Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Robert Foster
Megger Applications Engineer
February 16, 2018
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Moderator
n Jamie Smith
• Digital Marketing Specialist
2
Q&A
n Send us your questions and comments during the
presentation
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Today’s Presenter & Panelists
Presenter:
n Robert Foster
• Megger Applications Engineer
Panelists:
n Dr. Diego Robalino
• Megger Principal Engineer
n Volney Naranjo
• Megger Senior Applications Engineer
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Transformer Diagnostics
§ Diagnostics is about collecting reliable information to make
the correct decision
§ Making the correct decisions saves money
SFRA
Oil analysis
Winding
DFR Resistance
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Transformer mechanics basics
n A transformer is rated to withstand certain mechanical
forces.
n However, these forces can easily be exceeded
• during transportation
• short circuits close to the transformer
n Transformers mechanical strength weakens as the
transformer ages
• Less capability to withstand mechanical stress
• Greater risk for mechanical problems
• Greater risk for insulation problems
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Detecting Faults with SFRA
n Core movements
n Faulty core grounds
n Winding deformations
n Winding displacements
n Partial winding collapse
n Hoop buckling
n Broken clamping structures
n Shorted turns and open windings
n Etc
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SFRA testing basics
n Off-line test
n Transformer is a complex RLC filter circuit
n Changes in this circuit can be detected and
plotted as a response curve when test
signals at different frequencies are applied
over a winding
n Changes can be compared over time,
between test objects or within test objects
n The method is unique in its ability to detect
core problems, mechanical winding
problems and other electrical faults in one
test
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What is Sweep Frequency Response?
Unknown System
Input Output
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SFRA = Fingerprinting
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Test results – always comparisons
n Different problems can be seen in
different parts of the curve
n Software analysis makes it easy to
detect deviations
n Low frequencies
• Core problems and shorted/open
windings
n Medium frequencies
• Winding deformations
Taps and
n High frequencies connections
• Tap connections and other
Winding deformations
winding connection problems
Core + windings
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Connections
Shielded (ground)
Co-ax cables
Data
Ground
Ground Ground
Transformer
Single Winding
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0 dB Magnitude = No difference between Measured and Applied signal
Lower Difference
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Test types –
End-to-end (open)
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End-to-end (open) - Example
n Low frequencies - Inductive
• May vary between measurements pending magnetization
• Typical “double-dip” response on outer windings and “single dip” on center winding
• B-phase should be below A and C-phase (Y)
Inductive Capacitive
Resonance
Peak & Valley
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Test types –
End-to-end short-circuit
n The test is similar to the end-to-end
measurement, but with a winding on the
same phase being short-circuited
n The influence of the core is removed
below 10-20 kHz because the low-
frequency response is characterized by
the short-circuit impedance/leakage
reactance instead of the magnetizing
inductance
n Response at higher frequencies is similar
to end-to-end (open) measurements
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End-to-end (short) - Example
n Low frequencies
• All phases should be very similar in low frequencies. > 0.25 dB difference may indicate leakage
reactance/winding resistance/connection/tap-changer problems
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Test types –
Capacitive inter-winding (CIW)
n Test signal is applied to one end of a winding and the response
is measured at one end of another winding on the same phase
(not connected to the first one)
n The response using this configuration is dominated at low
frequencies by the inter-winding capacitance
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Test types –
Inductive inter-winding (IIW)
n The signal is applied to a terminal on the HV side,
and the response is measured on the corresponding
terminal on the LV side, with the other end of both
windings being grounded
n The low-frequency range of this test is determined by
the winding turns ratio
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Inter-winding measurements - Example
n CIW (red-gray-blue) is capacitive at low frequencies
n IIW (red) reflects turn ratio at low frequencies (7.5 MVA, 115/34.5 Dyn)
n Similar response at high frequencies
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What is the importance of the different tests?
VR
Looks at Winding AND
OPEN Core characteristics Similar to Excitation Test
VM
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OPEN Circuit Self Admittance (OC)
HV LV
Applied Signal
#1 AΦ aΦ
Measured Signal
OPEN
Applied Signal
(floating)
#2 BΦ bΦ
LV
Measured Signal terminals
Applied Signal
#3 CΦ cΦ
Measured Signal
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SHORT Circuit Self Admittance
HV LV
Applied Signal
#4 AΦ aΦ
Measured Signal
SHORT LV
Applied Signal
terminals
#5 BΦ bΦ
Measured Signal
Applied Signal
#6 CΦ cΦ
Measured Signal
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OPEN Circuit Self Admittance (OC) {IEEE}
End-to-end Open {Cigre}
HV LV
Applied Signal
#7 AΦ aΦ
Measured Signal
OPEN
Applied Signal
(floating)
#8 HV BΦ bΦ
#9 CΦ cΦ
Measured Signal
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CAPACITIVE Inter-Winding
HV LV
#12 CΦ cΦ
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INDUCTIVE Inter-Winding
HV LV
#15 CΦ cΦ
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End Result
(3 Phase, 2 winding Delta to Wye transformer w/acc neutral)
#1 #4 #7 #10 #13
#2 #5 #8 #11 #14
#3 #6 #9 #12 #15
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End Result
(3 Phase, 2 winding Delta to Wye transformer w/acc neutral)
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Recommendation Tests (3 phase, 2 winding xfmr)
Note: number of sweeps may change based on transformer 3 phase, 3 winding
xfmr = 36 sweeps
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Reference measurements
n When transformer is new
• Capture reference data at commissioning of new transformers
n When transformer is in known good condition
• Capture reference data at a scheduled routine test (no issues
found)
n Save for future reference
n Start Your Reference Measurements ASAP!
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SFRA measurements – When?
n Manufacturing test
n Commissioning test
n Transport test
n Incident test - after incidents where you
suspect electromechanical changes
• After transport
• Short-circuit faults
n Catastrophic events
• Earth quakes
• Hurricanes, tornadoes
n Trigger based test – transformer alarms
• Vibration
• DGA
• High temperature
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Comparative tests
Transformer A Design based
Time based
Transformer A Transformer B
Type based
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Results Analysis Methods
1. Time Based (same transformer)
§ MOST RELIABLE TEST!
§ Deviations between curves indicate problems
3. Design based (same transformer winding legs and bushings of identical design)
§ Requires knowledge about design
§ Small deviations are not necessarily indicating a problem
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Measurement philosophy
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#1 Time Based Comparisons
§ Same transformer
§ Compare individual winding to itself
§ HV A phase same xfmr (@ time 1)
§ HV A phase same xfmr (@ time 2)
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Time Based Comparison
3 Phase, 2 winding transformer - Comparing same phase, same xfmr
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#2 Type Based Comparisons
§ Similar transformer
§ Compare individual winding to very similar winding
§ HV A phase similar xfmr (@ time 1)
§ HV A phase similar xfmr (@ time 2)
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#3 Design Based Comparisons
§ Same transformer
§ Compare individual winding to very similar winding
§ HV A phase same xfmr (@ time 1)
§ HV C phase same xfmr (@ time 1)
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Design Based Comparison – Open Circuit Test
§ Low frequencies
• May vary between measurements pending magnetization
• Typical “double-dip” response
• B-phase should be below A and C-phase (Y) – Symmetry of 3 leg core excitation
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Design Based Comparison – Short Circuit Test
§ Low frequencies
• All phases should be very similar. > 0.25 dB difference may indicate leakage reactance/winding
resistance/connection/tap-changer problems
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Typical SFRA – Magnitude Response Graph
3 Phase, 2 winding transformer – ALL 3 Phases
LV [open] a,b,c
HV [short] A,B,C
HV [open] A,B,C
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Typical response from a healthy transformer
HV [short] identical
between phases
LV [open] as
expected for a ΔY tx
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Transformer with serious issues...
Big deviations
between phases for Big deviations between
LV [open] at low phases at mid and high
frequencies frequencies indicates
indicates changes in winding faults
the magnetic
circuit/core defects
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Analysis Methods – A Comparison
100%
Fingerprint - 3Φ Phase to Phase
#1 Time based comparison on same transformer
CONFIDENCE LEVEL
AΦ to BΦ to CΦ of same
#3 Design based transformer
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Comparing 2 curves – What’s important?
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SFRA Summary - REMEMBER
n Repeatability – Important!
• High quality, high accuracy instrument needed
• Same Applied Voltage in all SFRA measurements
• Good connections on the measurement terminals
• Shortest braid grounding - shields of coaxial cables to flange
of bushing
• Good documentation, photographs of connections help
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Tips for field testing
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Test Instrument Setup Tips
Applied Measured signal
signal = 10 V = response V
Shielded (ground)
Co-ax cables
Data
Ground
Ground Ground
Transformer
Single Winding
FRAX
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Tip #1 Instrument Verification
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Tip# 2 Fast testing
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Tip #3 Lead placement
3 phase, 2
winding
transformer test
template
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Tip #4 Tap Changer Position
n Changing the position of the tap changer
will change the result
• To obtain repeatable results, use the same
tap position for each comparison test. It is
recommended to use in service tap for
DETC and extreme raise position for LTC
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Tip # 5 Proper connections
n Bad connection can affect the curve at higher frequencies
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Good connection
n After proper connections were made
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Tip # 5 Proper connections-Grounding
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Tip # 5 Proper connections-Grounding
FRAX
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Tip # 5 Proper connections-Grounding
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Tip #6 Demagnetization
n Effect of core magnetization
• Some differences are still to be expected and must be accepted,
however, try to minimize the effect by:
– Performing SFRA measurements prior to winding resistance measurements
– Demagnetizing the core prior to SFRA measurements
After winding
resistance test
After
demagnetization
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Tip # 7 Decision support
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Summary
n SFRA provides a variety of information about the transformer
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FRAX101 – Frequency Response Analyzer
n Light weight
n Rugged for field use
n Battery operated
n Complies with all standards
n Export and import of data
n Highest dynamic range and
accuracy in the industry
n Simple software
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FRAX150 – Frequency Response Analyzer
n Built in PC with touch screen
n Rugged for field use
n Complies with all standards
n Export and import of data
n Highest dynamic range and
accuracy in the industry
n Simple software
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FRAX Accessories
n Field Demo Box FDB
• Training tool
• Can simulate variety of n Field Test Box FTB
faults
• Comes standard with FRAX
• Verify instrument is working
at all frequency ranges
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MEGGER TLM Bulletins
n Moisture in Power Transformers
n Dynamic Measurements of On-Load Tap Changers (OLTC)
n Individual Temperature Correction (ITC)
n Measuring Transformer Winding Resistance
n Transformer Core Demagnetization
n Power Factor/ Dissipation Factor and Capacitance
n Electrical Testing Efficiency through Test Lead Management
n Oil Tan Delta
n Excitation Current
https://us.megger.com/promotion/transformer/transformer-life-management-(tlm)-bulletin-series
NEXT…
n SFRA
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SFRA TLM bulletin outline
n Introduction
n Mechanical Aspects of a Transformer
n What types of problems does SFRA detect?
n SFRA – the test
n How does SFRA work to detect a problem?
n The Fundamentals of Response Behavior
n Complex RLC circuit – the Transformer
n Features of the Response (why does it look the way it does)
n Standards
n Performing the test
n The three R’s
n Analysis
n Examples
n When to use SFRA
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Survey & Contact Info
n Contact Information
• Presenter
– Robert Foster
– Robert.Foster@megger.com
68
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69
Questions?
Power on
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of your business. That is why we are dedicated to creating, designing and
manufacturing safe, reliable, easy-to-use portable test equipment backed by
world-leading support and expertise.
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