DOORS & WINDOWS

INTRODUCTION:
Door is a solid barrier that is fixed in a doorway or opening in a wall, it can be opened for
access to and from buildings and between rooms or closed for privacy. Privacy. Doors may be
classified broadly into the following types
 Side Hung Doors:

These may be single swing or double acting doors. Each type may have single shutter (leaf) or
double shutter. Majority of doors are of this type.
 Sliding Doors:

These doors are hung from a door track fixed to the soffit of the door opening and slide sideways.
Sliding doors do not cause any obstruction in the room. These may be single leaf or double leaf
or four leaf door
 Folding or Accordion Doors:

These may be either center folding sliding door or edge folding sliding door. They are provided
so that two rooms may be used together as a single room or separately.
Common Materials used are wood for doors and windows because of ease of cutting, shaping
and joinery with simple hand tools and others steel, aluminum, PVC, UPVC, Composite
Materials etc. are being adopted for making doors and windows. Aluminum is used extensively
for fully glazed doors.
Size of Doors:
The size of door to be adopted for a room depends basically upon the functional requirements
of the room. In case of water closet or bathroom where only one person is expected to go at a
time a door width of 75 cm is considered adequate. On the other hand, the size of a garage door
should be such that it may permit a car to pass through. Common adopted sizes of doors are as
follows:
Residential Buildings

 External door 1000 × 2100 ( 3’-6” x 7’-0”)

 Internal door 900 × 2100 (3’-0” x 7’- 0”)
 Door for bath or W.C. 750 × 2100 (2-6” x 7’-0”)
 Service Building 900-1200× 2100 (3-0”-4’-0” x 7’-0”)
 Garage door 2400 × 2250 (8’-0” x 7’-6”)

A door consists of two parts – a frame and shutter. Common types of door shutters are as under.
These have been described in subsequent sections
 Paneled doors
 Glazed or wire gauze doors
 Flush doors
 Ledged, braced and battened doors
 Sliding doors
DOOR FRAMES (IS: 4021 – 1983)
A doorframe consists of three members, i.e., two uprights or posts, called jamb posts, which are
secured at the top to a crosspiece called a head or transom as shown in Figure The nominal
sizes of these members very but 100 × 75 mm and 125 × 65 mm are common sections.

The head usually project from 50 to 100 mm beyond the posts, and these projections, called
horns assist in making the frame secure when it is built into the wall. The frame is usually set ½
brick back from the external face of the wall.

Fixing of Door Frames

Treatment With Anti-termite Chemical: .The surface of the frame abutting masonry or
concret and the portion of the frame embedded in floor shall be given two coatings of anti-
termite treatment (1 part chloropyriphos miced in 20 parts of Kerosene oil).

Holdfasts (IS: 7196 – 1974): For the installation of door and window frames at the required
place, holdfasts shall be provided on either side of the frames to anchor

DOOR FRAMES AND JOINTING DETAILS

them in position. Holdfasts are made of mild steel flats of not less than 5 mm thickness and
without any burrs or indents. The bolt head shall be sunk into wooden frame10 mm deep and
plugged with wooden plug as shown, 10 cm length of the holdfast flat shall be forked and bent
at right angle in opposite direction and embedded in cement concrete block of size 30 × 10 × 15
cm of mix 1:3:6 (1 Cement, 3 coarse sand, 6 graded stone aggregate, 20 mm nominal size).

A minimum of three holdfasts are fixed on each side of the door frame, one at the center and
the other two at 30 cm from top and bottom of the frame. In case of window and ventilator
frames of less than 1.0 height, two holdfasts shall be fixed on sanded before fixing them to the
frame.

Installation:Door and window frames can be fixed in masonry either (i) at the time when
masonry work is in progress or (ii) subsequently in the openings left in masonry for the
purpose. Former method has the advantage that there is a good fit of the wall to the doorframe
as it is solidly bedded in horizontal courses as the wall is raised around the door. Disadvantage
in this method is that frames made of wood are liable to get stained by construction materials
and damaged due to the work in progress. Special care has therefore to be taken to protect them
from damage.

In the second method, fixing of the doorframes is deferred until the building is nearing
completion (after the walls and the roof have been completed). This method has the advantage
that work is not held up if there is delay in the supply of frames, and there is no likelihood of
wooden frames getting damaged due to dropping brick bats, mortar and curing water,
movements of work movements of workmen, etc. Disadvantage of the second method is that in
order to facilitate subsequent fixing of frames, size of openings has to about 15-20 mm. the gap
thus left between frame and the masonry lintel has to be made good in plaster of jambs and
soffit of the openings.
 a). Frames Built-in during Construction: When the brickwork has been built to
ground floor level, the door is placed in Position according to plan, plumbed and
maintained temporarily in this position by a pair of inclined struts. The brickwork is
now proceeded with, the jambs being constructed close to the posts of the frame. The
doorframes should be primed before being fixed

 b) Erection of Frames on Completion of Walling: In this method during the execution

of masonry work recesses are left in brick masonry of suitable length, two courses in
height and of width equal to full thickness of wall at the location of the holdfasts. These
recesses should be temporarily filled in with unjointed brickbats, which are removed at
his time of fixing of frames for receiving the holdfasts. After the frame is erected,
plumbed and held in position, the holdfasts are embedded in cement concrete of 1:3:6
mix (1 cement: 3 coarse sand: 6 stone aggregate of size 20 mm and below). The gap
between the doorframe and the jambs and the lintel is filled with plaster

Vertical members of the doorframe are embedded in the floor for the full thickness of the floor
finish.

PANELED DOORS (IS: 1003, part 1 – 1991)

General:
A paneled door consists of a framing or rim, which is grooved on the inside edges to receive
one or more panels as illustrated. The horizontal members are called rail (top rail, middle or
lock rail, bottom rail, etc.) and the vertical member’s stile.

The door may have two, three, four five or six panels as shown to suit the architectural
requirements. It may be observed that in every case stiles are continuous from top to bottom;
the top, bottom, middle and intermediate rails are tennoned (Joined) into the stiles. The short
vertical piece between the bottom and middle rails in four or six panel door is called muntin; it
is stub tennoned to rails. The panel is either of timber or ply. A typical four-panel double leaf
partially glazed door is shown in Figure.

Glazed Doors
Most doors are built so as to create a barrier and provide a sense of security against unwanted
intrusions. In certain other situations like shops, departmental stores, hotels and commercial
establishments, etc. the concept of an invitation to the customer is of prime importance. The
door is therefore designed to reflect this mood of invitation by having glazed or all glass
frameless doors made of tempered glass. They also provide a feeling of space

The glazed door makes the interior of one room visible from the adjacent one. In residential
buildings, they are provided on architectural consideration between formal and informal living
areas.

French Door/Window
Fully glazed door fixed in an external wall on the first floor serve as both door and window
(French Window) for access to balconies and ventilation during summer. Because they are
hung to open in, it is difficult to provide a weather tight seal, particularly at the sill of the
doorframe. These external doors require careful maintenance for protection against wind driven
rain. The French window on the ground floor is generally fixed type and the sill height above
finished floor level varies from 225 to 300 mm.

Wire Gauze Door

The wire gauze (fly proof) shutters prevent entry of mosquitoes, flies, insects, etc. into a
building. At the same time, they also allow free circulation of air. Fly proof doors are
commonly provided for kitchens, canteens, refreshment rooms, cupboards for food storage, etc.
typical wire mesh doors.

External doors are generally provided with doorframes having rebate for double shutters. The
shutter opening inside the room should be paneled, and the outside shutter should be of wire
gauze. For ventilation the paneled door is generally kept open. As the

GLAZED DOORS WIREGAUZE DOORS

Mosquitoes have a tendency to stick to the wire gauze after dark when the indoor is lighted;
they have less chances of coming in when the wire gauze shutter opens outside.

Fixing of Shutters :For side hung shutters of height up to 1.2 m, each shutter is hung on two
butt hinges of size 75 mm at quarter points with woodscrews 8, length 30 mm. for shutters of
height more than 1.2 m, each door/window shutter shall be fixed to the door/window frame
with three butt hinges of sizes 100 mm, one at the center and the other two. 200 mm from the
top and bottom of the shutters. Woodscrews of designation Number 9, 40 mm length, shall be
used for fixing in the hinges, which should be screwed with screwdriver and not hammered in.

Flap of hinges should be neatly countersunk into the recess cut to the exact di9mensions of the
flap. In order that the door shall swing freely, the center of the pin of the top hinge should be 5
mm beyond the face of the door and that of the bottom hinge should be 6 mm clear

FLUSH DOORS (IS: 2201, Part 1 – 1999)

General:
With the development of plywood and block board industry, the flush doors have become very
popular these days, particularly for interior work because of their pleasing appearance,
simplicity of construction, less cost and better strength than paneled doors. Flush doors undergo
little expansion or contraction with seasonal changes.

Flush door shutters have a solid or semi-solid core set in a framework of stiles and rails, which
is covered on both sides with either plywood or a combination of cross bands and face veneers
giving a perfectly flush and joint less surface.

Nominal thickness of the shutters is 25, 30 or 35 mm. shutter of 25 mm thickness is suitable for
opening up to 800 mm. 30 mm thick shutter is generally used for 900 mm opening and 35 mm
thick for opening in the range of 1000 mm -1200 mm. the core of the flush door shutters is of
the following three types:

 Solid core flush doors

 Cellular core type flush doors
 Hollow core type flush doors

SILDING DOORS (IS: 4962 – 1968)

General:
Wooden side sliding doors find extensive use in shops, show rooms public buildings, etc. as
they occupy less space. There is, however, additional cost of hardware for supporting the
sliding shutter compared to side hung doors and they also make more sound due to rollers
moving in the rail section

Design Considerations:
The sliding shutter protruding from the wall face is not appealing aesthetically. A recess is
therefore provided in the wall at the time of construction to accommodate the full width of the
door as shown in the plan at (A) in Figure to ensure structural soundness of the wall a lintel
should be provided spanning twice the width of the door opening.

Bottom guide sunk in the floor tends to get filled up with muck and has to be frequently
cleaned. A guide projecting above the floor level is not desirable as people are apt to trip over;
besides, it causes visual obtrusiveness. Modern hardware obviates residential building as it is
difficult to make them weather tight.

Suspension Arrangement:
Longitudinal runners in the form of G – channel made of aluminum are available in any length,
which can support the weight of the sliding shutter by means of door rollers. The door moves
over the rollers in the channel smoothly without play and with very little effort.

Profile of typical G – section rail runner is shown at (C), it is screwed to the underside of the
head of the doorframe.

Door roller set consists of a pair of door rollers for supporting the shutter. Each door roller has
a pair of wheels, which move into G – channel. View of a typical door roller is shown at
(D). In addition, there is a horizontal roller, which slides against the vertical wall of the
channel. It provides added stability to door movement
 Sliding Doors
Construction :In order to improve the appearance of the door the doorframe generally
provided is of an oversized timber section covering the full thickness of the opening in the wall
(jamb). The width of the section of the intermediate and end supports is kept equal to half-
width of the wall (112 mm) as shown at (A). The head of the doorframe is shaped to suit the
profile of the recess in the wall and is joined with the jambs with dovetail joints.

Sliding door, typically a paneled shutter, is described fully in earlier sections. Its height requires
consideration to accommodate the height of the G- channel and the door rollers. The
dimensions shown in Figure are approximate and actual height should be determined at site
after fixing the door rollers to the shutter but before fixing the G – channel to the doorframe.

In order to conceal the suspension hardware a pelmet is provided on both sides of the door as
shown.

Windows
General:
Window is an opening in a wall for the purpose of providing daylight and ventilation and
affording a view of the outside. It includes the frame and one or more sashes (shutters) that are
glazed. The shutters may be fixed or made to open, the former being termed as fixed glazing.

Air Change:
For the comfort and well being of inmates of the building, it is essential to ventilate rooms by
allowing a natural change of air between inside and outside. In case of bathroom, kitchen, etc.,
mechanical ventilation by means of exhaust fans may be required to supplement natural
ventilation. Provision for the same should be kept in the design of window. An exhaust fan
capable of extracting at the rate of 60 liters per second is considered adequate for kitchen and at
the rate of 15 liter per second for a bathroom.

Functional Requirements:
As a component part of a wall or roof, a window must satisfy the same functional requirements
as a wall or roof, namely, (a) strength and stability, (b) resistance to weather, (c) durability and
freedom from maintenance, (d), fire safety, (e) resistance to passage of heat (f) resistance to
passage of sound, and (g) security etc.

Design Considerations:
Size, shape, location and the number of window depends on the following considerations:

 Location of the room and its utility,

 Architectural treatment of the building, and
 The climatic conditions of the site – direction of wind and its speed, humidity, daily
temperature variation, etc.

Building Regulations :
The National Building Code recommends the following area requirements for windows based
on the floor area of the room:

 When the building is to be located in hot and humid regions, the area of window should
be about 15% to 20% of the floor area,
 In case of service building like schools, offices, factories, hospitals, etc., minimum area
of the window should be 20% of the floor area
 For adequate natural light, the total area of glass panes in windows should be at least
8% of the floor area

Window Types :
Windows may be either fixed or made to open. The fixed window, the glass pane or the glazed
shutter is permanently fixed. This type of window is used in situations where only light and
view outside are needed, as no ventilation is possible.

In an openable type of window, the whole or part of a window can be opened. Windows with
opening shutters may be classified as under according to the manner in which the shutters are
arranged to open inside the frame as illustrated.
 WINDOW TYPES
 Hinged:(a) side hung (b) Top hung (c) Bottom hung
 Pivoted:(d) Horizontally pivoted (e) vertically pivoted (f) louver
 Sliding:(g) Vertically sliding (h) Horizontally sliding.

PIVOTED OPENING WINDOWS

Horizontally Pivoted Window (Ventilator):
The shutters may be either horizontally or vertically pivoted to open as shown. Horizontally
pivoted shutters so that the shutter will tend to be self-closing

Vertically pivoted Window:

It usually opens in by one-third of the width to provide least obstruction inside as illustrated..

Louvered or Venetian Window:

In this type of window the stiles of shutter are grooved to receive a series of louvers, which
may be of glass or wood. The louvers are set within the grooves in inclined position so that they
slope downward to the outside in order to run off the rainwater and obstruct the horizontal
vision at the same time. Angle of inclination of louvers to the vertical stiles is 45º. This type of
window provides ventilation and light even when the window is closed. It is however difficult
to maintain pivoted to the frame at both ends and in addition every louver is connected by a
small hinge to a vertical batten, when the batten is pulled up, the gaps between the louvers are
opened and when the batten is pulled down, the gaps between the louvers closed.

Fixed Glazed Louvered Window :

This type of fixed glass louvers is recommended for toilets, stores, etc. where permanent
ventilation is required. Glass strips with rounded edges are inserted from inside in the grooves
placed one above the other. The grooves shall be angular preferably at 45º on the frame. The
depth of groove more than the maximum thickness of the glass and the grooves shall overlap
each other by at least 20 mm.

Dormer Window:
It is a vertical window built in the sloping side of a pitched roof the could have hinged or
pivoted shutters depending on the circumstances and ease of opening them. It is provided to
achieve proper ventilation and lighting of the

DETAILS OF A BAY WINDOW FIXED GLAZED LOUVERED WINDOW

Enclosed space below the roof. Dormer window also serves as an architectural feature to the
building.

SLIDING WINDOWS
General:
The advantage of this type of window is that there are no internal or external projections from
opening the shutters and it can be opened to give reasonable control of ventilation. The cost of
additional hardware required for the suspension arrangement of the sliding shutters makes this
window more expensive. It is also more difficult to make such windows weather tight.

A typical sliding window is consists of a fixed glazing and a sliding shutter, which slides
against fixed glazing. If the glass panes for the fixed glazing are fixed directly in the window
frame, the front elevation is marred on account of the sight lines not being continuous, as the
top the bottom rails of the sliding shutter are not present in the fixed glazing.
These may be appropriate for kitchen where there may be working counters along side the wall.

Construction of Sliding Window:

A sliding window does not require a rebate in the window frame for window frame for housing
eh shutter. Due to the clearance required for movement of shutters, it is difficult to make this
window weather tight.

HORIZONTALLY SLIDING WINDOW

Sliding shutter moving over a timber bead fixed in the sill of the window frame had a tendency
to jam. This problem has now been resolved as the window operates on roller bearing in G
channel runner fixed to the head of the window frame.

A pelmet is provided on both sides of the door in order to conceal the suspension hardware.

GLASS
General:
Glass has been extensively used in building construction since long for glazing doors and
windows, for architectural features and decorations. Rapid advances in glass technology have
opened up new avenues for increased usage of glass in construction industry. Newer varieties
of glass are finding applications as tabletop and home accessories, partitions in offices, etc.

Glass is used as a physical barrier between th exteriors and the interiors without obstructing the
visibility. Glass, which is commonly used for glazing, is called soda lime or plate glass. Two
forms of glass are available in the market, namely, sheet Glass and Float Glass. Is either clear
or tinted ranging in thickness from 2 mm to 12 mm.

Sheet Glass (IS: 2835 – 1977):Sheet glass is made by heating in a furnace soda, lime and silica
(sand) and to a temperature at which they melt and fuse. Molten glass is pulled up vertically
through the rollers, called vertical process. The following are the main demerits of the vertical
process on account of which its aesthetic quality is not considered good:

 AA Quality or Special Quality (SSQ) :Intended for use where superior quality of
safety glass, high quality mirrors, photographic plates, projection slides, etc. are
required

 A Quality or Selected Quality (SQ) :It is used for selected glazing manufacture of
mirrors, safety glass, etc.

 B Quality or Ordinary Quality (OQ) : Intended for glazing and framing purposes; and

 C Quality or Greenhouse Quality (GQ) :Intended for green house glazing, production
of frosted glass strips for flooring, etc.

Nominal thickness, range of thickness and weight (kg. per sqm) of sheet glass is indicated.

Float Glass:
The raw materials (mainly, soda, lime and silica sand) are melted in the furnace and the molten
glass is pulled horizontally (horizontal process). The molten glass is then passed through
molten tin bath (Float Bath). Since the free-Standing surface of liquid is the smoothest and
flattest surface that is possible, the float glass is of uniform thickness without any waves or
distortions having excellent optical clarity and aesthetic quality.

Nominal Range of Weight

Thickness (mm) Thickness (mm) (kg/sqm)
3.0 2.8-3.2 7.5
4.0 3.8-4.2 10.0
4.8 4.6-5.1 11.9
5.5 5.2-5.8 13.5
6.3 6.0-6.6 15.5

The glass is passed through annealing lehr where it is alternately heated and cooled to eliminate
residual stresses in the glass and to increase its strength. As a result of gradual cooling, there
are no defects such as bubbles, knots, scratches, etc. Being a horizontal process, float glass can
be produced in higher thickness and larger size. It is available in thickness ranging from 2 mm
12 mm. float glass can be either clear or tinted.

Tinted Glass:
Tinted glass is heat absorbing glass, which can reduce the heat load in a building by about 12
percent resulting in energy saving. They reduce glare and contribute aesthetically to the
appearance of the buildings.

Tinted glass absorbs 30 to 40% of the solar radiation heat transmitted through the glass,
depending on tint and thickness as against only 15% by clear float glass; bulk of Th absorbed
solar radiation is reflected back as secondary radiation. This has assumed considerable
importance in centrally air-conditioned buildings. Comparative thermal performance values of
clear and tinted glass are illustrated. Tinted glass is available in three shades, namely, bronze,
dark gray and auto green in thickness ranging from 2 to 12 mm.

THERMAL PERFORMANCE OF TINTED GLASS

Figured Glass (IS: 5437 – 1994):

Figured and rolled glass is engraved with artistic patterns on one side of glass and is produced
by the rollout method. It allows light to pass through, but blocks visibility (translucent) and
adds a decorative touch. These are widely used for houses, general buildings, furniture &
interior decorations.

Wired Glass (IS: 54 – 1994):

It has excellent fire resistant ability and is recommended for openings vulnerable for fire
spreading. The wire mesh used in wired glass is made of steel wire 0.46 to 0.56 mm in diameter
in square or diamond pattern. The wire mesh prevents the broken glass pieces from falling out.

Heat Reflective Glass:

Heat Reflective Glass (HRG) is manufactured b coating clear glass or tinted glass with a metal
oxide film. This enables glass to reflect the light and yet, it retains its transparent nature, i.e.,
one can see through it. HRG is manufactured by the following process.

There is a cathode in a chamber whose walls act as the anode. Argon gas is filled in the
chamber. The metal used for coated is rolled through the chamber from below. Given the
correct conditions, the argon gas ionizes and the ions bombard the track with such high velocity
that the track atoms are ejected which deposit on the glass. The number of cats depends on the
amount of reflection desired. This process is known as magnetically enhanced sputtering. Even
though the glass reflects images one can see through them.

The HRG are of two types, (i) Hard coated glass (online process) and (ii) Soft coated glass (off-
line process). The amount of heat entering the reflected glass in case of the former is 57%,
whereas that in the case of the latter it is only 20%. The soft coated glass has better thermal
performance an dis available in a wider range of colors. These glasses are not being
manufactured domestically and are being presently imported.

Processed Glass:
Procesed Glass is available in the market as Toughened or Tempered Glass, Laminated Safety
Glass or Double Glazed Insulated Units. All the three types of processed glass are custom made
and cannot be cut or altered after production. Therefore, any holes to be drilled or any etching
to be done in the glass is to be done before it is processed.

Toughened or Tempered Glass:

Tempered glass is made by heating float glass to its softening temperature of 700º C and then
rapidly cooling it. The basic principle employed in the toughening (tempering) process is to
create a condition of surface and edge compression. This condition is achieved by first heating
the pre-cut glass and then cooling (quenching) the outer surface rapidly. This quenching cycle
leaves the center section of the glass thickness relatively hot as compared to the outside surface.
As the compressions while the center section goes into tension.

Compared with the same thickness of ordinary float glass, tempered glass has roughly three
times as much resistance to wind pressure. If tempered glass does break, the resultant shards are
granular in shape and hence prevent injury to propel. These curtain walls in skyscrapers, shops,
doors, etc. Tempered all-glass frameless doors are used as entrance door to the hotels, show
rooms, offices, etc.

Laminated Safety Glass (IS: 2553 – 1971):

Laminated Glass is made by sandwiching an inter-layer of tough elastic film between two
sheets of glass and then no splintering or shattering because the glass is bonded to the interlayer
film. This makes laminated glass not only safe, but also virtually impervious to UV radiation.
These are commonly used as wind screen in automobiles railway coaches, in high rise building
where safety is prerequisite, aquariums, bullet proof glasses, etc.

Double Glazed Insulated Glass Units:

Curtain walls of double glazed insulated glass units having tinted or heat reflective glass are
quite common in modern sky scrappers. It reduces the overall dead weight of the building,
allows faster construction building. Tinted float glass has low visible ray transmittance, thus
softening the glare of light.

Additional precautions need to be taken for glazing work of hat absorbing glass to prevent
cracks by heat. Use of an elastic sealant of high quality, such as insulation material like
neoprene foam and polyethylene foam should be used as a back up material in order to prevent
cracking by heat.

Glass Surface Processin

 Sand Blast:In this technique emery (sand) is blasted onto glass surface by high-
pressure air. Surfaces not to be sand blasted are protected by masking tape. Different
architectural patterns can thus be etched on the glass.

 Frosted Glass:Frosted glass is made by chemically treating a sand blasted glass surface
to create a fine translucent texture on the glass. It is used for glazing in bathrooms,
patterns on the glass. It is used for glazing in bathrooms, partitions, etc.

 Etching Work:The sand blasted glass surface is further treated with hydrofluoric acid
to give a soft impression. It is applied generally to produce ornamental or sculptural
patterns on ht glass for use in houses, shop window, etc.

 Grinding or Edge Processing:In this technique, the glass edges are ground and
polished not only for the purpose of giving a cosmetic finishing to the glass edge, but
also for removing any sharpness of th edges for safety as well as preventing chipping.
Beveling font glass edges is also done by this technique. Various shapes that can be
given on the outer and center edge of the glass are shown such glass is used for table
tops, etc.

Putty Glazing:
Putty initially is sufficiently plastic to be molded by hand, spread in the glazing rebate as a bed
for glass and finished outside as a weathered front or face putty. The putty sets or hardens over
the course of a few days to secure the glass used in putty glazing.

Glazing with putty is used to secure glass in wood or steel frames where there is little structural
and thermal movement. Putty is not used on aluminum or plastic frames where the larger
structural and thermal movement of these materials causes the putty to crack, lose adhesion and
allow rain to penetrate.

Preparation of Putty:
Putty is prepared by mixing one part of white lead with three parts of finely powered chalk and
then adding boiled linseed oil to the mixture to form a stiff paste. Varnish is added to the paste
at th rate of one liter of varnish to 18 kg of paste. Glazing should be done only after the shutters
have been cleaned and primed so that the wood may not draw oil out from putty.
Application of Putty:
Sufficient putty is spread all round the rebate to provide adequate back putty. The glass is
placed on the metal sprigs (small cut headless nail) and pushed firmly into the rebate so that
putty 1.5 mm thick is squeezed between the glass and the back of ht rebate as bake putty
bedding as illustrated, additional putty is then spread by hand in the glazing rebate around the
edges of the glass and finished with putty knife at an angle from the edge of the glazing rebate
up to about 2 mm below the 45º line as a seal against rain penetration.

Surplus back putty is stripped at an angle, not undercut, to prevent water accumulating and to
shed any condensation water from the inside face of the glass. The finished putty should be left
to harden for at least 7 days and then painted with the undercoat and finish coats of paint to
prevent further hardening of the putty.

COMMONLY ADOPTED GLAZING SYSTEMS

Glazing with Beads:

As an alternative to putty glazing, which may not always provide a neat finish, bead glazing
may be used, where a bead secures the glass in place. Each length of bead shall be of single
piece. Joints of the corner should be mitered and exposed edges may be rounded. Beading shall
be fixed with headless nails at 75 mm interval.

The choice of internal or external fixing of glazing beads depends on the material of bead, ease
of access of for replacement of glass, appearance and security. For durability inside glazing is
preferable particularly when softwood beads are used because the joints between the bead, the
glass and the frame are vulnerable to the penetration of ground floor windows. External beads,
however, provide greater protection against wind driven rain as the outward facing rebate acts
to check the rain the wind pressure.

In case of fixed glazing where grill is provided on the inside for security, inside glazing is
impractical. For external shutters, it is common practice, to have beading on the inside face of
the glazing.

For appearance sake glazing beads are of the same material and finish as the main frame.

Glazing with Putty and Beads:

This system of glazing is preferable as beads alone may not be adequate to prevent penetration
of wind driven rain.

Sufficient putty is spread all round the rebate to provide adequate back putty. The glass is
placed on the metal sprigs (small cut headless nail) or setting blocks and pushed firmly into the
rebate so that putty 1.5 mm thick is squeezed between the glass and the back of the rebate as
back putty bedding. The beads should be bedded with putty against the glass and to the bed of
the rebate. The beads are pressed firmly against the glass and then secured with pins or screws.
Where beads are fixed internally it its not usual to bed them in putty. Back front putty beds are
stripped at an angle to prevent accumulation of rainwater.

Glazing of Double Glazed Insulated Glass (IS) Units:

Double Glazed sealed insulated glass (IG) unit is normally made up of two sheets of glass that
enclose a layer of very air as shown. The two glasses are hermetically sealed in therapy for
absorbing any moisture present. The usual space between the two sheets of glass is 6, 10, 12 16
or 20 mm. these insulated units have excellent thermal insulation hotels, railway coaches,
commercial buildings, airport lounges, etc.

IG units are subject to continuous flexing due to changes in atmosphere and temperature.
Glazing materials that are used must allow for thermal and structural movement of both the IG
unit and the window framing and prevent water from penetrating to the edges of the IG units.

Glazing Methods:
The two systems of glazing used for insulating glass (IG) units are:

 Solid bedding, and

 Drained method using gasket glazing.

Solid Bedding:
The solid bedding method depends on the use of mastic bedding materials around the edges of
the IG unit, inside the glazing rebate, with sealants to prevent penetration of waster to the edges
of the unit. This method of bedding is most steel windows into which the unit may be bedded
and secured with beads. The beads material around the edges of the IG units, to prevent the
penetration of water to the IG unit edge seal. A typical solid bedding glazing system of double
glazed IG unit curtain wall is with sealant compounds and (D) with non-setting compounds.

Sealant Compounds:
The bedding sealant materials that may be used are non-setting compounds of synthetic rubber
or low permeability sealants such as, Polysulphide or silicone, or urethane. The sealants
generally require one or two-part curing.

Clearances around IG Unit:

To accommodate movement between glass and window frames, the following minimum
clearance must be allowed for IG units;

 a) 3 mm all round for glass up to 2 m width, and

 b) for glass over 2 m width, 5 mm at top and sides of unit and 6 mm at sill level

Setting, location and distance blocks are used to maintain the required gap at the bottom, sides
(side edge clearance) and back as illustrated in Figure 14.22 (B).

SOLID BEDDING GLAZING OF INSULATED GLAS UNITS