Complete

Mathematics
for Cambridge International
AS & A Level
Second Edition

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Oxford excellence for Cambridge AS & A Level

Embed advanced mathematical skills with a real-world focus
With Complete Mathematics for Cambridge Pure Probability
Mechanics
Mathematics & Statistics
International AS & A Level you can rely on:

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Student Books
objectives drawn directly from the syllabus.
See start of chapter objectives on page 4, 17 and 27.

Take a look on pages 14-16. Take a look on pages 17-26. Take a look on pages 27-32.
Progression to further study
Get students ready for higher education with a focus on real world
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international examples show how mathematics is used in the real world.
See ‘Maths in real-life’ sections on pages 14-15 and 24-25.

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 Pure Mathematics 1 Contents
We ensure every 1 Quadratics
1.1 Solve quadratic equations by factorising
Cambridge learner can... 1.2 Solving linear inequalities 
1.3 Solving quadratic inequalities 
1.4 The method of completing the square 
1.5 Solving quadratic equations using
the formula 
1.6 Solve more complex quadratic equations 
1.7 The discriminant of a quadratic equation 
1.8 Solving simultaneous equations 
1.9 Graphs of quadratic functions 
Aspire 2 Functions and transformations
2.1 Mappings 
We help every student reach their full potential with complete 2.2 Composite Functions 
syllabus support from experienced teachers, subject experts 2.3 Inverse Functions 
and examiners.
3 Coordinate Geometry 
3.1 Line segments 
3.2 Parallel and perpendicular lines 
Succeed
3.3 Equation of a straight line 
3.4 Points of intersection and graphs 
Review exercise A 
We bring our esteemed academic standards to your classroom and
Maths in real-life: Parabolic reflectors 
pack our resources with effective exam preparation. You can trust
Oxford resources to secure the best results for your students. 4 Circular measure 
4.1 Radians 
4.2 Arc length and sector area 
4.3 Further problems involving arcs
Progress and sectors 
5 Trigonometry 
We embed critical thinking skills into our resources, encouraging
5.1 Exact values of trigonometric functions 
students to think independently from an early age and building 5.2 Graphs of trigonometric functions 
foundations for future success. 5.3 Inverse trigonometric functions 
5.4 Composite graphs 
5.5 Trigonometric equations 
5.6 Trigonometric identities 
6 Binomial expansion 
6.1 Pascal’s triangle 
6.2 Binomial notation 
6.3 Binomial expansion 
6.4 More complex expansions 
Find out more 7 Series 
7.1 Sequences 
www.oxfordsecondary.com/cambridge 7.2 Finite and infinite series 
Have a look on pages 4-16 in this booklet.
7.3 Arithmetic progressions 
7.4 Geometric progressions 
7.5 Infinite geometric progressions 
Review exercise B 
Maths in real-life: Infinity 
8 Differentiation 
8.1 The gradient of the tangent 
8.2 Gradient of a tangent as a limit 
8.3 Differentiation of polynomials 
8.4 Differentiation of more
complex functions 
8.5 The chain rule (differentiating
function of a function) 
8.6 Finding the gradient of the tangent
using differentiation 
8.7 The second derivative 
8.8 Equation of the tangent and the normal 
9 Further differentiation 
9.1 Increasing and decreasing functions 
9.2 Stationary points 
9.3 Problems involving maximum and
minimum values 
9.4 Connected rates of change 
10 Integration 
10.1 Integration as the reverse process of
differentiation 
10.2 Finding the constant of integration 
10.3 Integrating expression of the form
(ax + b)n 
10.4 The definite integral 
10.5 Finding area using definite integration 
10.6 Area bounded by two curves or
a curve and a line 
10.7 Improper integrals 
10.8 Volumes of revolution 
Review exercise C 
Maths in real-life: Describing change mathematically

Exam-style paper A 
Exam-style paper B 
Answers 
Glossary of terms
Index 
Pure Mathematics 2 & 3 Contents
1 Algebra 
1.1 The modulus function 
1.2 Division of polynomials 
1.3 The remainder theorem 
1.4 The factor theorem 
2 Logarithms and exponential functions 
2.1 Continuous exponential growth and decay 
2.2 The logarithmic function 
2.3 ex and logarithms to base e 
2.4 Equations and inequalities using logarithms 
2.5 Using logarithms to reduce equations
o linear form 
3 Trigonometry 
3.1 Secant, cosecant, and cotangent 
3.2 Further trigonometric identities 
3.3 Addition formulae 
3.4 Double angle formulae 
3.5 Expressing a sin θ + b cos θ in the
orm R sin(θ ± α) or R cos(θ ± α) 
Review exercise A – Pure 2 
Review exercise A – Pure 3 
Maths in real-life: Predicting tidal behaviour 
4 Differentiation 
4.1 Differentiating the exponential function 
4.2 Differentiating the natural logarithmic unction 
4.3 Differentiating products 
4.4 Differentiating quotients 
4.5 Differentiating sin x, cos x, and tan x 
4.6 Implicit differentiation 
4.7 Parametric differentiation 
5 Integration 
5.1 Integration of eax+b 
5.2 Integration of 1 x + b 
5.3 Integration of sin (ax + b), cos (ax + b),
ec2 (ax + b) 
5.4 Extending integration of trigonometric
functions 
5.5 Numerical integration using the trapezium rule 
6 Numerical solution of equations 
6.1 Finding approximate roots by
change f sign or graphical methods 
6.2 Finding roots using iterative relationships 
6.3 Convergence behaviour of iterative functions 
Review exercise B – Pure 2 
Review exercise B – Pure 3 
Maths in real-life: Nature of Mathematics 
7 Further algebra 
7.1 Partial fractions 
7.2 Binomial expansions of the form (1 + x)n
when n is not a positive integer 
7.3 Binomial expansions of the form (a + x)n
where n is not a positive integer 
7.4 Binomial expansions and partial fractions 
8 Further integration 
8.1 Integration using partial fractions 
8.2 Integration of f(x) f´(x) 
8.3 Integration by parts 
8.4 Integration using substitution 
Review exercise C – Pure 3 
9 Vectors 
9.1 The equation of a straight line 
9.2 Intersecting lines 
9.3 The angle between two straight lines 
9.4 The equation of a plane 
9.5 Configurations of a line and a plane 
9.6 Configurations of two planes 
9.7 The distance from a point to a plane or line 
10 Differential equations 
10.1 Forming simple differential equations (DEs) 
10.2 Solving first-order differential equations with
separable variables 
10.3 Finding particular solutions to differential
equations 
10.4 Modelling with differential equations 
11 Complex numbers 
11.1 Introducing complex numbers 
11.2 Calculating with complex numbers 
11.3 Solving equations involving complex umbers 
11.4 Representing complex numbers geometrically 
11.5 Polar form and exponential form 
11.6 Loci in the Argand diagram 
Review exercise D – Pure 3 
Maths in real-life: Electrifying, magnetic
and damp: how complex mathematics
makes life simpler
Exam-style paper A – Pure 2
Exam-style paper B – Pure 2 
Exam-style paper C – Pure 3 
Exam-style paper D – Pure 3 
Answers 
Glossary of terms
Index 
Probability & Statistics 1 Contents
1 Introduction to statistical thinking 
1.1 What is statistics and why is it important? 
1.2 Types of data 
2 Measures of location and spread 
2.1 Averages 
2.2 Quartiles and the interquartile range 
2.3 Variance and standard deviation 
2.4 Which average should you use? 
2.5 Coding 
3 Representing and analysing data 
3.1 Stem-and-leaf diagrams 
3.2 Box-and-whisker plots 
3.3 Histograms 
3.4 Cumulative frequency graphs 
3.5 Skewness 
3.6 Comparing distributions 
Review exercise A 
Maths in real-life: Seeing the wood
and the trees 
4 Probability 
4.1 Basic concepts and language f probability 
4.2 Two (or more) events 
4.3 Tree diagrams 
4.4 Conditional probability 
4.5 Relationships between events 
5 Probability distributions and discrete random
variables 
5.1 Discrete random variables 
5.2 The probability function, p(x) 
5.3 Expectation of a discrete random variable 
5.4 The variance of a discrete random
variable 
6 Permutations and combinations 
6.1 Permutations of n distinct objects
in a straight line 
6.2 Permutations of k objects from distinct objects in
a straight line
6.3 Allowing constraints on permutations
(for n distinct objects) 
Have a look on pages 17-26 in this booklet.
6.4 Permutations when some objects
are not distinguishable 
6.5 Combinations 
6.6 Evaluate probabilities by calculation
sing permutations or combinations 
Review exercise B 
Maths in real-life: Sporting statistics 
7 The binomial distribution 
7.1 Introducing the binomial distribution 
7.2 Mean and variance of the binomial distribution 
7.3 Modelling with the binomial distribution 
8 The geometric distribution
8.1 Introducing the geometric distribution
8.2 The mean of the geometric distribution
9 The normal distribution 
9.1 Continuous probability distributions
and the normal distribution 
9.2 Standard normal distribution 
9.3 Calculating probabilities for the
(μ, σ2) distribution 
9.4 Using the normal distribution 
10 The normal approximation to the
binomial distribution 
10.1  Normal shape of some binomial distributions 
10.2 Continuity correction 
10.3  The parameters for the normal approximation 
Review exercise C 
Maths in real-life: Statistics is definitely
not a lonely world 
Exam-style paper A
Exam-style paper B 
Answers 
Data sets 
Glossary of terms
Index 
Probability & Statistics 2&3 Contents Mechanics Contents
1 The Poisson distribution  6.3 Variability between samples and use of random 1 Straight line motion and graphs 6 Friction 
1.1 Introducing the Poisson distribution  numbers  1.1 Displacement–time graphs  6.1 Rough horizontal surfaces 
1.2 The role of the parameter of the 6.4 The sampling distribution of a statistic  1.2 Velocity–time graphs  6.2 Rough inclined plane
Poisson distribution  6.5 Sampling distribution of the mean Review exercise B 
1.3 The recurrence relation for the of repeated observations of 2 Constant acceleration formulae  Maths in real-life: Understanding
Poisson distribution  a random variable  2.1 Constant acceleration formulae  the Universe
1.4 Mean and variance of the 6.6 Sampling distribution of the mean of 2.2 Vertical motion 
Poisson distribution  a sample from a normal distribution  7 Work and energy 
3 Variable acceleration 7.1 Work 
1.5 Modelling with the Poisson distribution  6.7 The Central Limit Theorem 
3.1 Using differentiation to describe 7.2 Kinetic energy 
6.8 Descriptions of some sampling methods 
2 Approximations involving the Poisson straight line motion  7.3 Gravitational potential energy 
Review exercise B 
distribution  3.2 Using integration to describe straight 7.4 Conservation of energy 
Maths in real-life: Modelling statistics 
2.1 Poisson as an approximation line motion 7.5 The work–energy principle 
to the Binomial  7 Estimation  3.3 Deriving the constant acceleration
2.2 The Normal approximation to the 7.1 Interval estimation  formulae  8 Power 
Poisson distribution  7.2 Unbiased estimate of the population mean  Review exercise A  8.1 Power as rate of doing work 
7.3 Unbiased estimate of the Maths in real-life: Challenging technology 8.2 Acceleration and variable resistance 
3 Linear combination of random variables
population variance  in sport 
3.1 Expectation and variance of a linear 9 Momentum NEW
7.4 Confidence intervals for the mean of a Normal
function of a random variable  4 Forces and resultants 9.1 Momentum
distribution 
3.2 Linear combination of two (or more) independent 4.1 Resultants 9.2 Collisions
7.5 Confidence intervals for the mean of
random variables  4.2 Components  Review exercise C 
a large sample from any distribution 
3.3 Expectation and variance of a sum of 4.3 Forces in equilibrium  Maths in real-life: Aerodynamics 
7.6 Confidence intervals for a proportion 
repeated independent observations of
a random variable, and the mean of 8 Hypothesis testing for discrete distributions  5 Newton’s laws Exam-style paper A 
those observations  8.1 The logical basis for hypothesis testing  5.1 Newton’s laws  Exam-style paper B 
3.4 Comparing the sum of repeated 8.2 Critical region  5.2 Resolving when on an inclined plane  Answers 
independent observations with the 8.3 Type I and Type II errors  5.3 Multiple forces  Glossary
multiple of a single observation  8.4 Hypothesis test for the proportion p of 5.4 Connected particles  Index 
Review exercise A  a Binomial distribution 
Maths in real-life: The mathematics of 8.5 Hypothesis test for the mean of
the past  a Poisson distribution 
4 Linear combination of Poisson and 9 Hypothesis testing using the Normal
Normal variables  distribution 
4.1 The distribution of the sum of two independent 9.1 Hypothesis test for the mean of
Poisson random variables  a Normal distribution 
4.2 Linear functions and combinations 9.2 Hypothesis test for the mean using
of normal random variables  a large sample 
9.3 Using a confidence interval to carry out
5 Continuous random variables 
a hypothesis test 
5.1 Introduction to continuous
Review exercise C 
random variables 
Maths in real-life: A risky business 
5.2 Probability density functions 
5.3 Mean and variance of a continuous List of formulae
random variable  Answers 
5.4 Mode of a continuous random variable  Glossary of terms
Index 
6 Sampling 
6.1 Populations, census and sampling 
6.2 Advantages and disadvantages of sampling 
Have a look on pages 27-32 in this booklet.
 22
22 Functions
Functions
Functions
Functions
Functions
and
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and
and
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transformations
transformations
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transformations
Sample pages from Pure Mathematics 1

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a),yand
yand
use
use
the
af(x),
af(x),
ythe
ytransformations
transformations ofcombinations
of
thethe
graph
graph yof=yof
ofof =
f(x)
f(x)
given
given y =y =
byby f(x)
f(x)
++a, a,
= =
f(xf(x
●● ●● Understand+ + = = = =
f(ax)
f(ax) andandsimple
simple combinations these.
yof=yof these. y =y = a, a, We
Wesay:
say:
f maps
f mapsx onto
x onto
2x2x
++1. 1.
y =Understand
y=f(xf(x
++ yand
a),a), =yand
use
use
the
af(x),
= ythe
af(x), =ytransformations
=transformations
f(ax)
f(ax) andandsimpleofcombinations
simple of
thethe
graph
graphofof
combinations =
f(x)
f(x)
these. given
these.given
byby f(x)
f(x)
++
We
Wesay:
say:
f maps
f mapsx onto
x onto
2x2x
++1. 1.
y =y =
f(xf(x
++a),a),
y =y =
af(x),
af(x),
y =y =f(ax)
f(ax) andandsimple
simplecombinations
combinations ofofthese.
these.
Before
Before
Before
Before you
you
you
you start
start
start
start
f : fx: 6
x6
x x f : fx: 6
x6
2x2x
++
2x2x
++
11
1 f(x)
1 f(x)
Before
Before
You you
Youshouldyou
should start
knowstart
knowhow
howto:
to: Skills
Skillscheck:
check:
x x
–2 –2
f(x)f(x)
–3 –3
YouYoushould
shouldknow knowhowhowto:
to: Skills
Skillscheck:
check: –2 –2 –3 –3
You
1. You
1. should
should
Substitute
Substitute
into know
into know
f(x). how
f(x). howto:
to: Skills
1.Skills
1.f(x) = check:
f(x) 5xcheck:
= 5x
++2x2x
3 3
–1 –1
–1 –1
–1 –1
–1 –1
If If
If
every
If
every
every
every
element
element
element
element
inin
in
thethe
in
the
the
domain
domain
domain
domain
is is
is
mapped
is
mapped
mapped
mapped
onto
onto
exactly
onto
onto
exactly
one
exactly
exactly
element
one element
1.1.Substitute
Substitute into
intof(x).
f(x). 1.1.f(x)
f(x)
== 5x5x
++2x2x
3 3 1 1
1 1
3 3
3 3 ininthethe
range
rangewewe
saysay
thethe
function
function a one-to-one
is is function. element
one
function.
a one-to-one one
element
1.1.e.g.
e.g. f(x)
Substitutef(x)
Substitute = =(3x
into (3x
into 2 2x)x)
−f(x).
f(x).− 1.1.Find
Find
f(x)
f(x)
== 5x5x
++2x2x
3 3
3 3 7 7 ininthethe
range
rangewewe
saysay
thethe
function
function a one-to-one
is is a one-to-one
function.
function.
e.g.
e.g. f(x)
f(x)
== (3x
(3x−− 2 2x)x) Find
Find 3 3 7 7
e.g.
e.g. f(x)
f(1)
f(1)
f(x)
== = (3x
(3x= 2– 2=x)=
3 −–3 − 1x)1 a)a)f(1)
Find f(1) b)b)f(−2)
f(−2) c)c)f(−10)
f(−10) 6 6 13 13
f(1) = =
f(1) 3 –3 2– = 2= 11 a)Find
a)f(1)
f(1) b)b)f(−2)
f(−2) c)c)f(−10)
f(−10) 6 6 13 13
f(1) = =
f(100)
f(100)
f(1) 3300
–3300
2––= 220
–=120=1 =280280 d)
a)d)
a)f(8)
f(8)
f(1)
f(1) e)
b)e)
b)f(−3)
f(−3)
f(−2)
f(−2) f)
c)f)
c)f(−1).
f(−1).
f(−10)
f(−10) domain
domain rangerange
f(100)
f(100) == 300 300 – 20– 20 == 280280 d)d)f(8)
f(8) e)e)f(−3)
f(−3) f)f)f(−1).
f(−1). domain
domain rangerange
f(4)
f(4)
f(100)
f(100)== 12
30012––4–20
300 –=
4 20
=
8=8= 280280 d)d)f(8)
f(8) e)e)f(−3)
f(−3) f)f)f(−1).
f(−1).
f(4) = =
f(4) 1212 – 4– = 4= 8 28 2 f : fx: 6
x6x2x2
2.2.Sketch
Sketch the
f(4) the
f(4) =
graph=
graph
1212 of
– of4–y =
4y =
8x28.x2. 2.2.Sketch
Sketch thethe graphs
graphsofof x x f : fx: 6
x6x2x2 f(x)f(x)
2.2.Sketch
Sketchythe
ythe
graph
graph ofof y =y =x2.x2. 2.2.Sketch
Sketch the the graphs
graphsofof x x f(x)f(x)
2.2.Sketch
Sketchythe graph
ythe graph ofof y =y =x .x . 2.2.a)a)y =y the
Sketch
Sketch =x3the
x3graphs
3 3
b)b)
graphsofyof=y =(x(x−− 2)(x
2)(x
++ 1)1) –1 –1
If If
every
every
element
elementininthethe
domain
domain is is
mapped
mapped onto
ontoexactly
exactly
one
one
element
element
a)a)y =y =x3xx3x b)b)y =y = (x2(x
−2 −
2)(x
2)(x
++ 1)1) –1 –1 1 1
If
inIf
every
every
element
elementin in
thethe
domain
domain isinis
mapped
mapped onto
ontoexactly
exactly
one
one
element
element
y yy =yx=2 x2 1 1
c)a)
a)c)y =y =x2xx2x d)
b)d)
b)y =y =x(x2(x
x−2(x
+
− +
3)
2)(x3)+ +
2)(x 1)1) 1 1
1 1 in
the
the
range,
range,
but
butsome
some elements
elements inthe
therange
rangearise
arisefrom
frommore
morethan
than
y =yx=2 x2 c)c)y =y = 21x21x d)d)y =y = x2(xx2(x++3)3) 2 2 4 4 in in
the
the
range,
range,
but
butsome
some elements
elements in inthe
therange
rangearise
arisefrom
frommore
morethan
than
y =yx=2 x2 e)
c)e)
c)y =y = 21 21 f)
d)f)
d)y =y =(5
x (x(5
x−(xx)(x
−
+ x)(x
+
3)3)+ +
4).4). 2 2 4 4 oneoneelement
elementinin
thethe
domain
domain wewe
saysay thethe
function
function a many-to-one
is is a many-to-one
e)e)y =y =x1 x1 f)f)y =y = (5(5 −− x)(x
x)(x
++ 4).4). –3 –3
9 9 oneoneelement
element
function.
function. inin
thethe
domain
domain wewe
saysay thethe
function
function a many-to-one
is is a many-to-one
–3 –3
0 0 x x
e)e)y =y =x x f)f)y =y = (5(5 −− x)(x
x)(x
++ 4).4). 3 3 9 9 function.
function.
xx 3 3
0 0 x x domain
domain range
range
0 0 x x domain
domain range
range
44
44 Functions
Functions
and
and transformations 5 5
transformations
44 Functions
Functions
and
and transformations 5 5
transformations
 f: xf: 6
x6± ±x,x,
x≥ x≥
00 Example
Example3 3
xf: xx x6
f: 6 ± ±x,x,
x≥ x≥
0f(x)0f(x) Example
Example33
x x f(x)f(x) h(x)
h(x)
==2x2x
2 2
– 12x
– 12x++ 22,22,x∈ x∈ RR
h(x)
h(x)
==2x2x – 12x
2 2
– 12x++ 22,22,x∈ x∈ RR
0 0 0 0 a)a)Express
Express h(x)
h(x)ininthetheform
forma(x
a(x
++b)b)
++
2 2
c. c. b)b)Find
Find
thethe
range.
range.
0 0 0 0
–1 –1 a)a)Express
Express h(x)
h(x)ininthetheform
forma(x
a(x
++b)b)
++
2 2
c. c. b)b)Find
Find
thethe
range.
range.
1 1 –1 –1 This
This not
is is not
a function,
a function,
because
becauseit it
is is
one-to-many.
one-to-many.Some
Someelements
elements inin
1 1 This
Thisis not
is not
a function,
a function,
because
becauseit it
is is
one-to-many.
one-to-many.Some
Someelements
elements inin a)a)h(x)
h(x)
== 2(x
2(x – 6x
2 2
– 6x ++ 11)11)
1 1
1 1 thethe
domain
domain areare
mapped
mapped onto
onto
more
more than
than
one
one
element
elementinin
thethe
range.
range. a)a)h(x)
h(x)
== 2(x
2(x – 6x
2 2
– 6x ++ 11)11) Use
Use
thethe
method
method
of of
completing
completing
thethe
square
square
seen
seen
in in
–5 –5 thethe
domain
domain areare
mapped
mapped onto
onto
more
more than
than
one
one
element
elementinin
thethe
range.
range. == 2[(x
2[(x– 3)
– 3)
2 2
– 9– +9+11]
11] Use
Use
thethe
method
25 25 –5 –5 == 2[(x
2[(x– 3)
–23)2– 9– +
2 2
9+11]
11] Chapter
Chapter1.method
1. of of
completing
completing
thethe
square
square
seen
seen
in in
25 25 5 5 == 2(x
2(x– 3)
– 3) + +
4 4 Chapter
Chapter1. 1.
domain
domain
5 5
range
range
== 2(x
2(x– 3)
– 3) ++
2 2
44
domain
domain range
range b)b)Least
Leastvalue
valueofofh(x)
h(x)is is
0+0+4=4=44 2(x2(–x 3)
– 23)cannot
2
cannot
bebe
less
less
than
than
0. 0.
b)b)Least
Leastvalue
valueofofh(x)
h(x)is is
0+0+4=4=44 2(x2(–x 3)
– 23)cannot
2
cannot
bebe
less
less
than
than
0. 0.
Range:
Range: h(x)
h(x)≥≥ 4 4
Range:
Range: h(x)
h(x)≥≥ 4 4
Example
Example1 1
Example
Example1 1
Find
Findthethe
range
range
ofof these
these
functions.
functions.
Find
Findthethe
range
range
ofof these
these
functions.
functions. Example
Example4 4
a)a)f(x)
f(x)
==x+x+ x≥
5, 5, x≥
55 b)b)g(x)
g(x)
==x33,x−2
3
, −2
≤≤x <x <
44 Example
Example4 4
a)a)f(x)
f(x)
==x+x+ x≥
5, 5, x≥
55 b)b)g(x)
g(x)
==x ,x−2
3
, −2
≤≤x <x <
44 f(x) = = 55 552 , 2x, ∈
f(x) x∈R,R,
f(x)
f(x)
≥≥55
f(x) = =(x(−x 2−)22,)2x, ∈
f(x) x∈R,R,
f(x)
f(x)
≥≥55
a)a)Given
Givendomain
domain x≥
is is x≥55 (x(−x 2−) 2)
a)a)Given
Givendomain
domain x x Find
Findthethe
greatest
greatest possible
possibledomain.
domain.
Range:
Range:f(x)
f(x)
≥≥1010 5 5
is is ≥ ≥ The
The
least
least
value
value f(xf)(xis) is
of of 5 +5 5+ =5 10.
= 10. Find
Findthethe
greatest
greatest possible
possibledomain.
domain.
Range:
Range:f(x)
f(x)
≥≥1010 The
The
least
least
value
value f(xf)(xis) is
of of 5 +5 5+ =5 10.
= 10.
a)a)When
When f(x)f(x)
==5, 5, 55 552 =2 = 55
b)b)Given
Givendomain
domainis is
−2−2≤≤x <x <
44 a)a)When
(xWhen
(x
– 2)
– 2)2f(x)
=2f(x)
=
1 5, 5,(x(−x 2−)22)=2 =
=1= 55
b)b)Given
Givendomain
domainis is
−2 x <x < (x(−x 2−) 2)
< −2
≤64
≤ 44 (x (x
– 2)
– 2) = =
1 1
2 2
Range:
Range:−8−8
≤≤g(x)
g(x) <
64 (−2)
(−2)
= −8
3 3
= −8
and
and
(4)(4)
= 64
3 3
= 64 x –x 2– =2 = 1 or1 or
−1−1 Since 5(x5(–x 2)
Since – 22)=2 5= 5
Range:
Range:−8−8
≤≤g(x)
g(x)<<6464 (−2)
(−2)
= −8
3 3
= −8
and
and
(4)(4)
= 64
3 3
= 64 xx –
xx 2–
= 3 =2or
= 3= 1or
1or
11or
−1−1 Since 5(x5(–x 2)
Since – 22)=2 5= 5
x= x= 3 or3 or 11
y y
y y
Example
Example2 2 15 15
Example
Example2 2 5 5
a)a)Sketch
Sketch thethe graph
graphofof
thethe
function
function defined
defined
byby 15 15 y =y = 5 52 2 Draw
Draw
a sketch
a sketch f(xf(x
of of ) so) so
that
that
youyou
cancan
seesee
thethe
domain.
domain.
a)a)Sketch
Sketch thethe graph
graphofof
thethe
function
function defined
defined
byby y =y = 2)–22)2
(x –(x Draw
Draw
a sketch
a sketch f(xf(x
of of ) so) so
that
that
youyou
cancan
seesee
thethe
domain.
domain.
(x –(x2)– 2)
⎧⎪ 4⎧⎪ 4− −x x whenwhen −2−2≤≤x≤x≤11 10 10
f(xf()x=) ⎧⎨⎪= 4⎧⎨⎪ 4− −x x when
when −2−2≤≤x≤x≤11 10 10
f(xf()x=) ⎩⎪⎨=2⎩⎪⎨x2 x+ +1 1 when
when x≤
1 <1 < x≤33
2
⎩⎪ ⎩⎪x2 +
x +
1 1 when
when 1 <
1 x
< x
≤≤3
3 5 5
b)b)Find
Find thethe range.
range. 5 5
b)b)Find
Find thethe range.
range.
a)a) y y O O 1 1 2 2 3 3 x x
a)a) f(xf)(x=) 2=x2+x 1+ 1 x =x 3= 3 y =y 2(3)
= 2(3)
+ 1+ =1 7= 7 O O 1 1 2 2 3 3 x x
8y 8y f(xf)(x=) 2=x2+x 1+ 1 x =x 3= 3 y =y 2(3)
= 2(3)
+ 1+ =1 7= 7
(–2,(–2,
6) 6) 8 8
(3,(3,
7) 7)
Domain
Domain x <x <
1 <1 < x∈
3, 3, x∈
R,R,
x≠x≠
22 Always
Always
include
includex∈xR∈R x ≠x 2≠ because
andand 2 because
thethe
denominator
denominator
0. 0. x ∈
xR∈R x ≠x 2≠ because
(3,(3,
7) 7) Always
Always
include
include andand 2 because
thethe
denominator
denominator
6) 6) 6 6
(–2,(–2, Domain
Domain x <x <
1 <1 < x∈
3, 3, x∈
R,R,
x≠x≠
22 cannot
cannot
bebe
6 6 f(xf)(x=) 4= −4 x− x x =x −2
= −2 y =y 4= –4 (−2)
– (−2)
= 6= 6 cannot
cannot
bebe0. 0.
4 4 f(xf)(x=) 4= −4 x− x x =x −2
= −2 y =y 4= –4 (−2)
– (−2)
= 6= 6
4 4
2 2 (1,(1,
3) 3)
2 2 (1,(1,
3) 3) f(xf)(x=) 2=x2+x 1+ 1 x =x 1= 1 y =y 2(1)
= 2(1)
+ 1+ =1 3= 3
f(xf)(x=) 2=x2+x 1+ 1 x =x 1= 1 y =y 2(1)
= 2(1)
+ 1+ =1 3= 3
–3 –3–2 –2–1 –1 0 0 1 12 23 3
x x
Exercise
Exercise2.1
2.1
–3 –3–2 –2–1 –10 0 1 1 2 2 3 3
x x
f(xf)(x=) 4= −4 x− x x =x 1= 1 y =y 4= −4 1− =1 3= 3 Exercise
Exercise2.1
2.1
f(xf)(x=) 4= −4 x− x x =x 1= 1 y =y 4= −4 1− =1 3= 3 1.1.Find
Findthethe
range
range ofofthese
these
functions.
functions.
1.1.Find
Findthethe
range
range ofofthese
these
functions.
functions.
b)b)Range:
Range:3≤
3≤f(x)
f(x)
≤≤77 From
From
thethe
graph,
graph,thethe
least
least
value
value y isy is
of of 3 and
3 and
thethe a)a)f(x)
f(x)
==x− x− x≤
2, 2, x≤
33 b)b)g(x)g(x)
== 2x2x , −3
2 2
, −3
≤≤x≤
x≤11
b)b)Range:
Range:3≤
3≤f(x)
f(x)
≤≤77 From
From
thethe
graph,
graph, y isy is a)a)f(x)
f(x)
==x− x− x≤
2, 2, x≤
33 b)b)g(x)g(x)
== 2x2x , −3
2 2
, −3
≤≤x≤
x≤11
greatest
greatest
value is the
value 7.the
is 7.least
least
value
value
of of 3 and
3 and
thethe
c)c)h(x)
h(x)==x33x+33 + x >x >
4, 4, −2−2 d)d)f(x) = =11 ,11x, ≥
f(x) x≥ 11
greatest
greatest
value
value
is is
7. 7. c)c)h(x)
h(x)==x x+ + x >x >
4, 4, −2−2 d)d)f(x) = =x ,xx, ≥
f(x) x≥ 11
x 4x 4
e)e)g(x)
g(x)
== 7x7x ++ 1, 1,
−1−1 x
≤≤≤≤x 3 3 f) f) h(x)
h(x)
= x
= x
, x , ∈
x ∈RR
e)e)g(x)
g(x)
== 7x7x ++ 1, 1,
−1−1≤≤x≤x≤3 3 f) f) h(x)
h(x)
== x4,xx4, ∈ x∈ RR

6 6 Mappings
Mappings Functions
Functions
and
and transformations 7 7
transformations
6 6 Mappings
Mappings Functions
Functions
and
and transformations 7 7
transformations
 2.2.ByBysketching
sketching their
theirgraphs
graphs ororotherwise,
otherwise, find
find
thetherange
range ofof these
these functions
functions given
giventhethedomain.
domain. 2.2
2.2Composite
Compositefunctions
functions
2.2.ByBysketching
State sketching
Statewhether
whether their
their
each graphs
each graphs
functionoror
function otherwise,
is otherwise,
is
a one-to-one find
a one-to-one find
thetherange
range
function
function ofor
or of
athese
athese functions
many-to-onefunctions
many-to-one given
given
function.thethe
function. domain.
domain. 2.2
2.2Composite
Compositefunctions
functions
State
Statewhether
whether eacheach function
function is is
a one-to-one
a one-to-one function
function oror a many-to-one
a many-to-one function.
function.
a)a)f: xf: 6
x6 2x2x ++ 1, 1, x ∈ x∈R R b)b)g: g:x6 x6 4, 4, x ∈
x22x−22 − x∈ R,R,
−3−3 << x <x <
33 When
When you
youcombine
combine two two oror more
more functions
functions you
you a composite
getget a composite function.
function.
a)a)f: xf: 6
x6 2x2x ++ 1, 1, x ∈ x∈R R b)b)g: g:x6 x6 x x− − 4, 4, x ∈ x∈ R,R,
−3−3 << x <x <
33 When
When you
youcombine
combine two two oror more
more functions
functions you
you a composite
getget a composite function.
function.
c)c)h:h: x6 x6 −x−x ,
3 3
, x ∈
x ∈
R, R,
−2 −2
< x
< ≤x ≤1 1 d)d)f: xf: x
6 6 (x(x
− −
3)3),
2 2
, x ∈x ∈R,R,
x ≥x ≥4 4 Consider
Considerthethe
functions
functions f(x)f(x)
==x22x+22 + x∈
1, 1, x∈ R and
R andg(x)
g(x)==x –x 1, x∈
– 1, x∈ RR and and
thethe
sub
sub
setset
c)c)h:h: x6 x6 −x−x , , x∈
3 3
x∈R,R,−2−2<< x≤ x≤ 11 d)d)f: xf: 6
x6 (x(x
−− 3)3), , x∈
2 2
x∈ R,R,
x≥ x≥ 44 Consider
Considerthethe
functions
functions f(x)f(x)
==x x+ + 1, x
1, ∈
x ∈R and
R andg(x)
g(x)= x
= x
– 1,
– x
1, ∈
x ∈
R Rand and
the
thesub
sub
setset
ofofnumbers
numbers {1,{1,
2, 2,
3, 3,
4, 4,
5}.5}.
e)e)g: g:x6 x6 1− 1− 2x,2x, x ∈ x∈R,R,1≤ 1≤x≤ x≤ 33 f)f)h:h: x6 x6 (x(x
++ 1)1)
2 2
, , x ∈
x ∈
R,R,
x ≥x ≥−1−1 ofofnumbers
numbers {1,{1,
2, 2,
3, 3,
4, 4,
5}.5}.
e)e)g: g:x6 x6 1− 1− 2x,2x, x ∈ x∈R,R,1≤ 1≤x≤ x≤ 33 f)f)h:h: x6 x6 (x(x
++ 1)1)
2 2
, ,x∈ x∈ R,R,
x≥ x≥ −1−1 If If
weweapply
apply
function
function f tof tothis
this
setset
ofofnumbers
numbers wewe
getget
{2,{2,
5, 5,
10,10,
17,17,26}.
26}.
3.3.a)a)Sketch
Sketch thethe graph
graph ofof
thethe
function
function defined
defined byby If
If If
we
wewe
If apply
we apply
apply function
apply function
function
function fg to
fg to
to this
to this
this set
this set
new ofset
new of
numbers
numbers
set
ofof wewe
numbers getwe
numbers get
{2,
we{2,
5,
get 5,
get10,
{1, 10,
4,17,
{1, 17,
4,
9, 26}.
9,
16,26}.
16,25}.
25}.
3.3.a)a)Sketch
Sketch thethe graph
graph ofof
thethe
function
function defined
defined byby If If
weweapply
apply
function
function g tog tothis
this
new
new setset
ofofnumbers
numbers wewe getget
{1,{1,
4, 4,
9, 9,
16,16,25}.
25}.
⎪⎧5⎪⎧−5 −2 x2 x when when x <x <
22
If If
weweapply
apply
f first
f first
andand thenthen g we
g wewrite
writethis
this
combined
combined function
function asasg f.g f.
f(xf()x=) =⎨⎪⎧5⎨⎪⎧2−
5 −2 x2 x when when x <x <
22
f(xf()x=) =⎪⎨⎩ x⎪⎨⎩2x+22 +1 1 when when x≥ x≥22 If If
weweapply
apply
f first
f first
andand thenthen g we
g wewrite
writethis
this
combined
combined function
function asasg f.g f.
⎪
⎩ x⎪⎩ x+ + 1 1 when when x≥ x≥22 The
The composite
composite function
function gf(x)
gf(x) means
means apply
apply f first
f first followed
followed byby
g. g.
b)b)FindFind thethe range.
range.
b)b)FindFind thethe range.
range. The
Thecomposite
composite
function gf(x)
function gf(x)
means
means
apply
apply
f first
f first
followed
followed
byby
g. g.
4.4.f(x)
f(x)
== 3x3x +
2 2
+
6x 6x−− x∈
18,18, x∈RR Consider
Consider thethe same
same setset
ofof numbers
numbers {1,{1,
2, 2,
3, 3,
4, 4,
5}5} and
and thethe functions
functions
4.4.f(x)
f(x)
== 3x3x ++
2 2
6x6x −− x∈
18,18, x∈RR Consider
Consider
2 2thethesame
same set
setof of
numbers
numbers {1,{1,
2, 2,
3, 3,
4, 4,
5}5}
and
andthethefunctions
functions
a)a)Express
Express f(x)f(x) ininthethe
form
form a(x
a(x++ b)b) ++
2 2
c. c. b)b)Find
Find thetherange.
range. f(x)
f(x) ==x2x+2 +
1 and
1 andg(x)
g(x)== x –x 1.
– 1.
a)a)Express
Express f(x)f(x) ininthethe
form
form a(x
a(x++ b)b) ++
2 2
c. c. b)b)Find
Find thetherange.
range. f(x)
f(x)
==x x+ +1 and
1 andg(x)
g(x)== x –x 1.
– 1.
If If
weweapply
apply function
function g tog tothis
this
setset
ofofnumbers
numbers wewegetget
{0,{0,
1, 1,
2, 2,
3, 3,
4}.4}.
5.5.f(x)
f(x)
== x2x−2 −
2 2
8x8x ++ x∈
16,16, x∈ R,R,f(x)
f(x)
≥≥ 6. 6.
FindFind thethe
domain.
domain. Leave
Leave your
your answer
answer ininsurd
surdform.
form. If If
we
If If we
weweapply
apply
apply
apply function
function
function
function g to
f tog to
f tothis
thisthis
thisset
newset
of
new of
numbers
setsetnumbers
ofofnumberswe
numberswe
getget
{0,
wewe {0,
1,
getget1,
2, 2,
3,
{1,{1, 3,
4}.5,
2, 2,
5, 4}.
10,10,
17}.
17}.
5.5.f(x)
f(x)
== x x− − 8x8x ++ x∈
16,16, x∈ R,R,f(x)
f(x)
≥≥ 6. 6.
FindFind thethe
domain.
domain. Leave
Leave your
your answer
answer ininsurd
surdform.
form. Note:
Note: fgfgwillwill only
only
If If
weweapply
apply function
function f tof to
this
thisnewnew
setset
ofofnumbers
numbers wewegetget
{1,{1,
2, 2,
5, 5,
10,10,
17}.
17}. Note:
Note:
exist
exist fg
if the fg
will
if the will
range only
range only gg
of of
6.6.Find
Find thethe range
range ofofthethe
function
function defined
defined bybyh(x)
h(x)==5 –5 2x – x–22,xx22, ∈
– 2x x∈RR If If
weweapply
apply g first
g first
andand then
then f, we
f, we
write
writethis
this
combined
combined function
function asasfg.fg. exist
exist
is is if the
if
contained the
contained rangerange
within g the
of the
withinof g
6.6.Find
Find the the range
range of of
thethe
function
function defined
defined by by
h(x)
h(x)= =
5 –5 2x
– – x– ,xx, ∈
2x x∈RR If If
weweapply
apply g first
g first
andand then
then f, we
f, we
write
writethis
this
combined
combined function
function asasfg.fg. is is
contained
contained within
withinthethe
byby thethe method method ofofcompleting
completing thethesquare.
square. domain
domain f. In
of of f. In
general,
general,
byby thethe method method ofofcompleting
completing thethesquare.
square. The
Thecomposite
composite
function fg(x)
function fg(x)
means
means
apply
apply
g first
g first
followed
followed
byby
f. f. domain
fg(domain xf.)(In
≠of(gf
x)(x≠) gf
fg of xf.) In
general,
general,
⎧⎪ x⎧⎪22x−22 1− 1 when The
Thecomposite
composite
function fg(x)
function fg(x)
means
means
apply
apply
g first
g first
followed
followed
byby
f. f. x)(x≠) gf
fg(fg x)(x)
≠ (gf
when0≤0≤ x≤ x≤ 22
7.7.f(xf()x=) =⎨⎪⎧ x⎨⎪⎧ x− 1− 1 when when0≤0≤ x≤ x≤ 22
7.7.f(xf()x=) =⎪⎨⎩2⎪⎨⎩x2−x 1− 1 when when2≤2≤ x <x <44 Example
Example5 5
⎪⎩2⎪⎩2x22−x 1− 1 when when2≤2≤ x <x <44 Example
Example5 5
The Thefunctions
functions f and
f and
g are
g are
defined
defined
byby
⎪⎧ x⎪⎧2x+2 2 +2 when
when0≤0≤ x≤ x≤ 22 The Thefunctions
functions f and
f and
g are
g are
defined
defined
byby
g(g(x )x=) ⎨⎪⎧=x⎨⎪⎧ x+ 2 +2 when
when0≤0≤ x≤ x≤ 22
g(g(x )x=) ⎪⎨⎩=2⎪⎨⎩x2 x− 1− 1 when
when2≤2≤ x <x <44 f: xf: 6
x6 3x3x
++ x∈
2, 2, x∈ R R g: g:x6x6 7−7− x∈
x, x, x∈RR
⎪⎩2⎪⎩x2 x− 1− 1 when
when2≤2≤ x <x <44 f: xf: 6
x6 3x3x
++ x∈
2, 2, x∈ R R g: g:x6x6 7−7− x∈
x, x, x∈RR
Explain
Explain why why f isf is
a function
a functionandand g is
g is
not
nota function.
a function. a)a)Find Find
fg(x).
fg(x). b)b)Find
Find
ff(x).
ff(x). c)c)Solve
Solve
thethe
equation
equation
g f(x)
g f(x)
==2x.2x.
Explain
Explain why why f isf is
a function
a functionandand g is
g is
not
nota function.
a function. a)a)Find Find
fg(x).
fg(x). b)b)Find
Find
ff(x).
ff(x). c)c)Solve
Solve
thethe
equation
equation
g f(x)
g f(x)
==2x.2x.
8.8.Find
Find thethe range
range ofofthethe
function
function defined
defined byby
8.8.Find
Find thethe range
range ofofthethe
function
function defined
defined byby a)a)fg(x)
fg(x)
== – x)
f(7f(7 – x) Substitute 7 –7 x– for
Substitute x for
g(xg).(x).
⎧⎪2⎧⎪x2 x 2 2
when
when−3−3 x≤ x≤ 00 a)a)fg(x)
fg(x)
== – x)
f(7f(7 – x) Substitute 7 –7 x– for
Substitute x for
g(xg).(x).
≤≤ ==3(7 – x)
3(7 – x)
++22
f(xf()x=) =⎧⎨⎪2⎧⎨⎪x322x3 2 when
when−3−3 x≤ x≤ 00
f(xf()x=) =⎩⎪⎨ x⎩⎪⎨3x+3 + 1 1 when when
≤≤
x≤
0 <0 < x≤ 22
=
==3(7
233(7
= 23 –x)
––3x x)
–3x++22
f: ×
f: ×
3 +3 2+ 2
⎪⎩ x⎪⎩ x+ + 1 1 when when x≤
0 <0 < x≤ 22 ==2323– 3x
– 3x f: ×
f: ×
3 +3 2+ 2
9.9.ForFor each
each ofof thethe following
followingfunctions
functions state
state b)b)ff(x)
ff(x)
==f(3x
f(3x
++ 2)2) Substitute 3x3+
Substitute x 2+ for f(xf).(x).
2 for
9.9.ForFor each
each ofof thethe following
followingfunctions
functions state
state b)b)ff(x)
ff(x)
===
f(3x
f(3x
+++2)
i) i) thethe greatest
greatest possible
possible
domain
domain forfor
which
whichthethe
function
functionis isdefined
defined = 3(3x
3(3x 2)2)
+ 2)
++22 Substitute 3x3+
Substitute x 2+ for f(xf).(x).
2 for
i) i) thethe greatest
greatest possible
possible domain
domain forfor which
which thethe function
function is is defined
defined = =
3(3x
3(3x
ii)ii) thethe corresponding
corresponding range
range ofofthethefunction
function ==9x9x
++ 88 22
+ +
2) 2)
+ +
Multiply
Multiply3x3+
x 2+ by
2 by
3 and
3 and
then
then
add
add
2. 2.
ii)ii) thethe corresponding
corresponding range
range ofofthethe function
function ==9x9x
++ 88 Multiply
Multiply3x3+
x 2+ by
2 by
3 and
3 and
then
then
add
add
2. 2.
iii)iii)whether
whether thethefunction
functionis is
one-to-one
one-to-one oror
many-to-one.
many-to-one.
iii)iii)whether
whether thethe function
function is is one-to-one
one-to-one oror many-to-one. 1 1
many-to-one. c)c)gf(x)
gf(x) == g(3x
g(3x++ 2)2) Substitute 3x3+
Substitute x 2+ for f(xf).(x).
2 for
a)a)f : fx: 6 x6 4x4x – 5– 5 b)b)g: g:
x6 x6 x x c)c)h:h:x6x 612 12 c)c)gf(x)
gf(x) = =g(3x
g(3x+ +
2)
a)a)f : fx: 6 x6 4x4x – 5– 5 b)b)g: g:
x6 x 6x x c)c)h:h:x6x 6x 2 x 2 == 7− 7−(3x +2)
(3x +
2)2) Substitute 3x3+
Substitute x 2+ for f(xf).(x).
2 for
xx =
== 75 −
= 75 −
− (3x
3x(3x
− 3x+ +2)2)
10.10.The
Thefunction
function x6
g: g: x 6x22x+22 +
10x
10x++p is
p is
defined
definedforfor
thethe
domain
domainx∈x∈ R,R, g: g:
subtract
subtract
from
from
7. 7.
10.10.The
Thefunction
function g: x
g: x
6 6x x+ +
10x
10x+ p
+ p
is is
defined
definedforfor
the
thedomain
domainx ∈
x ∈R,R, == 5−5− 3x3x g: g:
subtract
subtract
from
from
7. 7.
where
where p is
p is
a constant.
a constant. butbutgf(x)
gf(x) == 2x2x
where
where p is
p is
a constant.
a constant. but
5−butgf(x)
5− gf(x)
3x3x ===2x2x
= 2x2x PutPut x)(x=) 2=x2and
gf(gf x and
solve.
solve.
a)a)Express
Express g(x)
g(x)
ininthethe
formform(x(x
++a)a) ++
2 2
b+
b+p, p,
where
where a and
a and
b are
b are
constants.
constants. 55 −5 −
3x x)(x=) 2=x2and
gf(gf x and
5x5x 2x
3x = =
2x PutPut solve.
solve.
a)a)Express
Express g(x)
g(x)
ininthethe
formform(x(x
++a)a) ++
2 2
b+
b+p, p,
where
where a and
a and
b are
b are
constants.
constants. =
5=
b)b)State
State
thethe
range
range ofof
g in
g interms
termsofofp. p. 5x =
=
5x =
=
b)b)State
State
thethe
range
range ofof
g in
g interms
termsofofp. p. 15x15x
x= x=11

8 8 Mappings
Mappings Functions
Functions
and
and transformations 9 9
transformations
8 8 Mappings
Mappings Functions
Functions
and
and transformations 9 9
transformations
 Example
Example6 6 Exercise
Exercise2.2
2.2
Example
Example6 6 Exercise
Exercise2.2
2.2
The Thefunctions
functions f, g,
f, g,
andand
h are
h are
defined
defined byby 1.1.The The functions
functions f and
f and g are
g aredefined
defined forforx∈ x∈ R by
R by
The Thefunctions
functions f, g,
f, g,
andand
h are
h are
defined
defined byby 1.1.The
f : The xfunctions
fx: 6 functions
5x5x −1−1f andf and g g:
are
g g:
xare
defined
x defined
x22x22 forforx∈ x∈ R by
R by
1 1 6 6 6
f: xf: 6
x6 4x4x
−− x∈
1, 1, x∈ R R g: g: x6x 6 1 1, x, ≠ x≠ x6
−2−2 h:h: x6 – x)
(2(2 , x, ∈
– x)
2 2
x∈RR f : fx: 6
x6 5x5x −1−1 x6
g: g: x6 xx
f: xf: 6
x6 4x4x
−− x∈
1, 1, x∈ R R g: g: x6x 6x +x 2+, 2x, ≠
x≠ x6
−2−2 h:h: x6 – x)
(2(2 , x, ∈
– x)
2 2
x∈RR FindFind a)a)fg(x) fg(x) b)b)f(x) f(x) c)c)gf(−3) gf(−3) d)d)gg(1). gg(1).
FindFinda)a)fg(x)
fg(x) x +x 2+ 2
b)b)hh(x).
hh(x). FindFind a)a)fg(x) fg(x) b)b)f(x) f(x) c)c)gf(−3) gf(−3) d)d)gg(1). gg(1).
FindFinda)a)fg(x)
fg(x) b)b)hh(x).
hh(x). 2.2.It Itis is
given
given that
that
f(x)
f(x)== 2x2x +
2 2
+1 and
1 andg(x)g(x)= =
3 −3 x,
− x,
and x
and ∈
x ∈
R. R.
2.2.It Itis is
given
given that
that
f(x)
f(x)== 2x2x ++
2 2
1 and
1 and g(x)g(x)== 3− 3− x, x,
and x∈
and x∈ R.R.
FindFind a)a)fg(−2) fg(−2) b)b)gf(x). gf(x).
a)a)fg(x)
fg(x)
a)a)fg(x)
==
fg(x)
== (( (( )) ))
f f 11 11
f fx +x 2+ 2
Substitute
Substitute
g(xg)(xinto
Substitute ) into
g(xg)(xinto
Substitute
x).x).
fg(fg(
x).x).
fg(fg(
) into
Find
3.3.The
3.3.The
Find a)a)fg(−2)
The
The
functions
functions
functions
functions
fg(−2) b)b)gf(x).
f and
f and g are
g are
gf(x).
defined
defined forforx∈
x∈
x∈
x∈
R by
R by
R by
R by
x +x 2+ 2 1 1 f and f and g are
g aredefined
defined forfor
4(4( 11 11) –) 1– 1
== f: xf: 6x61 1 x6
g: g: x6 1+ 1+ xx
4(4x( +x 2+)2–) 1– 1
f: ×f: 4× −4 1− 1 f: xf: 6x 6x −x 3− 3 x6
g: g: x6 1+ 1+ xx
== f: ×f: 4× −4 1− 1 x −x 3− 3
x +x 2+ 2 FindFind a) a)fg(x)
fg(x) b)b)gf(x)gf(x) c)c)ff(−2). ff(−2).
= =44 −−4411−−((xx11((++xx 22++)) 22)) Simplify
Simplify
using
using
a common
a common
denominator
denominator x +x 2.
of of + 2. Find
Give
Find a)a)fg(x)
Give your
your
fg(x)
answer
answer asas
b)b)gf(x)
a single
gf(x) c)c)ff(−2).
a single fraction
fraction inin
ff(−2).
itsits
simplest
simplest form.
form.
= = x +x 2+ 2 Simplify
Simplify
using
using
a common
a common
denominator
denominator x +x 2.
of of + 2. GiveGive your
your answer
answer asasa single
a single fraction
fraction inin
itsits
simplest
simplest form.
form.
x +x 2+ 2
= =22 −−22 xx−− ,xxx, ≠x ≠ –2–2 4.4.Given
Given that
thatf(x)
f(x)
== 2x2x −− 1, 1,
g(x)
g(x) ==x22x+22 +
1 and
1 andh(x)h(x)==1 –1 x– and
x andx∈x∈R,R,
= =x +x 2+,2x, ≠x ≠ –2–2 4.4.Given
Given that
thatf(x)
f(x)
== 2x2x −− 1, 1,
g(x)
g(x) ==x x+ + 1 and
1 andh(x)h(x)==1 –1 x– and
x andx∈x∈R,R,
x +x 2+ 2 2 2 findfind a)a)fg(x) fg(x) b)b)hf(x)hf(x) c)c)hg(−1) hg(−1) d)d)gf(2). gf(2).
b)b)hh(x)
hh(x)== h [(2h [(2 – x) – x) ] ] findfind a)a)fg(x) fg(x) b)b)hf(x)hf(x) c)c)hg(−1) hg(−1) d)d)gf(2). gf(2).
b)b)hh(x)
hh(x)==
= =
h [(2
[2 h–[(2
[2 ––(2
(2 x)
–– x) –] x)
2 2
x) 2] 22 2
] ] 5.5.The The functions
functions f and
f and g are
g aredefined
defined forforx∈ x∈ R by
R by
h:hsubtract
: subtract
from
from
2 and
2 and
then
then
square.
square. 5.5.The The functions
functions f and
f and g are
g aredefined
defined forforx∈ x∈ R by
R by
=
== =
[2
[2[2 [2–
– (4 (2
–
– (4 (2–
– 4x x)
–
– 4x x)
]+ ]+
2 22 2
x22)]
x2222)]22 h:hsubtract
: subtract
from
from
2 and
2 and
then
then
square.
square. f: xf: 6x6 4x4x−1−1 x6
g: g: x6 2x2x++ kk
f: xf: 6x6 4x4x−1−1 x6
g: g: x6 2x2x++ kk
=
== =
[2
(−2 [2–
(−2 ++ (4
– (4–
4x4x 4x
–
−− x2x)22 )x22 )]
4x+
2 +x22 )] Find
Find
Find
Find
thethe
thethe
value
value
value
value
ofof
ofof
k for
k for
k for
k for
which
which
which
which
fgfg
==
fgfg
==
gf.gf.
gf.gf.
== (−2 (−2 ++ 4x4x −− x x) )
6.6.Given
Given that
thatf(x)
f(x)
== 3 3x ,xfor, forx∈ x∈ R,R,x≥ x≥0 and
0 and g(x)
g(x)==2x2x −−
2 2
1 for x∈
1 for x∈R,R,
6.6.solve
Given
Given
solve that
that
thethe f(x)
f(x)
equation=
equation=3 3x
gf(x),xfor
gf(x), for
== x ∈
x
8. 8. ∈
R, R,
x ≥x 0
≥ and
0 and g(x)
g(x)= =
2x 2x −−
2 2
1 for x∈
1 for x∈R,R,
Example
Example7 7
Example
Example7 7 solve
solve thetheequation
equation gf(x)
gf(x) == 8. 8.
The Thefunctions
functions f and
f and
g are
g are
defined
definedbyby 7.7.f(x)f(x) == 3 –3 x,
– x,
g(x)
g(x)== x22x–22 19
– 19 andandh(x)
h(x) == x− x−2 for
2 forx∈ x∈RR
The Thefunctions
functions f and
f and
g are
g are
defined
definedbyby 7.7.f(x)f(x) == 3 –3 x,
– x,
g(x)
g(x)== x x– 19 – 19 andandh(x)
h(x) == x− x−2 for
2 forx∈ x∈RR
f: xf: 6
x6 axax, x, ∈
2 2
x∈ RR x6
g: g: x63x3x++ x∈
b, b, x∈
R R wherewhere a and
a and
b are
b are
constants.
constants. Given
Given that
thatf(x)
f(x)
== gh(x),
gh(x), find
findthethevalues
values ofofx. x.
f: xf: 6
x6 axax, x, ∈
2 2
x∈ RR x6
g: g: x63x3x++ x∈
b, b, x∈
R R wherewhere a and
a and
b are
b are
constants.
constants. Given
Given that
thatf(x)
f(x)
== gh(x),
gh(x), find
findthethevalues
values ofofx. x.
Given
Giventhat
thatg f(1)
g f(1)
== 5 and
5 and
gg(2)
gg(2) ==
14,14,
find
find
Given
Giventhat
thatg f(1)
g f(1)
== 5 and
5 and
gg(2)
gg(2) ==
14,14,
find
find 8.8.Given
Given that
thatf(x)
f(x)
== x22x+22 +
1, 1,
g(x)g(x)== x x 2 and
2 and fg(x)
fg(x)== 1.5,
1.5, x∈
forfor x∈R, find
R, findthethe
value
value x. x.
ofof
a)a)thethe values
values ofofa and
a andbb b)b)thethe
value
value
ofof
fg(−3).
fg(−3). 8.8.Given
Given that
thatf(x)
f(x)
== x x+ + 1, 1,
g(x)g(x)== x x 2 and
2 and fg(x)
fg(x)== 1.5,
1.5, x∈
forfor x∈R, find
R, findthethe
value
value x. x.
ofof
a)a)thethe values
values ofofa and
a andbb b)b)thethe
value
value
ofof
fg(−3).
fg(−3). 11
9.9.h(x)h(x) = = 1 1 forfor x≠ x≠1, 1,x∈ x∈ RR
9.9.h(x)h(x) = =x −x1−for
1 forx≠ x≠1, 1,x∈ x∈ RR
x −x1− 1
a)a)gf(1)
gf(1) == g[a(1)
g[a(1) ] =] =
2 2
g(a)
g(a) Substitute x =x 1= in1 in
Substitute f(xf).(x).
to to ShowShow that
thathh(x)
hh(x) x −x1− 1
= =x −x1−.1 .
a)a)gf(1)
gf(1) == g[a(1)
g[a(1) ] =] =
2 2
g(a)
g(a) Substitute x =x 1= in1 in
Substitute f(xf).(x).
to to ShowShow that
thathh(x)
hh(x) = =2 −2 x−.x .
2 −2 x− x
== 3a3a ++ bb g: gmultiply
: multiply
byby
3 and
3 and
then
then
add b. b.
add 10.10.TheThefunctions
functions f and
f and g are
g are defined
defined forforx∈ x∈ R, by
R, by f: xf: 6
x6 x+ x+ x∈
4, 4, x∈RR andand x6
g: g: x6 x22x+22 + x∈
2, 2, x∈ R.R.
== 3a3a ++ bb g: gmultiply
: multiply
byby
3 and
3 and
then
then
add b. b.
add 10.10.TheThefunctions
functions f and
f and g are
g are defined
defined forforx∈ x∈ R, by
R, by f: xf: 6
x6 x+ x+ x∈
4, 4, x∈RR andand x6
g: g: x6 x x+ + x∈
2, 2, x∈ R.R.
gf(1)
gf(1) == 55
gf(1)
gf(1) == 55 FindFindthetherange
range ofof fg(x).
fg(x).
So,So,
3a3a ++ b= b= 55 FindFindthetherange
range ofof fg(x).
fg(x).
So,
So,
3a 3a+ b
+ b
= +5+
= 5 b) 11.11.TheThefunctions
functions f isf is
defined
defined x 6xx −1
f: xf: 6
byby x −1
, x, ∈x∈R,R, x≠ x≠ 0. 0.
gg(2)
gg(2) == g(6 g(6 b)
b)
Substitute x =x 2= in2 in
Substitute g(xg).(x).
to to 11.11.TheThefunctions
functions f isf is
defined
defined x 6 x x−1
f: xf: 6
byby −1
x , x, ∈x∈R,R, x≠ x≠ 0. 0.
gg(2)
gg(2) ==
= =
g(6
3(6 g(6
3(6+
++ b)b)
+ b)
++ bb Substitute x =x 2= in2 in
Substitute g(xg).(x).
to to Solve
Solveff(x)
ff(x)
== −2.−2. x x
= =
3(6 3(6+ b)
+ b)
+ bb
+ Solve
Solveff(x)
ff(x)
== −2.−2.
gg(2)
gg(2) == 1414 12.12.TheThefunctions
functions f and
f and g are
g are defined
defined forforx∈ x∈ RR byby
gg(2)
So,gg(2)
So,
1818 =+=14
4b14
+ 4b==1414 12.12.TheThefunctions
functions f and
f and g are
g2 are
2 defined
defined forforx∈ x∈ RR byby
Solve
Solve b. b.
forfor x 6a –a x– x g: g:
f: xf: 6 x6 x6 x2x+2 + axax
++ b, b,
where
where a and
a and b are
b are constants.
constants.
So,So,
1818 ++ 4bb4b =
b=
= =
14
−114−1 Solve
Solve b. b.
forfor x 6a –a x– x g: g:
f: xf: 6 x6 x6 x x+ + axax
++ b, b,
where
where a and
a and b are
b are constants.
constants.
Given
Given that
thatfg(−1)
fg(−1) == −1−1 and andgf(−1)
gf(−1) == −1,
−1,findfind
thethe values
values ofofa and
a andb. b.
3a3a– 1– =1= 5b5= b=−1−1
Substitute
Substitute b =b −1
forfor = −1 3a3+
in in a b+ =b 5.
= 5. Given
Given that
thatfg(−1)
fg(−1) == −1−1 and andgf(−1)
gf(−1) == −1,
−1,findfind
thethe values
values ofofa and
a andb. b.
3a3a– 1a– =
1a =
= 5=
2 52 Substitute
Substitute b =b −1
forfor = −1 3a3+
in in a b+ =b 5.
= 5. 13.13.Given
Given that
thatf(x)
f(x)
== 3x3x – 1,
– 1,g(x)
g(x)
== x2x+2 +
2 2
4 and
4 and fg(x)
fg(x)== gf(x),
gf(x),
where
where x∈x∈ R,R, show
show that x22x–22 x– –x 1– =
that 1=0. 0.
13.13.Given
Given that
thatf(x)
f(x)
== 3x3x – 1,
– 1,g(x)
g(x)
== x x+ + 4 and
4 and fg(x)
fg(x)== gf(x),
gf(x),
where
where x∈x∈ R,R, show
show that x x– x– –x 1– =
that 1=0. 0.
b)b)f(x) =a=
f(x) =a 2x
2x 2=2 22 g(x)
g(x)
==3x3x−1−1 14.14.Functions
Functions f and
f and g are
g are defined
defined byby x6
f: xf: 6 x− x− x∈
2, 2, x∈ RR andand x6
g: g: x6 x22x−22 − x∈
x, x, x∈ R.R.
b)b)f(x)
f(x)
== 2x2x
2 2
g(x)
g(x)
==3x3x−1−1 14.14.Functions
Functions f and
f and g are
g aredefined
defined byby f: xf: 6
x6 x− x− x∈
2, 2, x∈ RR andand x6
g: g: x6 x x− − x∈
x, x, x∈ R.R.
fg(−3)
fg(−3) == f(3f(3
×× −3−3 – 1)
– 1)
==f(−10)
f(−10) First
First
work
work g(−3).
outout g(−3). FindFindthethesetset
ofofvalues
values ofofx which
x which satisfy
satisfyfg(x)
fg(x)≥≥ 0. 0.
fg(−3)
fg(−3) == f(3f(3
×× −3−3 – 1)
– 1)
==f(−10)
f(−10) First
First
work
work g(−3).
outout g(−3). FindFindthethesetset
ofofvalues
values ofofx which
x which satisfy
satisfyfg(x)
fg(x)≥≥ 0. 0.
15.15.TheThefunctions
functions f and
f and g are
g are defined
defined forforx∈ x∈ RR byby
f(−10)
f(−10) == 2(−10)
2(−10) ==
2 2
200
200 Then
Then
substitute
substitute
thisthis
value
value x in
forfor x in f. f.
to to 15.15.TheThefunctions
functions f and
f and g are
g are defined
defined forforx∈ x∈ RR byby
f(−10)
f(−10) == 2(−10)
2(−10) ==
2 2
200
200 Then
Then
substitute
substitute
thisthis
value
value x in
forfor x in f. f.
to to f: xf: 6
x6 2x2x– 1– 1 x6
g: g: x6 x22x+22 +
xx
f: xf: 6
x6 2x2x– 1– 1 x6
g: g: x6 x x+ + x2x2
Express
Express gf(x)
gf(x) ininthethe form
form a(xa(x
++ b)b) ++ c, c,
where
where a, a,
b and
b and c are
c are
constants.
constants.
1010 Composite
Composite
functions
functions Express
Express gf(x)
gf(x) ininthethe form
form a(xa(x
++ b)b)
2 2
++ c, c,
where
where a, a,
b and
b and c are
c are
constants.
constants. Functions
Functionsandand transformations 1111
transformations
1010 Composite
Composite
functions
functions Functions
Functions
and
and transformations 1111
transformations
 2.3
2.3Inverse
Inversefunctions
functions
2.3
2.3Inverse
Inversefunctions
functions Summary
Summaryexercise
exercise2 2
Summary
Summaryexercise
exercise2 2
Consider
Considerthethe
function
function f(x)
f(x)
==x22x+22 +
1 with
1 withdomain
domain {1,{1,
2, 2,
3, 3,
4, 4,
5}.5}.
Consider
Considerthe
thefunction
function f(x)
f(x)
= x x+is+
= 1iswith
1 {2,
withdomain 1.1.Find
Findthethe
range
range ofofthese
these
functions.
functions.
The
Therange
range
ofof
this
this
setset
ofofnumbers
numbers {2, 10,domain
5, 5, 10,
17,17,{1,
26}.{1,
2, 2,
26}. 3, 3,
4, 4,
5}.5}.
1.1.Find
Findthethe
range
range ofofthese
these
functions.
functions.
8.8.The The functions
functions f and
f and g are
g are defined
defined forfor x∈ x∈ RRbyby
The
Therange
range
ofof
this
this
setset
ofofnumbers
numbers is is
{2,{2,
5, 5,
10,10,
17,17,
26}.
26}. a)a)f(x)
f(x)
==x+ x+ 3, 3,
−2−2 <<x≤x≤55 8.8.The
f: xThexfunctions
f: 6 functions3x3xf and
f and gg:are
gg:xare
xdefined
defined for1)
2forx2 ∈x∈ RRbyby
65 − 5− 6 6 (x(x−− 1)
a)a)f(x)
f(x)
==x+ x+ 3, 3,
−2−2 <<x≤x≤55 f: xf: x
6 6 5 −
5 −3x 3x g: x
g: x
6 6 (x (x
− −1)1)
2 2
The
The inverse
inverse function
function ofof f, written
f, written asas f (x),
f −1 −1
(x),
maps
maps thethe
range
range b)b)g(x)
g(x)
== 7 7 x +1, x +1,3<3<x≤x≤88 a)a)Find Find thethe setset
ofof values
values which
which satisfy
satisfy
The
The inverse
inversefunction
function
ofof
f, written
f, written
as f
as f (x),
(x),
maps
maps a)a)Find Find the
≤ the setset
ofof values
values which
which satisfy
satisfy
5}.5}. range
the
therange b)b)g(x)
g(x)
== 7 71x1+1, x 1+1,
3 <
3 x
< ≤
x ≤
88
−1 −1
{2,{2,
5, 5,
10,10,
17,17,
26}26}
back
back
onto
onto thethe
domain
domain {1,{1,
2, 2,
3, 3,
4, 4, 1≤ gf(x)
gf(x) ≤
25.25.
{2,{2,
5, 5,
10,10,
17,17,
26}26}
back
back
onto
onto thethe
domain
domain {1,{1,
2, 2,
3, 3,
4, 4,
5}.5}. c)c)h(x)
h(x)= = 1 1, 1, ≤ 1 x≤x≤11 gf(x)
gf(x) ≤ ≤
25.25.
c)c)h(x)
h(x)= =x −x 4−,44, ≤ 4≤x≤x≤11 b)b)Sketch Sketch onon thethe same
same diagram
diagram thethe graphs
graphs
x −1x 4− 44 4
1 b)b)Sketch
ofSketch
y =y =
of on
f(x)onthe
f(x) the
and
and same
ysame
=y =f diagram
−1 diagram
f (x),
−1
(x), thethe
showing
showing graphs
graphs
thethe
d)d)f(x) = =12 ,12−4
f(x) , −4≤≤ x<x<−1−1
xx square thethe
square number
number add 11
add f(x)
f(x) d)d)f(x) = =x 2 x, 2−4
f(x) , −4≤≤ x<x<−1−1 of y
of y
=
coordinates =f(x)
coordinates f(x)and
and
ofof y =y
their =
f
their f (x),
−1 −1
point(x),
pointshowing
showing
ofofintersectionthethe
intersection
xx square
square
thethe
number
number add
add
11 f(x)
f(x) xx coordinates
coordinates of of
their
their point
point ofofintersection
intersection
Exam-Style
Exam-StyleQuestion Question and and making
making clear
clear thethe relationship
relationship
f −1
f (x)
−1
(x) square root
square root subtract 11
subtract xx Exam-Style
Exam-Style Question
Question and and
between making
between making clear
thethe clear
graphs. the
graphs. therelationship
relationship
f −1f (x)
−1
(x) square
square
root
root subtract
subtract
11 xx ⎧⎪3⎧⎪x32x+2 2+ 2 when
2 2
when −3−3 ≤≤ x≤ x≤ −1−1 between
between thethegraphs.
graphs.
2.2.f(x)f(x)= =⎨⎧⎪3⎨⎧⎪x3x+ 2+ 2 when when −3−3 ≤ x≤
≤ x≤ −1−1 9.9.The The functions
functions f and
f and g are
g are defined
defined forfor x∈ x∈ RRbyby
2.2.f(x)f(x)= =⎪⎨⎩5⎪⎨⎩x5−x 1− 1 when when −1−1 ≤≤ x< x< 44
9.9.The The functions
functions f and
f and g are
g aredefined
defined for for x ∈
x ∈
R R
byby
WhenWhen f(x)
f(x) == x22x+22 +
1, 1,
with
withdomain
domain {1,{1,
2, 2,
3, 3, 5},5}, Note:
4, 4, Note: ⎪⎩5⎪⎩x5−x 1− 1 when when −1−1 ≤≤ x< x< 44
f: xf: 6
x6 x22x−22 −11 x6
g: g: x6 3x3x ++ 44
When x x Note:
Note:
−1When f(x)
f(x) = = + +
1, 1,
with
withdomain
domain {1,
{1,
2, 2,
3, 3,
4, 4,
5},5}, ● WeWe dodonotnotwrite
write f −1 x)(x=) ±
f(−1 = ± x −x 1−because
1 because allall thethe ⎧⎪ x⎧⎪33x−33 1− 1 when when −3−3 x
≤≤≤≤ x −1−1 f: xf: 6
x6 x x− − 11 x6
g: g: x6 3x3x ++ 44
f −1f(x)
−1
(x)
= = x −1
x −1 ● ● ●
x)(x=are xpositive.
−x 1−because g(x)g(x) = =⎧⎨⎪ x⎧⎨⎪ x− 1− 1 when when −3−3 x≤ x≤ −1−1
f f(x)−1
= = x −1
(x) x −1 ●● ●● We We dodo
numbers notnot
numbers inwrite
inwrite
the the f −1f(−1
domain
domain )±=are
±
positive. 1 because allall thethe ≤ ≤ a)a)Find Find and and simplify
simplify expressions
expressions forfor
g(x)g(x) = =⎪⎩⎨2⎪⎩⎨x2x when
when −1−1 ≤≤ x< x< 44 a)a)Find Find and and simplify
simplify
e.g.
e.g.
e.g.
when
e.g.
when
when
when
f(x)
f(x)
f(x)
f(x)
==
==
x=
2, 2,
x=
2, 2,
x = 2 −21−=1 =
11
x = 2 −21−=1 =
11
numbers
numbers
●● ●● f f(x)(x
−1 −1
in inthethe domain
= ± x −x 1−would
=) ±
domain areare
1 would
positive.
notnot
positive.
bebea function,
a function, asas forfor ⎪⎩2⎪⎩x2 x when
when −1−1 ≤≤ x< x< 44 fg(x)
fg(x) and and gf(x). expressions
gf(x). expressions forfor
e.g.e.g.
when
when f(x)f(x)== 26,26,x=x = 2626
− 1− =
1=5. 5. ●● ●● fevery = ±ofxof
(x)(value
feveryx=) value
± −x≥x1−1would
1we a)a)Explain
Explain why why g is
g is
a function
a function and
and f isf is fg(x)
fg(x) and andgf(x).
gf(x).
1would notnot
beget
be
aget
function,
a function, asoneasforone
for
−1 −1

e.g.e.g.
when
when f(x)f(x)== 26,26,x=x = 2626
− 1− =
1=5. 5. x ≥ we
would
would more
more than
than a)a)Explain
Explain why why g is
g is
a function
a function and
and f isf is b)b)Hence Hence find
findthethe values
values ofofa for
a forwhichwhich
every
every
value
value value
value
of of −1 of
−1 ofx x
x).(x).≥ ≥
f −1f(−1 1 we
1 we
would
would getgetmore
more than
than one one not
not a function.
a function. b)b)Hence Hence find
findthe thevalues
values of a
of a
forfor
whichwhich
not
not a function.
a function. fg(a)
fg(a) == 4a4a ++ gf(a).
gf(a).
value
value f f(x).(x).
of of b)b)Determine
Determine whether
whether thethefunction
function g is
g is fg(a)
fg(a) == 4a4a ++ gf(a).
gf(a).
We We can
candraw
draw thethe graph
graph ofof
any
anyinverse
inverse ●● ●● WeWe often
oftenhavehave to to restrict
restrictthethe
domain
domain soso thatthatthethe
We We can
candraw
draw
−1 −1the the graph
graph ofof
any
anyinverse
inverse ●● ●● We We often
function often
function have
is have
is to to
one-to-one. restrict
one-to-one. restrictthethe
domain
domain soso thatthatthethe b)b)Determine
Determine
one-to-one
one-to-one whether
whether
oror the
many-to-one. the
many-to-one. function
function g is
g is 10.10.TheThe functions
functions f, g,
f, g,andand h are
h are defined
defined byby
function
function f −1f(x)(x)byby reflecting
reflecting
f(x)
f(x)
inin
thethe 10.10.TheThe functions
functions f, g,
f, g,andand h are
h are defined
defined byby
function
function function
function is is
one-to-one.
one-to-one. one-to-one
one-to-one orormany-to-one.
many-to-one.
x.fx.f(x)(x) byby reflecting
reflecting
f(x)
f(x)
inin
thethe
−1
line y =y =
line f−1 x)(xif) fif(xf)(xis) is
f(−1 f: xf: 6
x6 3x3x ++ 5 5 −1−1 ≤≤ x≤ x≤ 55
line y =y =
line x. x.
●● ●● WeWe
●● ●● We We
cancan
cancan
only
only
only
only
find
find
find
find
thethe
the
inverse
the
inverse
inverse
inverse
function
function
function
function f
a a
f(x)(xif) fif(xf)(xis) is
−1 −1
a a x 6 11 11. Find
3.3.f : fx: 6 . Find thethe
domain
domain andandrange
range forfor f: xf: 6
x6 3x3x ++ 5252 −1−1 ≤≤ x≤ x≤ 55
one-to-one
one-to-one function.
function. x 61 −1x−.xFind
3.3.f : fx: 6 . Find thethe
domain
domain andandrange
range forfor x6
g: g: x6 4 –4 2x– 2x x x
≥ ≥
0 0
one-to-one
one-to-one
function.
function. which
which 1 −this
this 1x−function
xfunction is is
defined.
defined. x6
g: g: x6 4 –4 2x– 2x
2 2
x≥ x≥ 00
which
which this this function
function is is
defined.
defined. h:h: x6 x6 4+ 4+ 2x2x
2 2
x≥ x≥ −1−1
y y h:h: x6 x6 4+ 4+ 2x2x x ≥
2 2
x≥ −1−1
= x=2 +x21,+ x1,∈x ∈, x ≥, x0≥ 0
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functions, determine
determine
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5 5 f(x)f(x)
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functions f and
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–5 –5 Exam-Style
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Exam-Style
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–5 –5 The function
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3 20
.3 .
1212 Inverse
Inverse
functions
functions 33 Functions
Functions
and
and transformations 1313
transformations
1212 Inverse
Inverse
functions
functions Functions
Functions
and
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transformations
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1414 Maths
Mathsin in
real-life
real-life Parabolic
Parabolic reflectors 1515
reflectors
1414 Maths
Mathsin in
real-life
real-life Parabolic
Parabolic reflectors 1515
reflectors
1414 Maths
Mathsin in
real-life
real-life Parabolic
Parabolic reflectors 1515
reflectors
 Answers
Answers
Answers
Answers
88
88 The
The
The
The
The
geometric
geometric
geometric
geometric
Thegeometric
distribution
distribution
distribution
distribution
geometricdistribution
distribution
Sample pages from Probability & Statistics 1

2 2 Functions
Functionsand
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transformations b) b) Range:
Range:
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≤ g(x)
< 5;
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2 2 Functions
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transformations b) b) Range:
Range:
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1.I toss check:
I toss check:
two
two
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fair
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probability
probability
1.1.Calculate
Calculate conditional
conditional probabilities,
probabilities, selected 1. 1.I toss
Ioftosstwo two fair
fair
coins.
coins. What What is that
is
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atprobability
probability
–4 –4
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1.1.e.g.
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is
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Exercise
Exercise2.12.1 y y
odd’
odd’andand BBis isthethe ‘the
‘the number
number is is
prime’
prime’ head headis is
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B probabilities
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is is
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showing?
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1. 1. a) a) f(x)
f(x)
≤ 1≤ 1 b) b) 0 ≤0 g(x)
≤ g(x)
< 18
< 18 0 0 x x Note:Note:‘two‘two
heads’
heads’and
and‘at‘at least
least
oneone
head’
head’is just
is just
1. 1. a) a) f(x)
f(x)
≤ 1≤ 1 b) b) 0 ≤0 g(x)
≤ g(x)
< 18
< 18 –10–10 1 12 23 34 x4 x Find
Find
odd’
odd’the
and the
and probabilities
B B
is isthetheevent
event‘the
‘the number
number is is
prime’
prime’
. . Note:Note:‘two‘two
heads’
heads’and
and‘at ‘atleast
least
oneone
head’
head’isleast
just
isone
just
c) c) h(x)
h(x)
> −4
> −4 d) d) 0 <0 f(x)
< f(x)
≤ 1≤ 1 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 Find
Findthethe probabilities
probabilities ‘two ‘two
heads’
heads’ because
because
it is
it ais subset
a subsetof of
‘at‘at
least one
Note:Note:‘two‘two
heads’
heads’and
and
it ‘at
isit ‘at
aisleast
aleast
oneone
ofhead’
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just
isone
just
c) c) h(x)
e) e) −6−6
> −4
h(x) > −4
≤ g(x)
≤ g(x)
≤ 22
≤ 22
d) d) 0 <0 f(x)
f) f) h(x)
h(x)
≤ 1≤ 1
< f(x)
≥ 0≥ 0
–1 –1
–2 –2
–2 –2
y =y1=–12x– 2x
y = y1=–12x– 2x
a)Find
Find (
a) Pthe (
PBthe )
A)
|Bprobabilities
A|probabilities
a)a) P (PB(|BA| )A )
b)b) P (PB(|BA|'A
b)b) P (PB(|BA|'A
). ').
). ').
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‘two
‘two
head’. heads’
head’.
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heads’
heads’
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because
because
because
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a subset
of
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head’.
e) e) −6−6≤ g(x)
2. 2. a) a) Range:
Range:
≤ 22
≤ g(x)
f(x)
≤ 22
∈ R;
f(x)
f) f) h(x)
∈ R; one-to-one
one-to-one
≥ 0≥ 0
h(x)
function
function
–3 –3
a)a) P (PB(|BA| )A
5 )5 3b)3b) P (PB(|BA| 'A ). '). head’.
head’.
2. 2. a) a) Range:
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f(x) ∈
R;R; one-to-one
one-to-one function
function
–3 –3
–4 –4 a)a) P(PA( )A=) =5 , 5P,(PB(∩ B∩ A )A=) =
3 since
3 since 3, 3, 5 and 5 and 77
y y –4 –4 a)a) P(PA( )A=) =95 , 59P,(PB(∩
B∩ A )A=) =
9
33 since
9 since 3, 3,
5 and
5 and 7 7
5y 5y
f) f) Range:
Range:
h(x)
h(x)
≥ 0;
≥ 0; one-to-one
one-to-one
function
function
a)a) P(PA( )A=) = 9 , 9P,(PB(∩B∩ A )A=) =
9 since
9 since 3,333,533and53and37 7
5 4
4 5
f) f) Range:
Range:
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yh(x)
y≥ 0;
≥ 0; one-to-one
one-to-one
function
function areareodd 9primes,
odd 9primes, P(9PB(9|BA| )A=) =5993 =
soso 9 =
3 .3 .
4
3 43 areareodd oddprimes,
primes, P(PB(|BA| )A=) =5 =
soso 593 5
=
3 .53 .
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2 3 y =y2x + 1+ 1
= 2x 5 y5 y areareodd oddprimes,
primes, P(PB(|BA| )A=) =59 =
soso 59 5
5
= .5 .
4 5
5 4 44 11 9 9 55
1 y =y2x
) =') =49 ,49P,(PB(∩
b)b)P(PA( 'A ) =') =19 since
2
1 2 + 1+ 1
= 2x
4
3 4 B∩A 'A 1 since 92 is 92 is thethe
1 1 3
) =') =49 ,49P,(PB(∩
b)b)P(PA( 'A B∩ ) =') =19 since
A 'A 19 since 2 1is 2 1is thethe
–2 –2
–3 –3 0 0 x x
–10–10 1 12 23 x3 x 3
2 32 ) =') =9 ,9P,(PB(∩
b)b)P(PA( 'A B∩ ) =') =9 since
A 'A 9 since 2 1is 2 1is the
1the 1
–2 –2
–3 –3 –1 –2 1 12 23 3
–2 –1 2 1
1 +21)2
2 y =y(x= +(x1)
only
only eveneven prime,
prime,
soso P(PB(9|BA| 'A) =') =1994 =1994 =14 . 14 .
–2 –3
–3 –2 1 1 y =y(x
= +(x +21)2
1) only
only eveneven prime,
prime,
soso P(PB(|BA| 'A ) =') =499 =499 =14 . 14 .
–3
–4 –3
–4 –3 –3
–2 –2
0 0
–1 –1 1 12 2
x x only
only eveneven prime,
prime,
soso P(PB(|BA| 'A ) =') =4 =4 =. .
–4 –4 –3 –3
–2 –2
0 0
–1 –1 1 12 2
x x 9 9 44
9 9
1717
1616 Answers
Answers 1717
1616 Answers
Answers 1717
 8.1
8.1Introducing
Introducingthe
thegeometric
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distribution TheThe
geometric
geometric distribution
distribution is is
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defined asas
8.1
8.1Introducing
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Some children's
children's games
games includeinclude having
having toto throw
throw a six
a six
onon your
your turnturnininorder
order P(X=
P(X= r) r)
== qr–1qr–1
p p r =r = 1, 1,
2, 2, 3...... q =
3...... q=1 –1 p– p
Some
toSome
to
bebe children's
ablechildren's
abletotostart games
startgames
moving
movingincludeinclude
onon thethe having
having
board.board. toItto
throw
Itthrow
cancan beabesix
a hugely
six
onon
hugely your
your turn
frustrating turn
frustrating inwhen
in
order
order
when WeWe only
only need
need totohave
havethethe
value
value ofofp, p,
thethe probability
probability ofof
a ‘success’
a ‘success’
ononany
anyone trial,
one trial,
to
youto
behave
you be
able
able
have toto
to to
start
wait start
wait moving
moving
while
while others
othersonon the
are the
areboard.board.
already
already Itmoving.
It
cancan bebe
moving. hugely
hugely
But
But frustrating
what frustrating
what is is
thethe when
when
mathematics
mathematics
WeWe only
forfor only
this
this need
toto need
make
maketo to
have
have
sense, the
sense, the
sosovalue
value
there
there of p,
of
is is p,
the
a family the
a family probability
probability
ofof
geometric of
geometricof
a ‘success’
a ‘success’
on
distributions on
any
distributions any
withone
with onetrial,
onetrial,
one
youyou have
have to to
wait
wait while
while others
others are are already
already moving.
moving. But
Butwhat
what is is
the themathematics
mathematics for
forthis
this
parameter.to
parameter. to
make
make sense,
sense,so so
there
there is is
a family
a family ofof
geometric
geometric distributions
distributionswith
withone
one
ofofthisthis
situation?
situation? parameter.
parameter.
ofofthisthis
situation?
situation?
11 The parameter
The parameter ofof
thethe
geometric
geometric distribution
distribution p, p,
is is thethe
probability
probabilityofof
a ‘success’
a ‘success’
TheThe likelihood
likelihood ofofonly
only needing
needing one one throw
throw 1 ,1but
is is , butwhat
what happens
happens after
afterthat?
that? If If
I I
TheThe likelihood
likelihood ofofonly
only needing
needing one one throw
throw 6 , 6but
is is , butwhat
what happens
happens after
afterthat?
that? If If
I I The
on The
parameter
any
on parameter
any one trial.
one ofof
trial.thethe
geometric
geometric distribution
distribution p, p,
is is thethe
probability
probabilityofof
a ‘success’
a ‘success’
getgetstarted
started onon thethesecond
second throw, throw, this this means
means I6did
I6did notnotgetget
a six
a six onon thethefirst
first
throw
throw ononany
any oneone
trial.
trial.
getgetstarted
started onon thethesecond
second throw, throw, this this means
means I did
I did notnotgetget
a six
a six onon thethefirst
first
throw
throw
5 51 1 6 6
andand then
then I did
I did getget
a six
a sixthethe next next throw,throw, soso thetheprobability
probability is is
5 ×5 1× =1 =6 .6 . ForFor simplicity
simplicity thethe
distribution
distribution is is
often
oftenwritten
written asasX ∼ Geo(p).
X ∼ Geo(p).
andand then
then I did
I did getget
a six
a sixthethe next next throw,throw, soso thetheprobability
probability is is
6 ×6 6× =6 = . .
3636 ForFor simplicity
simplicity thethe
distribution
distribution is is
often
oftenwritten
written asasX ∼ Geo(p).
X ∼ Geo(p).
If If
I get
I get
started
started onon thethe
thirdthird go,go, this this means
means I did
I did notnotgetget
a six 6twice
a six 6twice
6 6and36and
36then
then I got
I got
If If
I get
I get
started
started onon thethe
thirdthird go,go,2 this 2 this means
means I did
I did notnotgetget
a six
a sixtwice
twice andandthen
then I got
I got TheThefamily
family ofof
geometric
geometric distributions
distributions hashassome
some interesting
interesting features:
features:
a six,
a six,sosothetheprobability
probability is is  552 ×2 1×. 1 . TheThefamily
family ofof
geometric
geometric distributions
distributions hashassome
some interesting
interesting features:
features:
 55  1 1 ●● ●● P (PX( X
= r=)r=) q=×q P×(PX( X
= r=−r 1−)1)
a six,
a six,sosothetheprobability
probability is is  66 × 6×. 6 . ●● ●● P (PX( X
= r=)r=) q=×q P×(PX( X
= r=−r 1−)1)
66 66 This
This recurrence
recurrence relation
relation is is
whatwhat characterises
characterises thethe
geometric
geometric distribution.
distribution.
If If
I start
I start
onon thethetenth
tenthgo,go, I did I did not not getget a six
a sixonon any anyofof
thethe
first
firstninenine throws
throws andand then
then
If If
I start
I start
onon thethetenth
tenthgo,go, I did I did not not get
9 get9 a six
a sixonon any anyofof
thethe
first
firstninenine throws
throws andand then
then This
This recurrence
recurrence relation
relation is is
whatwhat characterises
characterises thethe
geometric
geometric distribution.
distribution.
5 5
  9 ×9 ×. . 1 1 ●● ●● P (PX( X
= r=)r>) 0> 0forfor r r
allall
I got
I got a six,
a six,sosothethe probability
probability is is 55  1 1 ●● ●● P (PX( X
= r=)r>) 0> 0forfor r r
allall
I got
I got a six,
a six,sosothethe probability
probability is is  66 × 6×.6 . SoSo every
every geometric
geometric distribution
distribution has
hasanan infinite
infinite possibility
possibility space
space (the
(the
setset
ofof
66 66
YouYou cancanseeseea strong
a strong pattern
pattern here,here, that thatwillwill
always
always bebe
thethecase:
case: if if
I start
I startonon thetherthrth So Soevery
natural every
natural geometric
geometric
numbers).
numbers). distribution
distribution has
hasan aninfinite
infinite possibility
possibility space
space (the
(the
set
setofof
YouYou
throw, can
throw, canseesee
I have a not
I have strong
a not
strong pattern
a pattern
gotgot six
a six onon here,
allhere, ofthat
all ofthethat
thewillwill
first always
(ralways
first (r
– 1)– 1)bebe
thethe
throws
throws case:
case:
andand if then
if
I start
then I got
starton
a on
got athe
six, the
six, rth
and rth
and natural
natural numbers).
numbers).
throw,
throw, I have
I have not notgotgot
a six
a six on on all all
of ofthe the first
first
(r (r
– 1)
– 1)
throws
throws andand then
then gotgot
a six,
a six,
andand ●● ●● P (PX( X
= r=)r<) P<(PX( X
= r=−r 1−)1for
) forallallr (except
r (except ininthethetrivial
trivial
case
casewhere
wherep= p=0 or
0 or
1)1)
●● ●● P (PX( X
= r=)r<) P<(PX( X
= r=−r 1−)1for
) forallallr (except
r −1r −1
 55r −1r×−1 1×. 1 . r (except ininthethetrivial
trivial
case
casewhere
wherep= p=0 or
0 or
1)1)
thetheprobability
probability will
willbebe
 55  1 1 SoSo thethemode
mode ofofevery
every geometric
geometric distribution
distribution is is
1. 1.
thetheprobability
probability will
willbebe  66  × 6×. 6 . SoSo thethemode
mode ofofevery
every geometric
geometric distribution
distribution is is
1. 1.
 66 
●● ●● P (PX( X > k>)k=) P
66 = r=|rX| X =(PX( X= r=−r k−)k )k <k r< r
●● ●● P (PX( X
= r=|rX| X> k>)k=) P
=(PX( X= r=−r k−)k )k <k r< r
Example
Example1 1 This
This is is
sometimes
sometimes known
known asas thethememorylessness
memorylessness property
property ofof
thethe
geometric
geometric
Example
Example1 1 This
This is is
sometimes
distribution sometimes
distribution – the
– theknown
known
waiting
waiting as as
time thethe
time memorylessness
for memorylessness
for
thetheevent
event toto property
happenproperty
happen doesofnot
does of
thethe
not geometric
geometric
depend
depend onon
I play
I play
a game
a game inin
whichwhich I need
I need toto
throw
throwa six
a six
totostart.
start.
What
What is is
thethe
probability
probability
that
that distribution
distribution – the
– thewaiting
waiting timetime forfor
thetheevent
event to to
happen
happen does
doesnot
not
I play
I play
a game
a game
a)a)I start
I start
onon
inin
mymy
whichwhich
fourth
fourth
I need
I need
turn
turn
toto
throw
throwa six
a six
totostart.
start.
What
What is is
thethe
probability
probability
that
that howhow much
much time
timehashasalready
already passed
passed (or(or
howhow many
many trials
trials
have
have occurred).onon
depend
depend
occurred).
a)a)I start
I start
onon
mymy fourth
fourth turn
turn howhow much
much time
timehashasalready
already passed
passed (or(or
howhow many
many trials
trials
have
have
occurred).
occurred).
b)b)I have
I havenot
notstarted
started after
aftersixsix
turns?
turns?
b)b)I have
I havenot
notstarted
started after
aftersixsix
turns?
turns? Example
Example2 2
a)a)I have
I havetoto
getget
something
something other
otherthan
than
a six
a six
ononthethefirst
first
three
threeturns
turns
and
and
then
thenthrow
throw
a six,
a six,
soso
thethe Example
Example2 2
X ∼ Geo
X ∼ Geo
(0.4).
(0.4).
Find
Find thethe
probability
probability
that XX
that ==
3. 3.
a)a)I have
I havetoto
getget
something
something
3 3 other
other
125 than
than
a six
a six
ononthethefirst
first
three
threeturns
turns
and
and
then
thenthrow
throw
a six,
a six,
soso
thethe X ∼ Geo
X ∼ Geo
(0.4).
(0.4).
Find
Find thethe
probability
probability
that XX
that ==
3. 3.
 553 ×3 1× =1 =125
probability
probability is is
 55  1 1 125 125= =0.0965
0.0965(3(3
s.f.).
s.f.). P(X
P(X
==3)3)
==0.60.6×
2 2
×
0.40.4
= =
0.144
0.144
probability
probability is is 66 × 6× =6 1296 = 1296= =
 66  6 6 1296
0.0965
0.0965(3(3
s.f.).
s.f.). P(X
P(X
==3)3)
==0.60.6××
2 2
0.40.4
== 0.144
0.144
1296
b)b)I have I have toto
getget
something
something other
other
than
than
a six
a six
onon
allall
ofof
thethe
first
first
sixsix
throws,
throws,
soso
thethe
probability
probability
is is
b)b)I have I have toto
getget
something
something other
other
than
than
a six
a six
onon
allall
ofof
thethe
first
first
sixsix
throws,
throws,
soso
thethe
probability
probability
is is Example
Example3 3
6 6
 556 =6 = Example
Example3 3
 55  0.335
0.335 (3(3
s.f.).
s.f.). X ∼ Geo
X ∼ Geo (0.8).
(0.8).
Find
Find P(X
P(X ≤≤ 5)5)
correct
correct
toto
4 significant
4 significant
figures.
figures.
 66 = = 0.335
0.335 (3(3
s.f.).
s.f.). X ∼ Geo
X ∼ Geo (0.8).
(0.8).
Find
Find P(X
P(X ≤≤ 5)5)
correct
correct
toto
4 significant
4 significant
figures.
figures.
 66 
≤ 5≤)5=) 1=−1P−(PX( X
P (PX( X > 5>)5=) 1=−10.2 5 5
− 0.2 = =
0.9997
0.9997(4(4
s.f.)
s.f.)
≤ 5≤)5=) 1=−1P−(PX( X
P (PX( X > 5>)5=) 1=−10.2 5 5
− 0.2 = 0.9997(4(4
= 0.9997 s.f.)
s.f.)
This
Thisreasoning,
reasoning, that
thattoto
start
start
onon a particular
a particular turnturn Both
Boththethe
geometric
geometricandandthethebinomial
binomialdistribution
distribution
This
Thisreasoning,
requires reasoning,
requires having
having that
thattoto
start
‘failures’ start
‘failures’ onthrowing
(not
(notonathrowing
particular
a particular
a six)turn
a six)turn
onon Both
areBoth
are the
basedthe
geometric
based geometric
onon and
a series and
ofthe
a series of the
binomial
binomial
Bernoulli
Bernoulli distribution
trials. distribution
trials.TheThe Example
Example4 4
requires
requires
allall
turns
turnshaving
having
upup toto ‘failures’
that ‘failures’
thatone
one (not
and (not
and throwing
then throwing
thenhaving
having a six)
a six) onon
a ‘success’
a ‘success’ areare
based
based onon
a series
a series
of of
Bernoulli
Bernoulli
trials.
trials.TheThe 7, 7, Example
Example4 4
binomial
binomial distribution,
distribution,
which
which youyou
met
metin in
Chapter
Chapter I toss
I toss
a fair
a fair
coin
coinuntil
untilI see
I see
thethe
first
first
head.
head.
What
What
is is
thethe
probability
probability
that
that
I need
I need
all
(aall
turns
(a turns
six),
six), up
holdsup
holdstofor
to
that
that
for one
allalloneandand
positive then
positive thenhaving
integers having
integers r, r,
andaand
‘success’
ais‘success’
is
anan binomial
binomial distribution,
distribution,
which
which youyou
met
metin in
Chapter
Chapter
7, 7, I toss
I toss
a fair
a fair
coin
coinuntil
untilI see
I see
thethe
first
first
head.
head.
What
What
is is
thethe
probability
probability
that
that
I need
I need
counts
countsthethe
number
number of of
successes
successes in in
a fixed
a fixednumber
number
(a (a
six),
six),
holds
holds forfor
allall
positive
positiveintegers
integers r, r,
and and a)a)exactly
exactly 3 tosses
3 tosses
example
example ofofthethegeometric
geometric distribution
distribution – so– is
so is
an an
called
called counts
counts
of of the
trials. the
trials. number
number of of
successes
successes in in
a fixed
a fixed
number
number
a)a)exactly
exactly 3 tosses
3 tosses
example
example
because
because of of
the
thethe the
ratiogeometric
ratiogeometric
ofof distribution
distribution
probabilities
probabilities is is –
constant,so
– so
constant, called
called
soso
they
they of of
trials.
trials. b)b)at at
least
least
5 tosses?
5 tosses?
because
because the
the ratio
ratioof probabilities
of probabilities is is
constant,
constant, soso
they
they b)b)at at
least
least
5 tosses?
5 tosses?
form
form a geometric
a geometric series.
series.
form
form a geometric
a geometric series.
series. Continued
Continued
onon
thethe
next
next
page
page

▲▲
▲▲
Continued
Continued
onon
thethe
next
next
page
page
1818 Introducing
Introducing
thethe
geometric
geometric
distribution
distribution The
The
geometric
geometric distribution 1919
distribution
1818 Introducing
Introducing
thethe
geometric
geometric
distribution
distribution The
The
geometric
geometric distribution 1919
distribution
 a)a)If If
XX is is
thethe
number
number ofoftosses
tosses
until
until thethe first
first
head,
head,
then X ∼ 
then X ∼ 
Geo
Geo
(0.5),
(0.5),
and
and
I need
I need
toto Exercise
Exercise8.1
8.1
a)a)If XX
If is is
thethe X ∼ 
X ∼  Exercise
Exercise8.1
8.1
find
find
P(XP(X =number
= number
3). ofof
3). tosses
tosses
until
until thethe first
first
head,
head,
then
then Geo
Geo
(0.5),
(0.5),
and
and
I need
I need
toto
1.1.Given
Given that
thatX ∼ Geo(0.75),
X ∼ Geo(0.75), findfind
find
find
P(XP(X == 3).3). 1.1.Given
Given that
thatX ∼ Geo(0.75),
X ∼ Geo(0.75), findfind
1 1  a)a)P (PX( X = 2=)2 ) b)b)P (PX( X > 3>).3).
P(PX( X
= 3=)3=) 0.5
= 0.5
2 2
× 0.5
× 0.5 = 0.125 = =
= 0.125 1 1 
P(PX( X
= 3=)3=) 0.5
= 0.5× 0.5
2 2
× 0.5
= 0.125 
= 0.125 = =  8 8  a)a)P (PX( X = 2=)2 ) b)b)P (PX( X > 3>).3).
  8 8  2.2.Given
Given that
thatX ∼ Geo(0.2),
X ∼ Geo(0.2),find find
Examination
Examination advice
advice 2.2.Given
Given that
thatX ∼ Geo(0.2),
X ∼ Geo(0.2),find find
Examination
Examination advice
advice a)a)P (PX( X = 2=)2 ) b)b)P (PX( X ≤ 2≤)2. ).
With
With
With
thethe
With
the
Geo(0.5)
the
Geo(0.5)
Geo(0.5)
distribution,
Geo(0.5)
distribution,
distribution,
both
both p and
p andq are
q are0.5,
0.5,
butbut
when
when
showing
showingyour
yourworking
working
it isit isbetter
better
to to a)a)P (PX( X = 2=)2 ) b)b)P (PX( X ≤ 2≤)2. ).
write
write
probabilities indistribution,
probabilities in
thetheform qboth
form both
q
r–1 r–1p and
p =p p0.5
=andq are
0.5
r–1 q×are
r–1 0.5,
0.5
× 0.5,
0.5 butbut
ratherwhen
ratherwhen
than showing
than showing
0.5
0.5 your
(which
r r your
(which
of working
of working
course
courseit is
is isit the
the is
better
better
same tothing)
same tothing)
3.3.Given
Given that
thatX ∼ Geo(0.4),
X ∼ Geo(0.4),find find
write
write
in in probabilities
order probabilities
order
to to
show
show in
where in
the
wheretheformform
it comes q q p
r–1 r–1
it comes from. =p
from.0.5
= 0.5 ×
r–1 r–1
0.5
× 0.5
rather
rather
than
than
0.5
0.5
(which
r r
(which
of of
course
course
is is
the the
same
samething)
thing) 3.3.Given
Given that
thatX ∼ Geo(0.4),
X ∼ Geo(0.4),find find
in in
order
order
to to
show
show
where
where it comes
it comes from.from. a)a)P (PX( X = 4=)4 ) b)b)P (PX( X = 6|
= 6|XX > 2>)2. ).
a)a)P (PX( X = 4=)4 ) b)b)P (PX( X = 6|
= 6|XX > 2>)2. ).
11
b)b)P(PX( X
≥ 5≥)5=) P
=(PX( X
> 4>)4=) 0.5
= 0.5 = 0.0625 = =1 1 
= 0.0625
4 4 4.4.A A
4.4.A
fair
A
fair
fair
spinner
fair
spinner
spinner
spinner
has
has
has
has
four
four
four
four
equal
equal
equal
equal
sections,
sections,
sections,
sections,
coloured
coloured
coloured
coloured
red,
red,
red,
red,
green,
green,
green,
green,
blue
blue
blue
blue
and
and
and
and
black.
black.
black.
black.
b)b)P(PX( X
≥ 5≥)5=) P
=(PX( X
> 4>)4=) 0.5
= 0.5
4 4
= 0.0625 = 16
= 0.0625 = 16   It It
is is
totobebe spun
spun until
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10.9
0.9 1 10.9
0.9 1 11
0.90.8
0.9 0.90.8
0.9 X ∼ Geo(p)
If If X ∼ Geo(p) then
then E (EX( )X=) =1 .1 .
0.8
0.80.7
0.70.8
0.8
0.80.7
0.70.8 X ∼ Geo(p)
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then E (EX( )X=) =p .p .
then
pp
Probability
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0.70.6
0.60.7 0.70.6
0.60.7
Probability
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0.60.5
0.50.6 0.60.5
0.50.6
0.5
0.40.5
0.4 0.5
0.40.5
0.4 Examination
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0.40.3
0.30.4 0.40.3
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0 01 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 9 910 1011 11 0 01 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 9 910 1011 11
1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 9 910 1011 11 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 9 910 1011 11

2020 Introducing
Introducing
thethe geometric
geometric distribution
distribution The
The geometric
geometric distribution 2121
distribution
2020 Introducing
Introducing
thethe geometric
geometric distribution
distribution The
The
geometric
geometric distribution 2121
distribution
 Example
Example6 6
Example
Example6 6 Summary
Summaryexercise
exercise88
X ∼ Geo
X ∼ Geo (0.8),
(0.8),findfind Summary
Summaryexercise
exercise88
X ∼ Geo
X ∼ Geo (0.8),
(0.8),findfind
a)a)E(X)
E(X) 1.1.Given
Given that X ∼ Geo(0.2),
that X ∼ Geo(0.2), findfind Exam-Style
Exam-StyleQUESTIONS QUESTIONS
a)a)E(X) Exam-Style
6.Exam-Style QUESTIONS
QUESTIONS
E(X) 1.1.Given
Given that X ∼ Geo(0.2),
that X ∼ Geo(0.2), findfind
b)b)P {PX{ X
<E< (EX( )X}). }. a)a)P (PX( X = 4=)4 ) 6.Thirty
Thirty percent
percent ofofthethe members
members ofofa very
a very large
large
b)b)P {PX{ X
<E< (EX( )X}). }. a)a)P (PX( X = 4=)4 ) 6.6.Thirty
Thirty
group
group percent
percent
ofoffitness
fitnessof of
the
clubs the
clubs members
members
areare overover of
4040of
a very
a
years very
years large
old. large
old.
b)b)P (PX( X > 6>)6. ). group
group ofoffitness
fitness clubs
clubs areare overover 4040 years
years old.
11
a)a)E (EX( )X=) =1 1= 1.25
= 1.25 b)b)P (PX( X > 6>)6. ). The
The company
company that
thatowns
owns the theclubs
clubs want
want toold.
to
a)a)E (EX( )X=) = = 1.25
0.80.8 = 1.25 2.2.Given
Given that X ∼ Geo
that X ∼ Geo  11, find The
The company
company that
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0.80.8 2.2.Given
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that X ∼ Geo  33, find
, find interview
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={PX{ X
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are over
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are over
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> E(X )X).)). XX denotes
denotes thethe number
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If If X ∼ Geo (p),
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a)a)thethe
value
value ofof pp a)a)P (PX( X = 3=)3) over
over 40.40.
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over 40.40.
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Determine
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least
leastinteger
integer n such
n such that P {PX{ X
that > n>}n<}1%.
< 1%. b)b)P (PX( X > 3>)3) Determine
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least
leastinteger
integer n such
n such that P {PX{ X
that > n>}n<}1%.
< 1%. c)c)P (PX( X = 6|
= 6|XX > 3>)3. ). a)a)P (PX( X = 4=)4 )
c)c)P (PX( X = 6|
= 6|XX > 3>)3. ). a)a)P (PX( X = 4=)4 )
11 11 d)d)Which Which property
property ofof thethe geometric
geometric b)b)P (PX( X > 4>)4 )
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property of of
the thegeometric
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2424 Maths
Mathsin in
real-life
real-life Sporting
Sporting statistics 2525
statistics
2424 Maths
Mathsin in
real-life
real-life Sporting
Sporting statistics 2525
statistics
2424 Maths
Mathsin in
real-life
real-life Sporting
Sporting statistics 2525
statistics
 Answers
Answers
55
55 Newton’s
Newton’s
Newton’s
Newton’s
Newton’s
laws
laws
laws
laws
Newton’slaws
laws
Sample pages from Complete Mechanics

Answers
Answers
Soviet
Soviet cosmonaut
cosmonaut Yuri
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5. 5. 0.668
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6. 6. a) a) 31.6
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6. 6. a) a) 31.6
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7. 7. a) a) 93.7
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8. 8. a) a) 4.96
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10.10.2.71
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vUse
=v the
u the
uconstant
atconstant acceleration
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u22formulae. Finds when
s when 2, 2, 7 and
7 and 5. 5.
c) c) 3 3 9 0.009
9 6363
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= u++
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=
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=
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and a=
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=
8. 15.
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and a= 15.
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u
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(u =3
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s
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c)c) Find
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s whenu= u= v =v =
5, 5, 1010and a=
and a= 15.15.
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distribution 13.13.0.546
0.546
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= 31.9, = 5.86
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and
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=
a
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=
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.
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u, =
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s s
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e.g. Find
Find s when
s when v−2=v−2=1515 mms s, u, =
−1 −1
u= 3m 3ms s
−1 −1

Skills
Skillscheck
check 14.14.μ =μ 31.9, σ =σ 5.86
= 31.9, = 5.86 and
15 and
15 a
==
2 2 2 2 =
a
3a23==
3
− m
−3 m
23 m
× s
2s−2×s.
3s.−2×. s s s =s =
3. × 3636 mm
15.15.μ =μ 73.3, σ =σ 18.7
= 73.3, = 18.7
1. 1. μ =μ 41, σ =σ 10
= 41, = 10 and2 2a =
and 32 m
1. 1. μ =μ 41, σ =σ 10
= 41, = 10
15.15.μ =μ 73.3,
16.16.μ =μ 1.54,
σ =σ 18.7
= 73.3, = 18.7
σ =σ 2.21
= 1.54, = 2.21 2.2.Resolve 15
Resolve 15= =
3
2 forces
2 forces
3− −
2
2 2 inin
×2 × s s s =s =
3 perpendicular
×3×
perpendicular 3636 mdirections.
mdirections. 2.2.Find
Findthethe
horizontal
horizontalandandvertical
vertical
components
components
2. 2. 5 5 16.16.μ =μ 1.54, σ =σ 2.21
= 1.54, = 2.21 2.2.Resolve 1515=forces
Resolve =
3forces
3− −2in×2in × s s s =s =
3 perpendicular
×3×
perpendicular 3636 mdirections.
mdirections. 2.2.Find
Findthe
thehorizontal
horizontalandandvertical
vertical
components
components
2. 2. 5 5 17.17.μ =μ 1074,
= 1074,σ =σ 69.4
= 69.4 e.g.
e.g.
2.2.Resolve Find
Resolve Find the
forces the
forceshorizontal
horizontal
in in and
perpendicular and
perpendicular vertical
vertical
directions.
directions. ofof
a
2.2.Find force
a
Find force
the
the ofof
1212
N N
at
horizontal
horizontalat
30°
and30°
to
and to
the
thehorizontal.
vertical horizontal.
vertical
components
components
17.17.μ =μ 1074,
= 1074,σ =σ 69.4
= 69.4 e.g.
e.g. Find
Find thethe horizontal
horizontal andand vertical
vertical ofof
a force
a forceofof
1212
NNat at
30°30°
toto
thethe
horizontal.
horizontal.
Exercise
Exercise9.19.1 18.18.μ =μ 47.3, σ =σ 5.58
= 47.3, = 5.58 components
components
e.g.
e.g. Find
Find thetheof of
a force
a
horizontal force
horizontal ofof
15
andand15
N N
at at
verticalan
verticalan
angle
angle ofof
a force
a forceofof
1212
NNat at
30°30°
toto
thethe
horizontal.
horizontal.
Exercise
Exercise9.19.1 18.18.μ =μ 47.3, σ =σ 5.58
= 47.3, = 5.58 components
components
ofcomponents
of30° 30°toto
thethe of of
a force
a
horizontal. force
horizontal. ofof
15 15
N N
at at
an an
angle
angle
1. 1. a) a)i) i) 2 2 ii)ii)−0.5
−0.5 iii)iii)1.51.5 iv)iv)0 0 components of of
a force
a force ofof
15 15
N N
at at
an an
angle
angle
1. 1. a) a)i) i) 2 2 ii)ii)−0.5
−0.5 iii)iii)1.51.5 iv)iv)0 0 of of30° 30°
Horizontal: toto
Horizontal: thethe horizontal.
15 15horizontal.
cos cos30° 30°= =
13.0
13.0 N N
b) b)i) i) 65.1 ii)ii)39.2
65.1 39.2 iii)iii)53.2
53.2 iv)iv)7070 of of30° 30°toto
thethe horizontal.
horizontal.
b) b)i) i) 65.1 ii)ii)39.2
65.1 39.2 iii)iii)53.2
53.2 iv)iv)7070 Horizontal:
Horizontal:
Vertical:
Vertical: 1515 15
sin 15
cos
sin30° cos
30°30°
=30°= =7.5
7.5 =
13.0
N 13.0
N NN
Horizontal:
Horizontal:
Vertical:
Vertical: 1515 15 15
cos
sinsin30° cos
30°30°
== 30°= =
NN NN
13.0
7.57.5 13.0
Vertical:
Vertical: 1515 sinsin30° 30° == 7.57.5
NN 2727
2626 Answers
Answers 2727
2626 Answers
Answers 2727
 5.1
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This
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calculations. wewe often
oftenround
round thisthis
direction
direction ofof thatthat force.
force. value
value upup to to1010 m sm−2s−2
in in
calculations.
calculations.
This
Thislaw law cancan bebe stated
stated asas F= F= ma. ma. MoreMore properly,
properly, both
both F and
F and a should
a should bebe
This
Thislaw
vectors
vectors law can
(i.e.can
(i.e. be
they be
theystated
stated
havehave both F=
asboth
as Fmagnitude
ma.
= ma. More
magnitude More properly,
andproperly,
and both
direction). both
direction). F and
F and a should
a should bebe TheTheItalian
Italian scientist
scientistand andphilosopher
philosopher Galileo
Galileo Galilei
Galilei (1564–1642)
(1564–1642)
This
Thislaw
vectors
vectors law can
(i.e.can
(i.e. be
they be
theystated
stated
havehave both F=
asboth
as Fmagnitude
ma.
= ma. More
magnitude More properly,
andproperly,
and both
direction). both
direction). F and
F and a should
a should bebe The
hadThe
hadItalian
Italian
shown
shown scientist
byscientist
by and
dropping
droppingandphilosopher
two philosopher
twoballs
ballsof ofGalileo
Galileo
different
different Galilei
Galilei
masses
masses (1564–1642)
from(1564–1642)
fromthethe
vectors
vectors (i.e.
(i.e.
theythey havehave bothboth magnitude
magnitude andand direction).
direction). hadhadshown
Leaning
Leaningshown
Tower by
Tower by
dropping
dropping
of of
Pisa
Pisa two
that two
that balls
thetheballs
timesof of
timesdifferent
different
theytheytook masses
took masses
to toreach from
reach fromthe
thethe the
ground
ground
One
One newton
newton is is
defined
defined asas thethe force
force which
which is is
needed
needed toto givegive a mass
a mass ofof1 kg1 kg anan
One
One newton
newton is is
defined
defined
−2 −2asas thethe force
force which
which is is
needed
needed to to
givegive a mass
a mass of of
1 kg
1 kg
anan Leaning
Leaning
(and
(andthus Tower
thus Tower
their of
their of
Pisa
Pisathat
acceleration) that
acceleration) the the
times
were
weretimes they
thethe they
same. took
same.took
to to
reach
Therefore reach
Therefore thethe
thetheground
ground
acceleration
acceleration
acceleration
acceleration
One
One newton
newton of
isof
1is m s−2s.−2.asas
1defined
m
acceleration
acceleration of 1defined
of m1m s−2s.−2. thethe force
force which
which is is
needed
needed toto givegive a mass
a mass ofof1 kg1 kg anan (and
(and
is is thusthus
independent their
independent their
acceleration)
acceleration)
of of
thethemass
mass were
of ofwere
thethe the
bodythesame.
body same.
falling.Therefore
Therefore
falling.
However,
However, thethe
acceleration
thetheacceleration
value
value gg
of of
acceleration
acceleration
The
Theweight
weight of
ofof of
1
anan m1 m
s
object s.
object . is is
thethe force
force thatthatgravity
gravity exerts
exerts onon it.it.
AA free
free falling
falling is is
independent
would independent
would bebe different of of
differentthe
onthemass
themass
on the of
Moon of
the
Moon the
or body
onbody
or on falling.
falling.
a spacecraft However,
a spacecraft However,
orbiting thethe
orbiting value
the value
the
Earth. gg
of of
Earth.
The
Theweight
object, weight
object, that
that of
is of
an
is
an an
an object
object
object
object is is
the
falling the
falling force
force
solely
solelythatthat
under gravity
undergravity
thethe exerts
exerts
influence
influence on onit.
of it.
ofA Afree
gravity,free
gravity, falling
falling
hashas anan
would
would bebe different
different onon thetheMoonMoon or or
onon a spacecraft
a spacecraft orbiting
orbitingthethe
Earth.
Earth.
The
Theweight
object, weight
object, that
that of of
an
isofis
an an
an object
object
object
object is is
the
falling the
falling force
force
solely
solelythatthat
under gravity
undergravity
thethe exerts
exerts
influence
influence on onit.
ofof it.
A Afree
gravity,free
gravity, falling
falling
hashas anan
acceleration
acceleration
object,
object, that
that of
isofis
anapproximately
an approximately
object
object falling
falling 10 10m
solely ms
solely
−2
s downwards
−2
under downwards
under thethe towards
influence towards
influence ofofthe theEarth.
gravity, Earth.
gravity, hashas anan
acceleration
acceleration of
approximately
approximately 10 10mm s−2 s downwards
−2
downwards towards
towards the theEarth.
Earth.
acceleration
acceleration ofofapproximately
approximately 1010 mm s−2s−2downwards
downwards towards
towards thethe Earth.
Earth.

2828 Newton’s
Newton’s
laws
laws
2828 Newton’s
Newton’s
laws
laws Newton’s
Newton’s laws 2929
laws
2828 Newton’s
Newton’s
laws
laws Newton’s
Newton’s laws 2929
laws
 Example
Example1 1
Example
Example1 1 a)a)Applying
Applying Newton’s
Newton’s
second
second
law
law
horizontally:
horizontally:
Example
A Example
A 1 1ofof
passenger
passenger mass
mass
6060
kgkg
is is
inin
a lift
a lift
ofof
mass
mass
500
500
kg.kg.
TheThe
liftlift
is is
operated
operated
byby
aa a)a)Applying
Applying
A Apassenger
cablepassenger
cable
asas shown ofof
shown mass
inmass
in 60
thethe 60
kgkgis is
diagram. inin
diagram. a lift
a lift
ofof
Calculate mass
Calculate mass 500 500
kg.kg.
The
The
liftlift
is is
operated
operated
byby
aa 4= 4=3a3a Newton’s
Newton’s
second
second
law
law
horizontally:
horizontally:
A Apassenger
cablepassenger
cable
asas shown ofof
shown mass
inmass
in 60
thethe 60
kgkgis is
diagram. inin
diagram. a lift
a lift
ofof
Calculate mass
Calculate mass 500 500
kg.kg.
The
The
liftlift
is is
operated
operated
byby
aa 4a =
4 =
3a 3a
a=
= 1.33
1.33 mm s−2s−2
a)cable
a)the
cable the
as force
as force
shown
shownRR exerted
inexerted
inthethe by by
thethe
diagram.
diagram. floor
floorofof
Calculate thethe
Calculate liftlift
onon thethe
passenger
passenger a=a=1.33
1.33 mm s−2s−2
a)a)thetheforce
force RR exerted
exerted bybythethe floor
floorofofthethe
liftlift
onon thethe
passenger
passenger b)b)WW ==3 g3 g
b)a)
a)b)thethetension
tension
force
force RR T exerted
T
inin
exerted thethe
cable
by cable
by
thethe floor
floorofofthethe
liftlift
onon thethe
passenger
passenger b)b)WW 330g330
b)b)thethetension
tension TT ininthethe
cable
cable
=
=== Ng N
b)b)
when
when the
thethe the
liftlift
tension is is
tension accelerating
T accelerating
T
ininthethe
cable at at
cable 2m 2m s–2s–2
upwards.
–2 –2
upwards. == 3030 NN
when
when thetheliftlift
is is
accelerating
accelerating at at2m 2m s–2s–2
upwards.
upwards. Applying
Applying Newton’s
Newton’s
second
second
law
law
vertically:
vertically:
Take
Take
when
whenthe
the
the value
the value
lift is of
lift is g as
of g as1010
accelerating mm
accelerating s–2
ats.–2
2. m
at
–2 –2
2m s s upwards.
upwards. Applying
R Applying
R
–W–W == 0Newton’s
0Newton’s
second
second
law
law
vertically:
vertically:
Take
Takethethevalue
value g as
ofof g as1010mm s–2s.–2. R R
– W
– W = =
0 0
Take
Takethethevalue
value g as
ofof g as1010mm s s. . RR==3030 NN
RR==3030 NN
Applying
Applying Newton’s
Newton’s third
third
law,
law,
if if
thethe
force
forceexerted
exerted bybythethe
floor
floor
ofof
thethe
liftlift
onon thethe
passenger
passenger R,R,
is is then
then
Applying
Applying
there
there
is is
an Newton’s
anNewton’s
equal
equaland third
andthird
law,
law,
opposite ifforce
opposite if
thethe
force
R
force force
R exerted
exerted
exerted
exerted by by
by by
the the
the thefloor
floor
passenger ofof
passenger the
onthe
on lift
the lift
the onfloor.
onthethe
floor. passenger
passenger R,R,
is is then
then Exercise
Exercise5.1
5.1
Applying
Applying
there
there
is is Newton’s
anan Newton’s
equal
equaland third
andthird
law,
law,
opposite if
opposite if
thethe
force force
RR
force forceexerted
exerted
exerted
exerted bybybybythe
thethethefloor
floor
passenger of
passengerof
the
the
onon lift
lift
thethe on onthe
floor. the
floor. passenger
passenger is R,
is R,
then
then Exercise
Exercise5.1
5.1
there
a)there
is is
anan
a)Applying equal
Applying equalandand
Newton’s opposite
Newton’s opposite
second
secondforce Rfor
force
lawlaw
for R
exerted
exerted
the
the byby
passenger:thethe
passenger: passenger
passenger ononthethe floor.
floor. 1.1.AnAn iceice
cube
cube rests
restsonon a horizontal
a horizontal table
tableinin
thethe
a)a)Applying
Applying Newton’s
Newton’s second
second lawlaw
forfor
thethe
passenger:
passenger: 1.1.An An iceice
carriage
carriagecube
cube
of a rests
of a rests
train. on
train. on aExplain
Explain horizontal
a horizontal
what
what table
table
happens inin
happens thethe
T T
a)a)Applying
R Applying
R
– 60
– 60g =g Newton’s
=
60Newton’s
60×× 2 2 second
second lawlaw
forfor
thethe
passenger:
passenger: carriage Explain
Explain
RR– 60
– 60g =g =
6060×× 22
T T
T T tocarriage
to
thethe ofcube
iceice of
acube
train.
a train.
when
when thethe what
train what
trainis ishappens
happens
RR= 60
– =
–720
720
gN
60 =g N
=
6060×× 22 totothetheiceicecubecube when
when thethe train
trainis is
RR== 720
720NN a)a)accelerating
accelerating outoutofof thethestation
station
b)b)R
Applying
Applying
R
== 720
720NNewton’s
NNewton’s second
second lawlaw
forfor
thethe
lift:
lift: R R a)a)accelerating
accelerating outoutofof thethestation
station
b)b)Applying
Applying Newton’s
Newton’s second
second lawlaw
forfor
thethe
lift:
lift: –2s–2
2 m2sm
R R b)b)travelling
travelling at at
constant
constant velocity
velocity
b)b)Applying
T Applying
T
–R –R – 500 g =g =
– Newton’s
500 500
500
Newton’s × second
×
2 2 law
second law
forfor
thethe
lift:
lift: –2s–2
2 m2sm
R R b)b)travelling
travelling at at
constant
constant velocity
velocity
TT–R –R – 500
– 500 g =g =
500
500
×× 22 –2s–2
2 m2sm c)c)decelerating
decelerating onon approach
approach totothethe next
nextstation.
station.
TT=R
– =
–6720
6720
R
– –N
500 Ng =g =
500 500
500
×× 22 c)c)decelerating
decelerating onon approach
approach totothethe next
nextstation.
station.
TT== 6720
6720 NN 2.2.A A sledge
sledge stands
stands onon smooth
smooth horizontal
horizontal icyicy
ground.
ground.
TT== 6720
6720 NN 2.2.A Asledge
sledge stands
stands
60 60
g g TheThe sledge
sledge has hasaonaon
masssmooth
mass smooth
ofof3535 horizontal
kg.horizontal
kg.If If
a force icyicy
a force ofground.
ofground.
105105NN
60 60
g g
60 60
R R
g g
TheThe
acts
actssledge
sledge
onon thethe has has
sledge,a mass
a
sledge, mass
find of
find of
35 35
itsits kg.
kg.If If
a
acceleration. force
a
acceleration. forceof of
105105NN
500R gR g
500 acts
actsonon thethe sledge,
sledge, find find itsits
acceleration.
acceleration.
500R gR g
500
500500
g g 3.3.A A manman pushes
pushes a box
a box onon horizontal
horizontal ground
ground with
with
a force
a force ofof
240240N.N.
InInExample
Example 1 we
1 we used
useda very
a very important
important result
resulttotododo with
withthethe
weight
weight ofof a particle.
a particle. 3.3.A Aman
There man
There pushes
is ispushes
a frictional a
a frictionalbox
a box on
force onhorizontal
force horizontal
ofof6060NN ground
ground
opposing
opposing with
with
thethea force
a force
motion.
motion. ofof
240
If If 240
thetheN.acceleration
N.
acceleration
InInExample
Example 1 we
1 we used
useda very
a very important
important result
resulttotododo with
withthethe
weight
weight ofof a particle.
a particle. There
In
TheIn
Example
TheExample
mass
massmm 1ofwe
1of
awe
aused
useda very
particle
particle a very
is is important
important
measured
measured ininresult
kg.result
kg.The toweight
The to
do dowith
weight with
ofofthethe
thatweight
that weight
body
bodyisofis
aof
aforce,
aparticle.
aforce,
particle.
mg,
mg,
andand ofThere
of
thetheis
boxis
a frictional
box aisfrictional
is
1212 mm s−2sforce
force ofof
,−2calculate 6060
, calculate Nthe
theNopposing
opposing
mass
mass ofofthe
the the
themotion.
motion.
box
box
inin If If
kg.kg.thetheacceleration
acceleration
TheThemass
massm m of of
a particle
a particle is is
measured
measured in in
kg.
kg.TheThe weight
weight of of
that
thatbody
bodyis is
a force,
a mg,
force, mg,
andand ofofthetheboxbox is is
1212 mm s−2s,−2calculate
, calculate thethemass
mass ofof
thethebox
box
ininkg.kg.
is
Theis
measured
Themeasured
mass
massm m inof
of in
newtons.
a newtons.
particle
a particle As
is As
isstated
stated
measured previously,
measured previously,
in in
kg.
kg.The1N
The1weight
Nis the
is the
weight offorce
force
of
that that
that that
body would
bodywould
is is
a give
give
force,
a amg,
force,mass
amg,
mass
andofof
and1 kg
1 kg
anan
is acceleration
is
measured
measured in in
newtons.
newtons.
−2 −2 AsAs stated
statedpreviously,
previously, 1N 1N is the
is theforce
forcethat
thatwould
would give
give
a mass
a massofof
1 kg
1 kg
anan 4.4.InInthethegame
game ofof curling,
curling, a heavy
a heavy granite
granite stone
stone ofof
mass
mass2020kgkg is is
slid
slid
acceleration
is acceleration
is
measured
measured of
in of
1 m1 m
s s. The
. Theweight
weightof of
a particle
a particle could
could change
change if if
it it
moved
moved somewhere
somewhere where
wherethe
the 4.4.In In
thethegame
game of of
curling,
curling, a heavy
a heavy granite
granite stone
stone ofof
mass
mass20 20
kg kgis is
slid
slid
acceleration ofinnewtons.
of
1m newtons.
1ms−2s.−2 AsAs
The
. The
stated
stated
weight
weight
previously,
of
previously,
of
a particle
a particle
1N 1N
could
is the
could
is theforce
change
force
change if
that
that
if
it it
would
would
moved
moved
give
give
a mass
somewhere
a mass
somewhere
ofof
1 kg
where
1 kg
where
an
the
an
the across
across anan iceice rink.
rink. Ignoring
Ignoring friction,
friction, if if
thetheacceleration
acceleration ofofthethestone
stone
acceleration
accelerationduedueto to
gravity
−2gravity waswasdifferent.
different.ItsIts
mass,
mass, however,
however, does
does not
notchange.
change. AnAnastronaut
astronautinin
space
space across
acceleration
accelerationofof1m 1ms s. The
. Theweight
weightofofa particle
a particle could
could change
change ifdoes
if
it it
moved
moved somewhere
somewhere where
wherethe
inthe is across
man san
−2ice
−2icerink.
rink. Ignoring
Ignoring friction,
friction, ifwhich
if
thetheacceleration
acceleration ofthrown.
of
thethestone
stone
−2
acceleration
accelerationdueduetotogravity
gravity waswasdifferent.
different.ItsIts
mass,
mass, however,
however, does not
notchange.
change. AnAnastronaut
astronaut in
space
space is
2.42.4 m s, calculate
, calculate thetheforce
force with
with which thethestone
stone
is is
thrown.
could
could
become
become
acceleration
accelerationdueweightless
dueweightless
to to
gravity but
gravity but
was he
washe
ororshe
she
would
different.
different.would
ItsIts still
mass, still
mass, have
have the
however, the
however, same
same
does
doesmass
mass
not
not as as
change.they
they
change. do
An do
Anon on
Earth.
Earth.
astronaut
astronaut is is
2.42.4
mm s−2s,−2calculate
, calculate thetheforce
force with
with which
which thethestone
stone
is is
thrown.
thrown.
could
could
become
become weightless
weightless butbuthehe
ororshe
she
would
would still
still
have
have thethe
same
same mass
mass asasthey
theydodo
onon Earth. space
Earth. inin
space
could
Incould
In become
become
Example
Example 2weightless
2 and weightless
andExercise
Exercisebutbut
5.1,hewe
he
5.1,oror
we she
she
look would
lookatwould
at still
still
situations have
situations have thethe
where
where same
same
forces mass
forces mass
act
act as
eitheras
they
they
either dodo
ononEarth.
horizontallyEarth.
horizontallyoror
vertically.
vertically.
InInExample
Example 2 and
2 and Exercise
Exercise 5.1,
5.1,
wewelook
lookat at
situations
situations where
where forces
forcesactact
either
eitherhorizontally
horizontallyoror
vertically.
vertically. 5.5.A A wooden
wooden block
block ofof
massmass5 kg
5 kg is is
at at
rest
restonona smooth
a smooth horizontal
horizontal table,
table,
InInExample
Example 2 and
2 and Exercise
Exercise 5.1,
5.1,
wewelook
lookat at
situations
situations where
where forces
forcesactact
either
eitherhorizontally
horizontallyoror
vertically.
vertically. 5.5.A Awooden
1.61.6 wooden
mm from
from block
block
thethe of
edge of
mass
edge mass
ofof 5 kg
thethe5 kgis
table.
table.is
at at
rest
The
Thereston
block on
a
block smooth
a smooth
is is
pulled
pulled horizontal
horizontal
towards
towards table,
table,
thethe
edgeedge
Example
Example2 2 R R
1.6
Example
Example2 2 R R by1.6
byamhorizontal
am
from
from thethe
horizontal edge
edge
string. ofof
string. the
Thethe
The table.
table.
tension
tensionThe
The block
inintheblock
the is is
pulled
string
stringpulled
is is 1towards
1 N. towards
N.Calculatethethe
Calculate edge
the edge
the time
time
Example
A Example
A
particle2of2of
particle mass
mass
3 kg
3 kg
rests
rests
onon
a smooth
a smooth
plane.
plane.
It It
is is
pulled
pulled
byby
aa R R by bya horizontal
a horizontal string.
string. The
The tension
tension in in
thethestring
string is is
1 N.
1 N.Calculate
Calculate thethe time
time
A Aparticle
particleof of
mass
mass34kg
3N. taken
taken totoreach
reach thetheedge
edgeofofthethe table.
table.
4kgrests
rests
onon a smooth
a smooth plane.
plane.It It
is is
pulled
pulled
byby
aa a a
horizontal
A horizontal
Aparticle
particle force
of force
of
massofof
mass34kg
3N.N. taken
taken totoreach
reach thetheedge
edgeofofthethe table.
table.
4kgrests
rests
onon a smooth
a smooth plane.
plane.It It
is is
pulled
pulled
byby
aa a a
horizontal
horizontal force
force
ofof N. a a
Taking
Taking thethe
horizontal
horizontal value
value
force
force
of 4gN.
ofof
of gN.
4asas
1010
mm s−2s, calculate
−2
, calculate 3 kg3 kg 4N4N 6.6.A A small
small seaplane
seaplane ofofmass
mass 8000
8000 kgkg is is
travelling
travelling at atvm vm s−1
s−1andandlands
lands onon thethe
sea.
sea.
The
The plane
plane
Taking
Taking thethe
value
value
ofofg as
g as
1010
mm s−2s,−2
calculate
, calculate 3 kg3 kg 4N4N 6.6.is
AA small
is small seaplane
brought
brought seaplane
toto of
rest
rest of
bybymass
mass 8000
water
water 8000 kg kg
is
resistance
resistance is
travelling
travelling
ofof960960NN at
inin v
at m
600v m
600s and
m.sm.
−1 −1
andlands
lands
Calculate
Calculate on
theon the
the the
sea.
sea.
value
value ofThe
v.The
of v.plane
plane
a)a)thethe
Taking
Taking horizontal
thehorizontal
thevalue ofacceleration
value gacceleration
of g as
as 1010
mm s−2sof of
,the
theparticle,
,−2calculate aa
particle,
calculate 3 kg3 kg 4N4N
is is
brought
brought totorest
rest
byby water
waterresistance
resistance ofof960960NN inin 600600 m.m. Calculate
Calculate thethe value
value v. v.
ofof
a)a)thethe
horizontal
horizontal acceleration
acceleration ofof thethe
particle, aa
particle,
b)a)
a)b)thethe
normal
normal
horizontalreaction,
reaction,
horizontal R.R. ofof
acceleration
acceleration thethe
particle, aa
particle, 7.7.A A toytoycarcar
ofof mass
mass 0.35
0.35 kgkgis is moving
moving at at a velocity
a velocity ofof
2m 2m s−1s and
−1
and comes
comes to to
rest
rest
after
afterit it
hashas
travelled
travelled
b)b)thethe
normal
normal reaction,
reaction, R.R. WW 7.7.A
3.5Atoy
3.5 toy
m. car
m. carofof
Calculatemass
Calculatemass 0.35
the 0.35
the kgkgis is
resistance moving
resistance moving
force at
force at
athat
that velocity
aslows
velocity
slows theof
theof
2m
car 2 down.
carm and
s−1down.
s−1 and comes
comes totorest
rest
after
afterit it
hashas
travelled
travelled
b)b)thethe
normal
normal reaction,
reaction, R.R. WW
3.53.5m.m.Calculate
Calculate thethe
resistance
resistance force
forcethatthat
slows
slows thethecarcardown.
down.
WW
Continued
Continued
onon
thethe
next
next
page
page
▲▲▲
▲▲▲

Continued
Continued
onon
thethe
next
next
page
page 8.8.A A porter
porter at at
a railway
a railway station
station is is
dragging
dragging a suitcase
a suitcase ofofmass
mass 82.5
82.5kgkgalong
along thethe
platform
platform with
with
Continued
Continued
onon
thethe
next
next
page
page 8.8.A A
ananporter
porter at at
a
acceleration
acceleration railway
a railway
ofof station
station
0.175
0.175 mm −2is
−2is
dragging
s−2s.−2The dragging
. The a
horizontal suitcase
a
horizontal suitcase
force
forceof of
mass
that mass
thathehe 82.5
82.5
exertskg
exerts kg
along
is isalong
170170 the
the
N.N. platform
Find platform
Find thethe with
with
frictional
frictional
an an
forceacceleration
forceacceleration
between
between ofof
thethe0.175
0.175
floor
floorm
andms
and s. The
.
thethe The horizontal
trunk. horizontal
trunk. force
force that
thathe heexerts
exerts is is
170170 N.N.
Find
Find thethe
frictional
frictional
force
force between
between thethefloor
floorandand thethe trunk.
trunk.
3030 Newton’s
Newton’s
laws
laws
3030 Newton’s
Newton’s
laws
laws Newton’s
Newton’s laws 3131
laws
3030 Newton’s
Newton’s
laws
laws Newton’s
Newton’s laws 3131
laws
 9.9.A A
9.9.toA
particle
A to
particle
particle
particle
ofof
mass
ofof
mass
mass
mass
2.52.5
2.5
kgkg
2.5
kg kg
is is
pulled
is is
pulled
pulled
pulled
along
along
along
along
a horizontal
a horizontal
amhorizontal
amhorizontal
surface
surface
surface
surface
byby
byby
a string
a string
aisstring
aisstring
parallel
parallel
parallel
parallel
Notes:
9.9.to the
A to
A thesurface
particle surface
particle ofofwith
masswith
mass an
2.5 an
2.5acceleration
kg acceleration
kgis is
pulled
pulled ofof
along 2.8
along2.8 s s. Given
−2 −2
.
amhorizontal
am Given
horizontal that
that
surfacethere
surfacethere
byby a frictional
a
aisstring
ais frictional
string parallel
parallel
the
forcethe
force surface
of of
4surface
N4 N with
that with
that an an
opposes acceleration
opposes acceleration
thethe
motion
motionofof2.8
of 2.8
of
the s
the s. Given
−2 −2
.
particle,Given
−2particle,
that
find that
find there
the there
thetension a
tension frictional
ainfrictional
in
the
thestring.
string.
toforce
to
thethe
force ofsurface
4surface
of N4N with
that with
that anan
opposes acceleration
opposes acceleration
thethe
motion
motionofof2.8
of 2.8
ofmthe
the m . Given
−2
. Given
sparticle,
sparticle, that
find that
find there
the there
the is is
tension a frictional
tension ainfrictional
in
thethe
string.
string.
force
force
When
When ofthe
of
4the
N4particle
N
that
that
opposes
opposes
particle
is is thethe
travelling motion
travelling motion
at at ofof
a speed the
a speed the
of particle,
3 particle,
of m
3m s−1s,−1find
the
, find
the the
the
string tension
string tension
breaks.
breaks. in in
the
thestring.
Calculate string.
Calculate
When
When
how
how the
much the
much particle
particle
further is
further is
travelling
the
the travelling
particle
particle at at
a
will speed
a speed ofof
3 m
3 ms s,
−1 −1
the
, thestring
string breaks.
breaks. Calculate
Calculate
When
When
how
how the
much the
much particle
particle
further is
further is
travelling
the
the travelling
particle
particle at will
at
will
travel
will
travel
a speed
a speed
travel
travel
before
of before
of
3m
before3m
before scoming
−1coming
,−1the
scoming
coming , the to to
rest.
string
string
to to
rest.
breaks.
rest. breaks.
rest. Calculate
Calculate
how
how much
much further
furtherthethe
particle
particle will
will
travel
travelbefore
before coming
coming totorest.
rest.

Summary
Summaryexercise
exercise5 5
Summary
Summaryexercise
exercise5 5
Summary
Summaryexercise
exercise5 5
toto motion
motion ofof thethe carcar is isconstant
constant and and has has
Use g=
Use g 10
= 10
m sm−2s−2
where
where
a numerical
a numerical to to
motion
motion of960
of
the thecar caris isconstant
constant and and has has
Use g
Use g
= 10
= 10
m sm−2s−2
where
where
a numerical
a numerical magnitude
to magnitude
to
motion
motion of960
of960
the N.
the N.
value
value
Use
is is
gis=
Use
value
value
required.
gis10
required.
=required.
10
m sm−2s−2
required. where
where
a numerical
a numerical magnitude
magnitude 960N.car
N.car is isconstant
constant and and has has
value
value
is is
required.
required. magnitude
a) magnitude
a)Calculate
Calculate 960 960
theN.
theN.
acceleration
acceleration ofof thethe carcar
1.1.A Aliftlift
ofof massmass 750 750 kgkg is is
suspended
suspended byby a cable.
a cable. a)a)CalculateCalculate the the acceleration
acceleration of of
thethe caracara
1.1.A
AAAlift
lift
of
passenger of
mass
passenger mass 750
of750of750
mass kg
mass kgis is
suspended
65is
65 suspended
kgsuspended
kgstands
stands by
in by
in a
the cable.
alift.
the cable.
lift. a)a)when when
when
Calculate
Calculate
when
thethe
thethe
car’s
the car’s
the
car’s
engine
engine
acceleration
car’s acceleration
engine
engine
is is
is
providing
is
providing
ofof
providing thethe
providing caracara
1.1.A
AAAlift
lift
of
passenger of
mass
passenger mass ofof 750
mass kg
mass kgis suspended
6565 kgkg stands
stands by
ininbya cable.
a
thethe cable.
lift.
lift. driving
driving force
force ofengine
of
14401440 N. N.
whenwhen
driving
driving thethe car’s
force car’s
force ofof engine
14401440 is
N.N. is
providing
providing aa
a)A
A a) WhenWhen
passenger
passenger thethe
oflift
of lift
mass is is
mass accelerating
65accelerating
65kgkg stands
stands upwards
inupwards
in
thethe at
lift. at
lift.
a)a)When When the the liftlift
is is
accelerating
accelerating upwards
upwards at at When When thethe
driving
driving car car
forcepasses
forcepasses
ofof through
1440 through
1440 N.N. a point a point it itis is
0.4When
a)a)When 0.4mm s−2
−2
s,−2
the find
−2
the,lift
find
lift
is is
accelerating
accelerating upwards
upwards at at When When the the carcar passes
passes through
through aofpoint
aofpoint itm it
iss.−1is.
0.40.4 mm s−2s,−2find
, find moving
When moving
When thewith
thewith
carcara constant
a constant
passes
passes throughspeed
speed
through 18
aofpoint
aof 18
m
point s
itm
−1
it
iss.−1is.
i) 0.4
0.4 i)m the
msthesforce
force
, find
, find exerted
exerted byby thethe passenger
passenger At moving
At moving
that
that withwith
instant
instant a constant
a
theconstant
the engine
engine speed
speed
is is
switched 18
switched 18
m s
off.
−1
off.
i) i) the the force
force exerted
exerted bylift
by
the the passenger
passenger At moving
At moving
that
that withwith
instant
instant a constant
a constant
thethe engine
engine speed
speed
isthe
is of
switchedof18
switched 18
m m s
off.
−1
s.−1.
off.
on
i) i) the onthe the floor
floor of of
thethe lift
onthe
on force
the force
the floorexerted
floorexerted
ofof bylift
thethe by
the
liftthepassenger
passenger The
At
The
The
At
The
car
that car
that
car
continues
continues
instant
instant thethealong
along
engine
engine theisthestraight
is straight
switched
switched line line
off. off.
ii)ii)ontheon
the tension
the tension
the floor
floorinofin
the
of the
the cable.
the cable.
liftlift until
The until
The itcar
car
continues
it
comes
car
continues
comes
continues
continuestoto along
rest. along
rest.
along
along
the
the the
straight
straight
straight
straight
line
line
line
line
ii)ii)thethe tension
tension inin thethecable.
cable. until until it it
comes
comes toto rest.
rest.
b)b)ii)
Whenii)
When the
thethe the liftlift
tension
tension is in
is
accelerating
accelerating
in
thethe cable.downwards
cable. downwards b)until
until b)Find itFind
it the
comes the
comes distance
distance
to to
rest.
rest. it it
takes
takes toto come
come toto rest.rest.
b)b)When
at When
at
0.6 0.6
m themsthe
−2lift
s −2liftis isaccelerating
accelerating downwards
downwards b)b)Find Find thethe distance
distance it it
takes
takes toto come
come toto rest.rest.
b)b)When , find
, find
at When
at
0.60.6mthe msthe
−2lift
s,−2lift
find
,
is is
find
accelerating
accelerating downwards
downwards b)b)Find
Exam-Style
Exam-StyleQuestions
Find thethe distance
distance
Questions
it it
takes
takes toto come
come toto rest.rest.
i)
at i)
at
0.6the
0.6
mthe force
ms−2force , exerted
s,−2find exerted
find byby thethe passenger
passenger Exam-Style
Exam-StyleQuestions Questions
i) i) the the force
force exerted
exerted bylift
by
the
liftthepassenger
passenger Exam-Style
i) i) onthe onthe
the the
force floor
force floor ofof
exerted thethe
exerted by 4.Exam-Style
4.A A tractor
tractor ofQuestions
ofQuestions
massmass 1500 kg
1500 kg is ispulling
pulling a trailer
a trailer
onon thethe floor
floor ofofthetheliftlift passenger
by
the the passenger
4.4.A A tractor
tractor of of
massmass 1500 kg
1500 kg isof is
pulling
pulling aslope
trailer
aslope
trailer
ii)ii)ontheon
the tension
the tension
the floor
floorinofin
the
of the
the cable.
the cable.
liftlift of
4.4.A of
A mass
mass
tractor
tractor 1000 kg
1000 kg
of of
massmassup up a
1500 kgline
a
1500 kglineof
is greatest
is greatest
pulling
pulling a trailer
a trailerofof
ii)ii)thethe tension
tension inin thethecable.
cable. of
aofhillof
aof mass
mass
hill
that 1000 kg
that 1000 kg
is is
inclinedup
inclinedup a line
a lineof of
greatest
greatest slope
θ slope slope
θ slope ofof
ii)ii)the mass
mass 1000 kg
1000 kg upup a at
a at
lineanan
lineofangle
angle
of
greatestofof
greatest to to
thethe ofof
2.2.Particles
Particles PtheP tension
and tension
and Q,Q, ofinof
in
thethe
masses cable.
masses cable.
0.40.4 kgkgand and ahorizontal,
hill
ahorizontal,
hill
thatthat iswhere
is
inclined
inclined
where at
sinsin at
θ atan
θ=
= anangle
0.05. angle
0.05. Aofof
A θ
of
light θ
to
light to
the
rigid the
rigid
2.2.Particles
Particles P P
and and Q, Q,of of
masses
masses 0.4 0.4
kg kg
and and ahorizontal,
hill
ahorizontal,
hill
thatthat iswhere
is
inclined
inclined
where sin at
sinθ= an
θ= anangle
0.05. angle θ
of θ
to to
the the
2.2.0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
kgkg
Particles
Particles
kg kg
respectively,
Prespectively,
P
and and
respectively,
respectively, Q, Q,of are
of are
areare
attached
masses attached
masses
attached0.4
attached 0.4to
kg to
kgthe
and
toPto
the
the
and
the tow-bar,
tow-bar,
horizontal,
horizontal, which
which
where is is
where parallel
sinparallel
sinθ= θ= to0.05.
0.05.to Aroad
thethe
0.05.
A
light
Aroad
A
light
road
light
light
rigid
rigid
surface,
surface,
rigid
rigid
ends
ends
0.25
0.25 of
kg of
kga light
a light
respectively, inextensible
respectively, inextensible
areare string.
attached string.
attached toPtoPis
the is
the tow-bar,
tow-bar,
connects
connects which
thewhich
the is
tractor is
parallel
tractor parallel
andand to
the to
the
the the
trailer. road
trailer. Thesurface,
The surface,
ends
ends of of
a light
a light inextensible
inextensible string.
string. Pis is tow-bar,
tow-bar,
connects
connects which
which
thethe is
tractor is
parallel
tractor parallel
andand to
the to
the
the the road
trailer. road surface,
surface,
held
held
ends
ends
held
held
at
of
at
at
rest
of
ata rest
rest
rest
onon
light
a light
onon
a rough
a rough
inextensible
inextensible
apassing
rough
apassing
rough
horizontal
horizontal
string.
horizontalstring.
horizontal
table
P table
Pis
table is
table tractortractor
connects
connects engine’s
engine’s
thethe driving
tractor driving
tractor andandforce
force
the the istrailer.
is
5500 N
trailer.
The
5500 N
trailer. The
The
Theand and
with
with
held
held the
at the
at string
rest
reststring
on on a rough
a rough over
over a smooth
horizontal
horizontala smooth
table
table tractor
the tractor
the engine’s
resistancesengine’s
resistances driving
driving
against
against force
the force
thecar is
car is
5500 N
and 5500 N
and the the and
trailerand
trailer
with
with the thestring
string passing
passing over
over a smooth
aQsmooth tractor
the tractor
the engine’s
resistancesengine’s
resistances driving
driving
against
against force
force
thethe carcaris is
5500 N
and 5500 N
and thethe and
trailerand
trailer
pulley at
pulley at
with
with the thethe the
string edge
string edge ofof
passing
passingthethetable.
over table.
over a Q
hangs
smooth hangs
aQsmooth are are 400400 N N andand 200200 N N respectively.
respectively.
pulley at
pulley at the the edge edge of ofthethetable.
table. Q
hangs
hangs the
arethe are resistances
400 resistances
400 NN andand against
200 against
200 NN thethe carcar
respectively.
respectively. and and thethe trailer
trailer
vertically
vertically
pulley at
pulley at thebelow
thebelow
edge the
edge the
of pulley.
of pulley.
thethe The
table. The
table. system
Qsystem
Qsystem
hangs
hangs is is
vertically
vertically below
below the the pulley.
pulley. TheThe system is is are are 400
a)a)Calculate 400 N N
Calculateandand 200200
thethe N N respectively.
respectively.
acceleration
acceleration ofof thethe system
system
released
released
vertically
vertically and and
below QQ
below starts
starts
the the to to
move
pulley. move
pulley. TheThedownwards
downwards
system
system is is
released
released and and QQ starts
starts to to
move
−2move downwards
downwards a)a)Calculate
and Calculate
and thethe the
tension the
tensionacceleration
acceleration
inin thethe tow-bar.of
tow-bar.of
thethe system
system
with
with acceleration
acceleration 2m 2m s−2s. . a)a)Calculate Calculate the the acceleration
acceleration
released
released
with
with and and
acceleration
accelerationQ Qstarts
starts
2m 2m to
s−2to
move
move
s.−2. downwards
downwards and and thethe tension
tension inin thethe tow-bar. system
tow-bar.of of
thethe system
Find
Find
with
with acceleration
acceleration 2 m2 m
s s. .
−2 −2 When Whenand the
and the
the tractor
the tractor
tension
tensionand and
inin trailer
the trailer
the areare
tow-bar.
tow-bar. travelling
travelling at at
Find
Find When When the the tractor
tractor –1and
–1and trailer
trailer areforce
are travelling
travelling at at
Find
Find aWhen
speed
aWhen
speed of
the of
the 25 25
m
tractor ms
tractor ,
s
–1and
the
, the
–1and
driving
driving
trailer
trailer are are force becomes
travelling becomes
travelling at at
a)a)thethe tension
tension inin thethe string
string after
afterthethesystem
system azero.
speed
azero.
speed ofof 2525 mm s–1s,–1the
, the driving
driving force
force becomes
becomes
a)a)the the
is the
is tension
tension
released
released in in
the thestring
string after
afterthethesystem
system azero.
speed
azero.
speed ofof 2525 mm s s, the, the driving
driving force
force becomes
becomes
a)a)the
is is tension
tension
released
released in in
the thestring
string after
afterthethesystem
system
b)zero.
zero. b)FindFind thethe time,
time, inin seconds,
seconds, before
before thethe
b)b)is
theis
the frictional
frictional
released
released force
force acting
acting onon P.P. b)b)Find Find thethe time,
time, into
inseconds,
seconds, before
before thethe
b)b)thethe frictional
frictional force
force acting
acting onon P.P. b)b)Find system
system
Find the comes
the comes
time,
time, to
in rest,
in rest,
seconds,and
seconds, and the the
before force
beforeforce
thetheinin
b)A
3.3.A b) the
carcarthe
offrictional
of frictional
massmass 1200 force
1200 force
kg kg acting
acting
moves
moves on
in a P.
on
in a P.
straight
straight system
the system
the tow-barcomes
tow-barcomes toto
during rest,
during rest,
thisand
this and thethe
time.
time. force
force
Explain
Explain inin thethe
3.3.A Acarcar of of
massmass 1200 1200 kg kgmoves
moves in in
a straight
a straight system
the system
the tow-barcomes
tow-barcomes toto
during rest,
during rest,
thisand
this and thethe
time.
time. force
force
Explain
Explain inin thethe
line
3.3.A line
Acar along
car along
of of
masshorizontal
mass horizontal
1200 1200 kg ground.
kg ground.
moves
moves The
in The
in
a resistance
resistance
straight
a straight sign
the sign
the oftow-bar
of
tow-barthethe force
force
during you
during you have
thisthishave found.
time. found.
time.
line
line along
along horizontal
horizontal ground.
ground. The Theresistance
resistance signsign ofof thethe force
force you you have have found. thethe
found. Explain
Explain
line
line along
along horizontal
horizontal ground.
ground. The Theresistance
resistance signsign ofof thethe force
force you you have have found.
found.
3232 Newton’s
Newton’s
laws
laws
3232 Newton’s
Newton’s
laws
laws
3232 Newton’s
Newton’s
laws
laws
Complete
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Print and Online Student Book Pack 978 019 842762 9 £25.99
Mechanics
Print Student Book 978 019 842519 9 £18.99
Online Student Book 978 019 842753 7 £18.99
Print and Online Student Book Pack 978 019 842752 0 £25.99

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