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acid.
-Synthesising the manufacture of ammonia
and its salts.
-Understand alloys.
-Evaluate the uses of synthetic polymer.
-Apply the uses of glass and ceramics.
-Evaluate the uses of composite materials.
-Appreciate various synthetic industrial
materials.
USES OF SULPHURIC ACID
1. Sulphuric acid is used to produce chemical fertilizer such as
ammonium sulphate and
potassium sulphate, which are highly soluble in water and can be
easily obsorbed by
plant.
2. Car batteries contain sulphuric acid which is used as the electrolyte.
3. Sulphuric acid also used in the making of artificial silk-like fibres
and rayon.
4. Chemical like paints, dyes and drug use sulphuric acid as one of
their component materials.
MANUFACTURE OF SULPHURIC ACID
1. Sulphuric acid is manufactured in industry though contact process
2. The process contain three stage:
S(s)+O2(g) SO2(g)
SO3(g)+H2SO4(l) H2S2O7(l)
SO3(g)+H2O(l) H2SO4(aq)
iii. The addition of sulphur trioxide directly into is not carried out
because the reaction is vary vigorous; a lot of heat is given off. As a
result, a large cloud of sulphuric acid fumes is produced, which is
corrosive and causes severe air pollution.
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION BY SULPHUR DIOXIDE
2.Sulphur dioxide which escape into the air causes air pollution.
3.Sulphur dioxide is an acidic which dissolves in water to form
sulphurous acidic,H2SO3.
In the atmosphere, sulphur dioxide dissolve in water droplets to form
sulphurous acidic.
SO2(g) + H2O(l) H2SO3(aq)
USES OF AMMONIA
4.Under these control optimum condition, only 15% of the gas mixture
turn into ammonia gas. The nitrogen and hydrogen that have not
reacted are then flow back over the catalyst again in the reactor
chamber.
5.The ammonia product is then cooled at a low temperature so that it
condenses into a liquid in the cooling chamber.
AMMONIUM FERTILIZERS
1. The atom of pure metals are packed together closely. This causes
the metal to have a hight density
2. The forces of attraction between atoms (metallic bonds) are strong.
More heat energy is needed to overcome the metallic bond so that the
atoms are further apart during the melting. This is why metals usually
have hight melting point.
3. Heat energy can be transferred easily from one atom to the next by
vibration. This make metal good conduct of heat.
4. The freely moving outermost electrons within the metal’s structure
are able to conduct electricity. Metal are, therefore, good electrical
conductors.
5. Since atoms of pure metal are of the same size, they are arranged
orderly in a regular layered pattern. When a force is applied to metal,
layer of atom slide easily over one another. This make pure metals
soft, malleable and ductile.
1. Pure metal are usually too soft for most uses. They also have a low
resistance to corrosion. They rush and tarnish easily.
2. To improve the physical properties of metal, a small amount of
another element (usually metal) is added to form another an alloy.
3. An alloy is a mixture of two or more metals (something non-metal)
in a specific proportion. For example:
a. Bronze (90% of copper and 10% of tin)
b. Steel (99% of iron and 1% of carbon)
4.The purposes of making alloys include the following:
a) Increase the strength
i. Pure iron is soft and vary malleable. When a small amount of
carbon is added to iron, an alloy, steal is formed. The more carbon is
added, the stronger the steel becomes.
ii. Pure aluminium is light but not strong. With a small amount of
copper and
magnesium are added to aluminium, a strong, light and durable alloy
call duralumin is produced.
b)Improving the resistance to corrosion
i. Iron rust easily but stainless steel which contains 80.6% of iron,
0.4% of carbon, 18% of chromium and 1% of nickel does not rush.
These properties make stainless steel suitable for making surgical
instrument and cutlery.
ii. Pure copper tarnish easily. When zinc (30%) is added, the
yellow alloy which is known as brass develops a high resistance to
corrosion.
c) Enhancing the appearance
i. Pewter, an alloy of tin (97%), antimony and copper is not only
hard but also has a more beautiful white silvery appearance.
ii. When copper is mixed with nickel to form cupronickel, an alloy
that has an attractive silvery, bright appearance is formed which is
suitable for making
coins.