T1 mapping:

Source: Huen, Isaac, David M. Morris, Caroline Wright, Geoff JM Parker, Colin P. Sibley,
Edward D. Johnstone, and Josephine H. Naish. "R1 and R2* changes in the human placenta in
response to maternal oxygen challenge." Magnetic Resonance in Medicine 70, no. 5 (2013):
1427-1433.

Sequence: Respiratory-triggered Inversion Recovery-HASTE (IRHASTE) (31) sequence with 4

inversion times (TI=50,300, 1100, and 2000 ms) combined with a respiratory triggered HASTE
sequence without an inversion pulse to provide a measurement of fully relaxed signal

Source: Jakob, P. M., Wang, T., Schultz, G., Hebestreit, H., Hebestreit, A., & Hahn, D. (2004).
Assessment of human pulmonary function using oxygen‐enhanced T1 imaging in patients with
cystic fibrosis. Magnetic resonance in medicine, 51(5), 1009-1016.

Sequence: After a spin inversion, the longitudinal relaxationof the magnetization is detected by a
series of 16 snapshot fast low-angle shot (FLASH) images permitting pixel-by pixel T1
calculations. The imaging parameters were: gradient echo time (TE) 1.0 ms, repetition time
(TR)3.5 ms, flip angle (FA)7°, slice thickness 15 mm, image matrix 64x128 zero-filled to 256 x
256 , and field of view (FOV)350 –500x350 –500 mm2. The total acquisition time (TA) for one
image was thus 224 ms.

Source: Naish, J. H., Parker, G. J., Beatty, P. C., Jackson, A., Young, S. S., Waterton, J. C., &
Taylor, C. J. (2005). Improved quantitative dynamic regional oxygen‐enhanced pulmonary
imaging using image registration. Magnetic resonance in medicine, 54(2), 464-469.

Sequence: A half Fourier single-shot turbo spin-echo (HASTE) sequence was used with 68
phase encoding steps and inter- echo spacing of 4 ms, effective echo time 16 ms, 128128matrix
with field of view 450 mm, coronal section with slice thickness 10 mm.T1measurements were
performed using a saturation recovery HASTE sequence with saturation times (TSAT ) of 100,
200, 400, 800, 1200, 1700, 2300,3000, and 3500 ms. Five images were collected for each
saturation time to enable averaging over the cardiac cycle. Saturation recovery (SR) was chosen
in preference to inversion recovery (IR) because of the shorter total imaging time.
 T1 dynamic

Source: Naish, J. H., Parker, G. J., Beatty, P. C., Jackson, A., Young, S. S., Waterton, J. C., &
Taylor, C. J. (2005). Improved quantitative dynamic regional oxygen‐enhanced pulmonary
imaging using image registration. Magnetic resonance in medicine, 54(2), 464-469

Sequence: IR HASTE sequence with an inversion time of 720 ms, chosen to approximately null
the signal while breathing air (4). A standard set of 45T1measurement SR images was acquired
while the subject breathed medical air at 10 L/min. A series of 58 dynamic IR images was then
acquired with a TR of 3.5 s at the same coronal location.

Source: Triphan, S. M., Breuer, F. A., Gensler, D., Kauczor, H. U., & Jakob, P. M. (2014).
Oxygen enhanced lung MRI by simultaneous measurement of T1 and T2* during free breathing
using ultrashort TE. Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging.

Sequence: Multiecho IR 2D UTE. The UTE sequence provides both TEs as short as 70 μsec
and a radial readout to allow for dynamic reconstruction of images and self-gating
 T2* dynamic

Source: van Rooijen, B. D., van der Lans, A. A., Brans, B., Wildberger, J. E., Mottaghy, F. M.,
Schrauwen, P., ... & van Marken Lichtenbelt, W. D. (2013). Imaging cold-activated brown
adipose tissue using dynamic T2*-weighted magnetic resonance imaging and 2-deoxy-2-[18F]
fluoro-D-glucose positron emission tomography. Investigative radiology, 48(10), 708-714.

Sequence: Dynamic T2*-weighted imaging was performed using gradient echo planar
imaging with the following parameters: TR, 200 milliseconds; TE, 15 milliseconds; FA, 90
degrees; FOV, 204 × 450 mm (AP × RL); reconstruction matrix, 300 × 298; slice thickness,
2mm; slice gap, 5 mm; and 20 slices resulting in an acquisition time per single volume of 15
seconds.

Source: Guo, Y., Jin, N., Klein, R., Nicolai, J., Yang, G. Y., Omary, R. A., & Larson, A. C.
(2012). Gas challenge–blood oxygen level-dependent (GC-BOLD) MRI in the rat Novikoff
hepatoma model. Magnetic resonance imaging, 30(1), 133-138.

Sequence: T2* measurements performed using a multi-gradient-echo (MGRE) sequence (TR

=150 ms, echo train length (ETL) =9, echo spacing = 4.6 ms, FA = 30º, slice thickness = 3 mm,
field of view (FOV) = 150 × 61 mm2, 192 × 78 matrix, in-plane resolution = 0.8 mm, bandwidth
= 360 Hz/pixel, Avg = 25).

Source: Jin, N., Deng, J., Chadashvili, T., Zhang, Y., Guo, Y., Zhang, Z., ... & Larson, A. C.
(2009). Carbogen Gas–Challenge BOLD MR Imaging in a Rat Model of Diethylnitrosamine-
induced Liver Fibrosis 1. Radiology, 254(1), 129-137.

Sequence: The response at BOLD MR imaging was evaluated by using quantitative R2*
measurements, which were obtained by using a multiple-gradient-echo sequence (150-msec
repetition time, echo train length of nine, 4.6-msec intersection spacing, 30° flip angle, 3-mm
section thickness, 150-mm field of view, 192 × 76 matrix, 0.8-mm in-plane resolution, readout
bandwidth of 360 Hz/pixel, 25 acquired signals).

Source: R2* response of brain tumors to hyperoxic and hypercapnic respiratory challenges at 3
Tesla. Proc. Intl. Soc. Mag. Reson. Med. 17 (2009)

Sequence: Dynamic multi-gradient-echo sequence (acquisition time 7 min, 198 dynamics each
with 12 echoes, TE/TR = 4-83/97 ms, flip angle 25°, echo-planar-imaging factor 5, voxel size
1.8×1.8×5 mm).
 T2 * Weighting

Source: Knopp, E. A., Cha, S., Johnson, G., Mazumdar, A., Golfinos, J. G., Zagzag, D., ... &
Kricheff, I. I. (1999). Glial Neoplasms: Dynamic Contrast-enhanced T2*-weighted MR Imaging
1. Radiology, 211(3), 791-798.
Sequence: Perfusion-weighted imaging was performed by using a lipid-suppressed, T2*-
weighted echo-planar imaging sequence with the following parameters: repetition time, 1,000
msec; echo time, 54 msec; field of view, 230 × 230 mm; section thickness, 5 or 7 mm; data
matrix, 128 × 128 matrix; and in-plane voxel size, 1.8 × 1.8 mm. Between five and seven
sections were obtained to cover the entire tumor volume identified on the T2-weighted images. A
section gap of 0%–30% of the section thickness was used, depending on the extent of the signal
intensity abnormality on the T2-weighted images. A series of 60 multisection acquisitions was
acquired at 1-second intervals. The first 10 acquisitions were performed before contrast agent
injection to establish a precontrast baseline

Source: Cha, Soonmee, Glyn Johnson, Youssef Zaim Wadghiri, Olivier Jin, Jim Babb, David
Zagzag, and Daniel H. Turnbull. "Dynamic, contrast‐enhanced perfusion MRI in mouse gliomas:
Correlation with histopathology." Magnetic resonance in medicine 49, no. 5 (2003): 848-855.
Sequence: T2*-weighted gradient-echo fast low-angle shot (FLASH) (TE =10 ms; TR=18 ms;
FA=15°; FOV=22 mm; matrix=64X64;).

Source: Huen, I., Morris, D. M., Wright, C., Parker, G. J., Sibley, C. P., Johnstone, E. D., &
Naish, J. H. (2013). R1 and R2* changes in the human placenta in response to maternal oxygen
challenge. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 70(5), 1427-1433.

Sequence: T2 * mapping data was acquired by a single-shot breathhold multiple gradient-

recalled echo sequence with 10 equally spaced echo times (TE=5-50 msec).TR= 60msec, flip
angle= 40°, with full k-space acquisition.

Source: Feasibility and Reproducibility of R2* Measurement Under Oxygen and Carbogen
Challenge in Healthy Subjects and Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma at 1.5 T and 3T
(Proc. Intl. Soc. Mag. Reson. Med. 22 (2014))

Sequence: Fat-suppressed T2*-weighted, 2D GRE images of the liver (1.5T/3T: FA 35°, TR

242/165, 5 in-phase TEs 4.6-23/ 7 in-phase echoes 2.46-17, FOV 225 x 340, 230 x 384, 24
slices, slice thickness 7 mm) were acquired in multiple breath-holds at baseline (room air) and
after 10 min. of breathing 100% O2 and/or carbogen (95% O2/5% CO2).

Based on the above we should try to achieve the following :

1. Low flip angle with a sequence such as FLASH.We can try a 𝛼 that ranges from 15-40°
2. Very short TE, lowest we have gotten is 3.7 msec.
3. Adequate amount of echoes to have a high T2* signal with out going into T2 range – 7-
12 echoes.
4. LOW TR
 Notes:

Note we want to use a Gradient echo sequence with the following parameters:

T2* weighting

• Small flip angle 5 -20 degrees

• Long TE 15 -25 ms
• Short TR enough for full recovery as flip angle is small
• Scan time several seconds to minutes
For coherent gradient echo we have the following parameters:

• To maintain the steady state

– Flip angles 30 – 45

– TR 20-50 ms

• To maximize T2* long TE 15- 25 ms

T2 dynamic
Source: Jin, N., Deng, J., Chadashvili, T., Zhang, Y., Guo, Y., Zhang, Z., ... & Larson, A. C.
(2009). Carbogen Gas–Challenge BOLD MR Imaging in a Rat Model of Diethylnitrosamine-
induced Liver Fibrosis 1. Radiology, 254(1), 129-137.

Sequence: T2-weighted turbo spin-echo MR images (4500/61 [repetition time msec/echo time
msec], 140° flip angle, three acquired signals)