Baluchistan province
In geology studies, Iran’s East area is usually
surveyed as an independent unit. This area was isolated
from the sea in the late of third geological era because of
organic movements and Lime scale build of marine that
type are stacked in it at first and then sediments with
relatively coarse and fine materials are stacked in it. The
southern part of the province (Makran) is one of the
areas that is under the gradual subsidence because of
large thickness of sandy clay sediments that its depth
reaches to 1 Km. Accordingly, the Indian Ocean’s crust
slope into the ground under this area that is one of the
causes for creating a lot of mineral water springs and
mud volcanoes in this area. Heights of Sistan and
Baluchistan belonged to the second and third periods of
geology and its stones are often Lime and plaster.
According to the geologists, some mountains of this
province (like Taftan volcano) belong to the late third era
and early fourth era. Width of the province’s mountains
is increased from the north to the south and reaches to its
maximum amount between Iranshahr-Koohak (Bootorab,
2006).
Geotourism potentials of the studied area
According to the specific geology and climate
condition, the studied area has a diverse morphology that
converts it to one of the country’s geotourism poles.
Having these attractions besides the protected areas,
cultural and historical centers, ecological situation of the
area etc. increase the richness of the province tourism
and all of these matters convert it to an uncommon place.
The following geological attractions were surveyed.
Mountains
Taftan volcano
Taftan volcano peak is placed in 50 Km of
Kash’s north in geographical coordinates 28°.36ꞌ latitude
and 61°.36ꞌ longitude. Its height from the sea level is
3940 m and 2000 m towards adjacent plains (Figure 2).

Figure 4. Bazman volcanoes morphology in four main Figure 6. Khaje Mountain and its surrounding
directions (Source: Google Earth) monuments (ANOBAININ, 2007)

Journal of Research in Ecology (2016) 4(1): 124-136 126


Figure 7. Garashkhan Mountain (Face Mountain) in
Sistan and Baluchistan near Taftan hillside.
Taftan is placed on a sedimentary and igneous basis that
belongs to upper cretaceous and eocene. The
sedimentary section of the volcano basis includes flysch
and limes containing Alveolin and Nummulite and its
igneous parts are formed by ultrabasic (ophiolite) stones.
Taftan volcanic activity was principally explosive at first
and finally lava (Emami, 2000).
Taftan includes numerous peaks. The name of its
northern peak is Ziarat mountain, the name of eastern
peak is Sobh mountain, the southern peak is Madar
mountain and the western peak is Nar mountain. There is
a semi-active crater in the south east of Taftan peak that
some sounds like blasting are heard of it and constantly
steam and sulfur gases are released of it. Moreover, in
other places of Taftan peak, sulfide and hydrogen gas are
released intangibly (Figure 3).
Bazman Volcano
Bazman volcano mountain is located in the north
of Jazmorian ditch in the geographic coordinates of
28°.40ꞌ latitude and 60° longitude in 120 Km of Khash’s
west and Bazman city is located in southeastern hillside.
Its height from the sea level is 3490 m and from the
Figure 8. Condition of Gowatr and Chabahar Gulfs Figure 9. Condition of Gowatr Gulf towards Pakistan
in the south of Iran (Source: Google Earth) and Oman coast (Source: Google Earth)
127
Yazdi et al., 2016
surrounding lands is about 2100 m. Its main cone is
Stratovolcano that its lavas exit from several craters. The
basement of this volcano is too complex and belongs to
Jazmorian old block. Bazman volcano is considered as
one of Iran’s semi-active volcanoes like Taftan and
Damavand (Emami, 2000). The above mentioned
conditions cause Taftan and Bazman to convert one of
the tourism attractions of this area and attract a lot of
researchers and interested ones (Figure 4).
Miniature Mountains
In Chabahar road towards Gowatr port, in a
distance of 40 Km, one of the most beautiful mountain
scenery and Iran roads can be seen with the names of
Merrikhi, Miniature, Aria, Calani and Bad land. These
heights include gypsum-bearing marls, sandstone layers
and aquatic fossils. Because of the loose marl units and
severe performance of wind erosion as well as seasonal
showers, beautiful shapes are created in them and the
most beautiful ones can be seen in the area of Lipar-
beris, Konarak- Chabahar road towards Parak-e Hutan
and near kambel village and Gurankash (Figure 5). These
mountains are Iran’s most prominent geomorphological
effects since there is no sample of it in other area of Iran
with this volume and beauty.
Khaje Mountain
The main basaltic mountain in the distance of 30
Km of Zabol south west within a smooth plain
influences the flat topography of this area and is famous
Journal of Research in Ecology (2016) 4(1): 124-136
Yazdi et al., 2016
Figure 10. The appearance of Omega or Horseshoe Figure 12. Iranian short-snout alligator (Gando)
Bay of Chabahar in Oman Sea’s coast (Google Earth) (NCMS, 2016)
with the name of Khaje, Rostam and Owsheyda
mountain. Its approximate height is 609 m; within
Hirmand lake as an island in fruitful seasons (Tavakoli
and Hedayati, 2008), (Figure 6).
Garashkhan Mountain (Face Mountain)
Garashkhan Mountain with approximate height
of 400 m from the surrounding lands are located near
Taftan Mountain. This mountain is one of the most
important heights of Iran for climbing sport. It is
especially easy to access and is near the road. The length
of its wall for climbing is near 200 m and because of its
high roughness that is like semi-profile of human, it is
known as Face mountain (Figure 7).
Other heights of this province are Beyrak
Mountain (tribes regional), Malek Siahkooh (joint border
of Iran, Afghanistan and Pakistan), Bamposht Mountain
and Pirsooran mountains (separating Lut desert and
Baluchistan).
Figure 11. Bahookalat River and area (EWC, 2016)
Journal of Research in Ecology (2016) 4(1): 124-136
Gulfs
Gowatr Gulf
It is a semicircular gulf in the extreme south-east
of Iran, alongside a small village called Gowatr with the
approximate area of 435 Km that 165 Km of it belongs to
Iran and the rest of it belong to Pakistan. Gowatr
appellation is from “Gowat” term that in local language
means “Wind” since this area was faced with monsoon
winds from different directions and gradually was called
Gowatr. Several rivers enter to Gowatr like Bahookalat,
Dashtyari and Bahoor in Iran as well as Nahrdasht in
Pakistan (Figures 8 and 9).
One of the unique specifications of Gowatr gulf
is that a part of its southwestern margin forms the
southern ground part of Iran country and Pasabandar
village is located on it. Other geomorphological
phenomena of this area are small gulfs with the names of
Bahoo, Kalani and Gowatr in southwestern of Gowatr
Figure 13. Some parts of Hirmand River
(Danakhabar, 2016; GT, 2016; NB, 2016; AT, 2016)
128

Figure 14. Hirmand catchment (TP, 2016)
gulf that locally named Khoor (Negaresh, 2005). This is
probably due to collision of river and sea waves and it
has caused erosion that created a beautiful landscape.
According to its temperate climate, it is a suitable habitat
for migratory birds.
Chabahar Gulf
The length of Chabahar gulf is 17 Km with the
width of 20 Km and maximum depth of 20m in the gulf’s
crater and it is the biggest gulf in Oman sea coast
(Mohamadi et al., 2006). Commercial and transit gulfs of
Chabahar and Konarak in the east and west of Chabahar
gulf are the biggest Iranian gulfs of Oman sea, too.
Moreover, chabahar is connected to the eastern point of
Iran Gowatr port via an asphalted road with 50 Km
length (Figures 8 and 10). Natural geysers and flattened-
bodies trees of temples’ fig are another attraction of this
area, too.
Figure 15. Napag mud volcano crater (WN7W, 2016)
129
Yazdi et al., 2016
Figure 16. Created bubble in outgoing flowers of Tang
mud volcano (TJ, 2015)
Rivers
Bahookalat River
This is one of the most important and rich of
water in Baluchistan area that causes biological
prosperity and development. This river is created by
connection of three rivers of Sarbaz, Kaju and Gorgoroo
and passes Bahookalat fields with north-south direction
and enters to Bahoo bay and then Gowatr gulf near
Gowatr port (Figure 11).
One of the specifications of this river is the
existence of Iranian short-snout alligators with the name
of Gando in the ponds alongside the rivers of Kaju and
Sarbaz that makes this area as a safe habitat for living of
these animates (Figure 12). Its scientific name is
Crocodylus palustris and now it is the biggest creeping
of Iran that is the surviving of Mesozoic era crocodiles
with some changes (Negaresh, 2006).
Figure 17. Image of one of Pirgel mud volcano’s
crater (TJ, 2015)
Journal of Research in Ecology (2016) 4(1): 124-136
Yazdi et al., 2016
Figure 18. Satellite picture of the maximum area of Figure 20. Diverse appearance of Jazmuriyan Lake in
Hamoon Lake in rainy season ) MN, 2016) rainy and dry seasons (FBM, 2016; BB, 2013)
Hirmand River
Since Hirmand field has no groundwater;
Hirmand river is the only agricultural water source of
Sistan area. This river originated from Babayaghma and
Hendookosh heights in Afghanistan and after 1050 Km
enters to Iran (Figures 13 and 14) and divides to two
branches around the border. This river pours to Hamoon
lake in Sistan and Baluchistan finally.
Other important rivers of this province are
Bampoor, Kahir, Mashkid, Rabech (Fonuj) and Talkhab.
Mud Volcanoes
One of the unique Iran’s geomorphology
phenomena that are mainly located in the south of Sistan
and Baluchistan province is mud volcanoes. These
effects are cone-like shapes similar to volcano that
instead of lava, flower according with hydrocarbon gases
(like Methane), di oxide carbon and petroleum materials
exit from its crater (Yazdi et al., 2012). According to the
existence of substrates in the flower of mud volcanoes,
Figure 19. Hamoon Lake ( RA, 2016)
Journal of Research in Ecology (2016) 4(1): 124-136
today flower therapy has a special status and a lot of
physicians find its effectiveness. Besides tourism, mud
volcanoes are important in the field of treatment and can
be useful in treating diseases of muscle, skin,
gastrointestinal etc. (Yazdi et al., 2012). Baluchistan
mud volcanoes are young and their existence backed
from 30 to 40 thousands years ago (Negaresh, 2001).
Mud volcanoes of this area are about 13 ones and their
most important ones are Pirgel, Napag, Ain, Tang and
Balbolok (Figures 15, 16 and 17).
Lakes
Hamoon Lake
Sistan plain with the largest freshwater lake of
Iran’s east plateau has a unique condition. This lake
includes Hirmand Hamoons, Saberi and Poozak that are
located in the west, north and northeastern parts. The
major part of Saberi and Poozak’s Hamoon is in
Afghanistan and just a part of Saberi’s Hamoon is in Iran
(Figure 18).
Figure 21. Ladiz Cave (Tishineh, 2016)
130

Figure 22. Garbudar Cave (ID, 2016)
The total area of Hamoon is 5660 square
kilometer at the time of high water that 3830 square
kilometer of it belongs to Iran (Negaresh, 2006). The
water volume of this lake is equal to the total volume of
water in the reservoir dam of Dez, Sefidrood, Lar,
Zayanderood, Karaj, Latyan, Zarrine Rood and Minab
(Zabol university, 2001) (Figure 19). Hamoon lake is
considered as a permanent settlement for some birds and
animals and a temporary one for others.
Jazmuriyan Lake
Jazmuriyan lake is located in 150 Km of Iran
Shahr’s west and the height of 350 m from open water
and is considered a young tectonic subsidence. Its extent
is 3300 square kilometer in rainy seasons; and because of
specific climatic conditions, most part of it converts to
salt pan and clay pan in the most time of the year (Figure
20). Bampoor and Halilrood are more important rivers
that pour to Hamoon.
Figure 23. Pose Cave (namnak.com )
131
Yazdi et al., 2016
Figure 24. Vast sand plains of Lut Desert (RM, 2016)
Caves
Ladiz Cave
It is in 10 Km of Mirjave and is considered one
of the attractive areas of province according to its
surrounding beautiful herbal landscapes. According to
the good quality of its water, it has been used as an
aqueduct from the past (Figure 21).
Garbudar Cave
This cave is located in 12 Km of Bazman city
around Garbudar village. Garbudar cave is not horizontal
and becomes underground with a gentle slope and after
about 55 m divides to two parts. Its body includes
metamorphic rocks (Figure 22).
Pose Cave
It is in 114 Km of Zahedan’s south alongside
Pose village. This cave shapes mainly in the sequence of
shale and sandstone and its ceiling are surrounded by
young conglomerates. This cave is an interesting sample
of non-karst caves (Negaresh, 2006). Its main channel is
Figure 25. Beautiful ripple marks and dune of Lut
(ytimg.com )
Journal of Research in Ecology (2016) 4(1): 124-136
Yazdi et al., 2016
Figure 26. Erosional shapes known as Dudkesh-e Jen
about 32 m and its sub-channel is about 2 m and
approximately 20 m of its length is located under the
underground water and the rest of cave’s length is above
the underground water’s level (Figure 23).
Lut Desert
The widest interior plateau hollow of Iran is Lut
desert that its east part is in Sistan and Baluchistan
province. This plain is full of the desert’s
geomorphological effects and its universal records add
on its attractions. Largest Kaluts of the world, largest
Nebkhas of the world, warmest point of the ground and
etc., located in Lut desert. There is a large part of sand
plain more than 10763 square kilometer in the east
margin of central Lut that a vast part of it is located in
Sistan and Baluchistan province (Yazdi and shafiee,
2012). The heights of these plains are diverse and
sometimes reach to 500 m (Figure 24).
Figure 27. Erosional shapes known as Takht-e Div
Journal of Research in Ecology (2016) 4(1): 124-136
Figure 28. Hara jungle (Around the Gowatr Gulf)
(TM, 2016)
Some believes that these sand pyramids are the
biggest sand pyramids of the world but indeed they are in
third degree of the world since Chero Blanco sand plains
in Peru with the height of 1176 m and Badian Jaran in
Mongolia with the height of 550 m from the plain bottom
are longer (Yazdi, 2012). Beautiful ripple marks are seen
in the surface of these plains that are created because of
the wind (Figure 25).
Erosional Forms
In the south and coast areas of the province,
beautiful volumes are created because of wind erosion
performance, seasonal showers, floodwater etc. that are
too attractive. These shapes are mainly created in
sandstone and carbonate parts and sometimes created
columns till the height of 64 m (known as Dudkesh-e
Jen) and beautiful shapes known as Takht-e Div (Figures
26 and 27).
Figure 29. sample of Oman coast in Sistan and
Baluchistan (INIOAS, 2016)
132

Hara Jungle (Mangro)
Hara trees are expanded in Oman coasts
especially around Gowatr, Khoors and Bahookalat
estuaries. The name of its kind is Avicenia Marina that
their height reaches from 6 to 9 m. The leaves of these
trees act as refinery and pass the salts (Negaresh, 2005).
These trees grow mainly on fine sediment of the coast,
estuaries and coastal marshes that are influenced by tidal
currents (Momeni, 1991). Hara jungles with sea lanes
between them create beautiful landscapes (Figure 28).
Baluchistan coast
Generally, Oman coast divides to two groups of
rocks and fine-grained sediments. Fine-grained
sediments are mainly seen in Gowatr and Chabahar
Bays, Khoors and Hara jungle. Rock coast are often wall
-shapes and high. Their heights are from 1 to 100 m with
low cut (Figure 29).
Specifications of Oman coast
 The specifications of about 300 Km of beautiful
rock and low coast that are sometimes decorated
with green alga.
 Too high waves due to strong monsoon winds in
summer that is ideal for surfing sport.
 The only marine Inselberg of Iran is located between
Konarak and Pozm.
 The only Tombolo of Iran is around Tang port.
 The Raised Beaches from Jask, to krachi of Pakistan
(yearly 1 to 3 mm) in Iran is just in this area.
 The existence of 13 mud volcano in the coastal plain
of Oman sea.
 The existence of Hara jungles in Gowatr Bay’s
coast.
 Beautiful landscapes of dissolution cavities due to
the waves’ hitting and erosion of sedimentary rocks
in the coast.
 Too beautiful landscape of orange color of sun in
sunrise and sunset in Oman Sea’s coast
133
Yazdi et al., 2016
CONCLUSION
According to the studies in this article, it is
determined that contrary to the impression, South East of
Iran (Sistan and Baluchistan province) has a lot of
geotourism and ecotourism capacities for attracting
interior and exterior tourists. New geology phenomena
are seen in this area that some of them are unique in Iran.
In other side, an element that causes lack of tourism
growth in this province up to now is non-providing of
necessary infrastructures for implementing this important
matter like lack of settlement centers around geosites,
lack of expert human resources in geotrourism, weak
advertising, cultural- social barriers, security problems,
political unrests, transportation costs, etc. According to
the privation of this province as well as existence of
valuable geotourism capabilities, we can use it as a new
and advantageous opportunity for access to sustainable
economic, social, environmental development as well as
employment for a large range of people. Therefore, the
relevant authorities should create employment and
sustainable development with principal programming
and activate geotourism’s capabilities of this area to
prevent problems such s crimes, immigration,
unemployment, etc.
Suggestions
 Along with the growth of geotourism industry in
Sistan and Baluchistan province and access to
different dimensions of sustainable development, the
following guidelines are provided:
 Providing a comprehensive plan for geotourism
development of Sistan and Baluchistan province.
 Classifying the geotourism centers according to their
importance and act towards registering geosite as
well as universal or national geopark.
 Creating equipped amenities and residential centers
besides geosites.
Journal of Research in Ecology (2016) 4(1): 124-136
Yazdi et al., 2016

 Expanding advertising programs for introducing and Bayat M. (2010). Surveying tourism potentials of salt
identifying the area’s geotourism attractions and domes with emphasis on medical tourism. proceedings of
attract tourists. twenty-seventh meeting of Earth Science, State
 Using guide signs for scientific describing of Geological and Mineral Exploration, Tehran.
geosites.
Bootorab S, Fotovat Roodsari H and Mir Kazemian
 Designing suitable ways for access to geosites.
M. (2006). Geotourism atlas of Sistan and Baluchistan,
 Training and encouraging local people around these
Geology Department of the State Geological and
attractions to maintain the province’s geotourism
Mineral Exploration, 1-60.
values.
 Protecting local people for holding fairs for BI. (2016). Banki.ir©2016.[Cited 2016 July 22].

supplying local crafts around geosites. Available from: http://banki.ir/images/stories/taftan.jpg.

 Using expert forces and training local people for EWC. (2016). Earth Watcher center©2016.[Cited 2016
revival of the area’s geotourism capabilities. July 22]. Available from:http://www.earthwatchers.org/
 Holding expert geotourism conferences and gaining images/bahu/p7.jpg.
support from authorities towards geotourism
Dowling RK and Newsome D. (2006). Geotourism’s
development.
issues and challenges, Geotourism, Chapter Thirteen,
Elsevier, Oxford, 242-254.
REFERENCES
Amrikazemi A. (2009). Atlas of Geopark and Danakhabar. (2016). Danakhabar©2016. [Cited 2016
Geotourism resources of Iran. Tehran, Geological survey July 22]. Available from: http://danakhabar.com/files/fa/
of Iran Publication, 22 -23. news/1393/1/19/103157_566.jpg.

AITO. (2016). Azadi International Tourism Emami MH. (2000). Magmatism in Iran, Tehran,
Organization©2016 [cited 2016 July 22]. Available Geological Survey of Iran Publication, 591-594.
from: http://www.aitotours.com/uploads/files/Map%
FBM. (2016). Fair Bijan and Manijeh©2016. [Cited
20Files/Iran-1-Map.jpg.
2016 July 22]. Available from: http://www.iranboom.ir/
ANOBANINI. (2007). Anobainin©2007.[Cited 2016 aks-ha/gonagon/8902/2/727698_orig.jpg.
July 22]. Available from:http://www.anobanini.ir/pic/
Gates AE. (2006). Geotourism: a perspective from the
travel/sistan-blochestan/zabol/kohekhaje/b/zabol-
USA, Geotourism, Dowling RK and Newsome D.
kohekhaje5.jpg.
Chapter Nine, Elsevier, Oxford, 157-179.
AT. (2016). Sun Gasht Aftab Travel agency©2016.
GSMEI. (2016). Geological survey and mineral
[Cited 2016 July 22]. Available from: https://
exploration of iran©2016.[Cited 2016 July 22].
www.aftabir.com/news/thumb/
Available from: http://www.gsi.ir/Images/
articles/2014/07/29/417066.jpg.
clip_image551.jpg.
BB. (2013). Bey btoote©2016. [Cited 2016 July 22].
GT. (2016). Golden Travels©2016. [Cited 2016 July
Available from: http://www.beytoote.com/images/
22]. Available from: http://seeiran.ir/wp-content/
stories/news/92/08/92-08-m428.jpg.

Journal of Research in Ecology (2016) 4(1): 124-136 134


uploads/2013/11/%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%87-%D9%
86%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%87-1.jpg.
ID. (2016). Iran’s deserts©2016.[Cited 2016 July 22].
Available from: http://www.irandeserts.com/file/
imageDocument/f1/0fbc1a2a-eed4-4e86-8776-
af9cc94578ff.JPG.
INIOAS. (2016). Iranian National Institute for
Oceanography and Atmospheric Science©2016. [Cited
2016 July 22]. Available from: http://www.inio.ac.ir/
Portals/0/muna/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%
A7%DB%8C%D8%B4%20%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%
AD%D9%84.jpg
Khosh Raftar R. (2012). Global network of geoparks,
Rasht, Hagh Shenas publication, 21 -22.
Mohamadi A, Lak R and Sheydniya SH. (2006).
surveying the source of environmental pollution of
Chabahar gulf according to studding the sediments of the
Gulf, proceedings of the twenty-fifth symposium of
Geoscience, Tehran.
Momeni I. (1991). some specifications of ecology and
sedimentology of Qeshm island’s mangroves. Journal of
Earth Science of Shahid Beheshti University.
MN. (2016). Mashregh News©2016. [Cited 2016 July
22]. Available from: httphttp://cdn.mashreghnews.ir/
files/fa/news/1392/1/27/306267_499.jpg.
Newsome D and Dowling RK. (2006). The scope and
nature of geotourism, Geotourism, Dowling RK,
Newsome D. Chapter One, Elsevier, Oxford, 3-25.
Negaresh H. (2005). Coastal geomorphology of Gowatr
gulf, Islamic Azad University of Zahedan, Journal of
Applied Geology, second year,1: 23-32.
NCMS. (2016). News management solutions©2016.
[Cited 2016 July 22]. Available from:http://
www.earthwatchers.org/images/bahu/p7.jpg.
135
Yazdi et al., 2016
Negaresh H. (2001). Mud Volcanoes and Their
Geographical Dispersion in Iran, Journal of Human
Sciences of Sistan and Baluchistan University,13.
Negaresh H. (2006). Tourism natural attraction in Sistan
and Baluchistan province, Journal of Geographical
Space 1-16.
NB. (2016). News Balkh©2016.[Cited 2016 July 22]
Available from: http://bokhdinews.af/images/
stories/13901/1391/5/hirmand.jpg.
RA. (2016). Reservations Aria©2016. [Cited 2016 July
22]. Available from: http://ariabooking.ir/safar/upload/
images/news/dariacheha/darychehamon1.jpg.
RM. (2016). Ryazmyn©2016. [Cited 2016 July 22].
Available from: https://aryazamyn.com/assets/contents/
covers/cwt4gmxirsx1jnajilv2mvxx-pic.jp.
Tavakoli M and Hedayati S. (2008). tourism challenges
in border area (case study: Sistan), Azad Islamic
University of Ahar, Journal of Geographical Space,
eight year, 22:1-20.
TJ. (2015). Textroad Journals©2015. [ Cited 2016 July
22]. Available from: http://www.textroad.com/pdf/
JBASR/J.%20Basic.%20Appl.%20Sci.%20Res.,%203
(1s)350-358,%202013.pdf.
Tishineh. (2016). Tishineh©2016. [Cited 2016 July 22].
Available from: http://www.tishineh.com/tour/Pictures/
Item/133/29979.jpg.
TM. (2016). The Makran Maymakoran the socio-
political blogs Balochistan©2016.[Cited 2016 July 22].
Available from: https://
maymakoran.files.wordpress.com/2010/03/mangro.jpg.
TP. (2016). Talking proud©2016. [Cited 2016 July 22].
Available from: http://www.talkingproud.us/Military/
SanginValley/SanginValley/SanginWhoCares_files/
helmandrivermap.jpg.
Journal of Research in Ecology (2016) 4(1): 124-136
 Yazdi et al., 2016

WN7W. (2016). World of news 7 wounders©2016. http://files.namnak.com/users/sf/Images/Sargarmi/

[Cited 2016 July 22]. Available from: http:// goonagoon/9309/55_pics/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%
world.new7wonders.com/content/uploads/2011/10/ B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%
MUDVOLCANOES_21.jpg. DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%
AF.jpg.
Yazdi A and Shafiee SM. (2012). Feasibility of Iran
deserts for Geotourism development, proceedings of the https://maymakoran.files.wordpress.com/2010/03/
th
16 meeting of Iran geology association, Shiraz, 14-16. mangro.jpg.

Yazdi A, Emami MH and Shafiee SM. (2012). Iran’s http://www.inio.ac.ir/Portals/0/muna/%D9%81%D8%

geotourism potentials and mud volcanoes’ structure, B1%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B4%20%D8%
th
proceedings of 31 meeting of Earth Science, Tehran. 1- B3%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%84.jpg.
11.

Yazdi A, Emami MH and Shafiee SM. (2014). Dasht-e

Lut in Iran, the Most Complete Collection of Beautiful
Geomorphological Phenomena of Desert, Open. Journal
of Geology, 4(6): 249-261.

Yazdi A. (2012). A Study of Iran’s Lut desert:

Geomorphological and Geotourism Attractions,
Proceedings of Annual International Conference on
Geological and Earth Sciences (GEOS, 2012), 3-4
December, Singapore, 35-41.

Zabol University. Hamoon Lake. (2001). Public

Relations, first edition, 8 and 9.

http://news.chn.ir/Images/News/Editor/image/parto/
gandou2.jpg.

http://danakhabar.com/files/fa/news/1393/1/19/1
03157_566.jpg.
Submit your articles online at ecologyresearch.info
http://seeiran.ir/wpcontent/uploads/2013/11/%DA%86% Advantages
D8%A7%D9%87%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%  Easy online submission
 Complete Peer review
87-1.jpg.
 Affordable Charges
 Quick processing
http://bokhdinews.af/images/stories/13901/1391/5/
 Extensive indexing
hirmand.jpg.  You retain your copyright

http://www.irandeserts.com/file/imageDocument/f
1/0fbc1a2a-eed4-4e86-8776-af9cc94578ff.JPG submit@ecologyresearch.info
www.ecologyresearch.info/Submit.php.

136 Journal of Research in Ecology (2016) 4(1): 124-136