11.

0 APPENDIX
Calculation

Experiment A: Frictional Loss through Straight Pipes

Sample calculation for pipe 1(……speacify which part u take)

𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 9𝐿 0.001 𝑚3
i. Volumetric Flow Rate, Q = =49.37𝑠 x
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 1𝐿
3⁄
= 0.000182297𝑚 𝑠

ii. Velocity, u
Q
u =
area
0.000182297 m3 /s
=
πD2
4
0.000182297
=
π(0.007)2
4

=4.73689532m/s

iii. Head Loss

The values of pressure drop, ∆P was obtained from manometer
At 1 atm, ρwater =1000kg/m3

∆P
∆H =
ρg
101325N⁄m2 1kgm⁄s2
(190mmHg) (
760mmHg ) ( 1N )
=
1000kg 9.81m
( )( 2 )
m3 s

=2.58139713 m

iv. Reynolds Number

At 1 atm, 25°C: viscosity of water, μwater =8.9x10-4
Duρ
Re =
μ
 (0.007m)(4.7368m⁄s)(1000kg⁄m3 )
=
8.9 × 10−4 kg⁄m. s
= 37255.73

v. Calculated Fanning’s Friction Factor, fcalculated

2fu2 L
∆H =
gD
∆HgD
f=
2u2 L
(2.58139m)(9.81m⁄s)(0.007m)
=
2(4.7368m⁄s)2 (1m)
= 0.00395021

vi. Theoretical Friction Factor, f

Theoretical value of Fanning friction factor is read from the Fanning Friction Factor Chart.
For smooth pipes, we can just read from the graph. For roughened pipe, we need to
find 𝜀 ⁄𝐷, where ε is roughness of the pipe. ε for the roughened pipe can be determined
from Perry’s Handbook.

Experiment B: Frictional Loss through Fittings

Based on the readings for ball valve

vii. Volumetric Flow Rate, Q

Volume
Q =
Time
4L 0.001 𝑚3
= x = 0.00035149 𝒎𝟑 /𝒔
11.38 s 1𝐿

viii. Velocity, u
Q
u =
area
0.00035149
=
πD2
4
0.000335149
=
π(0.0133)2
4
= 2.4124 m/s

ix. Velocity Head

u2
velocity head =
2g
(2.4124 m⁄s)2
=
2(9.81m⁄s 2 )
= 0.2965 m
 x. Head Loss
The values of pressure drop, ∆P was obtained from manometer
At 1 atm, ρwater =1000kg/m3

∆P
∆H =
ρg
101325N⁄m2 1kgm⁄s2
(6.0mmHg) (
760mmHg ) ( 1N )
=
1000kg 9.81m
( )( 2 )
m3 s
= 0.0815427m

XI. Loss Coefficient, K

Ku2
∆H =
2g
2g∆H
K= 2
u
∆H
=
velocity head
0.0815427m
=
0.326151m
= 0.249939

Experiment C: Frictional Loss due to Flow Area Change

Based on the readings from sudden contraction

xii. Volumetric Flow Rate, Q

Volume
Q =
Time
0.008m3
=
16.25s
= 0.00049231 m3 /s

XIII. Velocity at Smaller Cross Section, u2

Q
u2 =
area
0.00049231
=
πD2
4
0.00049231
=
π(0.00912)2
4
= 7.5363m/s

xiv. Head loss

 The values of pressure drop, ∆P was obtained from manometer
At 1 atm, ρwater =1000kg/m3

∆P
∆H =
ρg
101325N⁄m2 1kg m⁄s 2
(4mmHg) (
760mmHg ) ( 1N )
=
1000kg 9.81m
( )( 2 )
m3 s

= 0.054345m

XV. Value Of Loss Coefficient, K for A Particular Fitting Or Valve

𝐾𝑢22
∆𝐻𝑐 =
2𝑔

2g∆Hc
K=
u22
2(9.81 m⁄s 2 )(0.054345m)
=
(7.5363m⁄s)2
= 0.14148

Experiment D: Frictional Loss through Flow Meters

Based on the first readings obtained for venturi meter

xvi. Volumetric Flow Rate, Q

Volume
Q =
Time
0.008 m3
=
16.68 s
= 0.0004796 m3 /s

XVII. Velocity At Upstream In Pipe Line, ua

Q
ua =
area
0.0004796m3 ⁄s
=
πD2
4
0.0004796m3 ⁄s
=
0.0005309
= 0.90219m/s
xviii. Head loss
Reading obtained from digital manometer was pressure drop, ∆P in unit mmHg
Properties of water at 1 atm: density, ρ=1000kg/m3
∆P
∆H =
ρg
101325N⁄m2 1kgm⁄s 2
(3mmHg) (
760mmHg ) ( 1N )
=
1000kg 9.81m
( )( 2 )
m3 s
= 0.040758m

XIX. Velocity Of Fluid Through Venturi Meter, uv

1⁄ 1⁄
(u2v −u2a ) 2 = cv g c (2∆h) 2

uv = √cv2 (2g c ∆h) + u2a

= √0.97^2(2x9.81m/s2 x0.040758m) + (0.90219m/s)2
= 1.2515m/s

XX. Calculated Flow Rate Through Venturi, QCalculated

QCalculated = velocity × area

πD2
= uv ×
4
= 1.252479 m3 /s
Where D=venturi throat diameter
Calculation

Standard deviation of the data & results

Experiment A

Sample calculation: Smooth bore pipe 1

Condition: Turbulent flow

X=log ∆H 𝐗𝟐

Smooth bore 0.411855 0.1696245

pipe 1 0.455321 0.2073172

∑𝑿 𝟎.𝟒𝟏𝟏𝟖𝟓𝟓+𝟎.𝟒𝟓𝟓𝟑𝟐𝟏
𝑴𝒆𝒂𝒏, 𝝁 = = =0.43359
𝑵 𝟐

∑ 𝑿𝟐
Variance, 𝝈𝟐 = − 𝝁𝟐 , where N=2
𝑵
 ∑ 𝑿𝟐
𝝈𝟐 = − 𝝁𝟐
𝑵

𝟎.𝟏𝟔𝟗𝟔𝟐𝟒𝟓+𝟎.𝟐𝟎𝟕𝟑𝟏𝟕𝟐
= – 𝟎. 𝟒𝟑𝟑𝟓𝟗𝟐
𝟐

=0.00047056

∑ 𝑿𝟐
𝑺𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒂𝒓𝒅 𝒅𝒆𝒗𝒊𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 , 𝝈 = √ − 𝝁𝟐 = √𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟒𝟕𝟎𝟓𝟔
𝑵

=0.0217

Condition: Laminar Flow

X=log ∆H 𝐗𝟐

Smooth bore 0.309192 0.0955996

pipe 1 0.272980 0.0745181

∑𝑿 𝟎.𝟑𝟎𝟗𝟏𝟗𝟐+𝟎.𝟐𝟕𝟐𝟗𝟖𝟎
𝑴𝒆𝒂𝒏, 𝝁 = = =0.291086
𝑵 𝟐

∑ 𝑿𝟐
Variance, 𝝈𝟐 = − 𝝁𝟐 , where N=2
𝑵

∑ 𝑿𝟐
𝝈𝟐 = − 𝝁𝟐
𝑵

0.0955996+0.0745181
= – 𝟎. 𝟐𝟗𝟏𝟎𝟖𝟔𝟐
𝟐

=0.00032779

∑ 𝑿𝟐
𝑺𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒂𝒓𝒅 𝒅𝒆𝒗𝒊𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 , 𝝈 = √ − 𝝁𝟐 = √𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟐𝟕𝟕𝟗
𝑵

=0.0181

Experiment B

Sample calculation: Section 12-Inline Strainer

Condition: Turbulent flow

X= ∆H 𝐗𝟐
 Inline 0.2037945 0.0415322
Strainer 0.1766219 0.0311953

∑𝑿 0.2037945+0.1766219
𝑴𝒆𝒂𝒏, 𝝁 = = =0.1902082
𝑵 𝟐

∑ 𝑿𝟐
Variance, 𝝈𝟐 = − 𝝁𝟐 , where N=2
𝑵

∑ 𝑿𝟐
𝝈𝟐 = − 𝝁𝟐
𝑵

0.0415322+0.0311953
= – 𝟎. 𝟏𝟗𝟎𝟐𝟎𝟖𝟐𝟐
𝟐

=0.00018459

∑ 𝑿𝟐
𝑺𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒂𝒓𝒅 𝒅𝒆𝒗𝒊𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 , 𝝈 = √ − 𝝁𝟐 = √𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟖𝟒𝟓𝟗
𝑵

=0.0136

Condition: Laminar flow

X= ∆H 𝐗𝟐

Inline 0.0271726 0.000793695

Strainer 0.0271726 0.000793695

∑𝑿 𝟎.𝟎𝟐𝟕𝟏𝟕𝟐𝟔+𝟎.𝟎𝟐𝟕𝟏𝟕𝟐𝟔
𝑴𝒆𝒂𝒏, 𝝁 = = =0.0271726
𝑵 𝟐

∑ 𝑿𝟐
Variance, 𝝈𝟐 = − 𝝁𝟐 , where N=2
𝑵

∑ 𝑿𝟐
𝝈𝟐 = − 𝝁𝟐
𝑵

0.000793695+0.000793695
= – 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟕𝟏𝟕𝟐𝟔𝟐
𝟐

=0.000553448

∑ 𝑿𝟐
𝑺𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒂𝒓𝒅 𝒅𝒆𝒗𝒊𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 , 𝝈 = √ − 𝝁𝟐 = √𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟓𝟓𝟑𝟒𝟒𝟖
𝑵

=0.007439
Experiment C

Sample calculation: Section 5- Sudden Contraction

Condition: Turbulent flow

X= ∆H 𝐗𝟐

Sudden 0.054345 0.00295337

Contraction 0.095104 0.00904477

∑𝑿 0.054345+0.095104
𝑴𝒆𝒂𝒏, 𝝁 = = =0.0747245
𝑵 𝟐

∑ 𝑿𝟐
Variance, 𝝈𝟐 = − 𝝁𝟐 , where N=2
𝑵

∑ 𝑿𝟐
𝝈𝟐 = − 𝝁𝟐
𝑵

0.00295337+0.00904477
= – 𝟎. 𝟎𝟕𝟒𝟕𝟐𝟒𝟓𝟐
𝟐

=0.000415319

∑ 𝑿𝟐
𝑺𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒂𝒓𝒅 𝒅𝒆𝒗𝒊𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 , 𝝈 = √ − 𝝁𝟐 = √𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟒𝟏𝟓𝟑𝟏𝟗
𝑵

=0.0204

Condition: Laminar flow

X= ∆H 𝐗𝟐

Sudden 0.040759 0.00166130

Contraction 0.040759 0.00166130

∑𝑿 0.040759+0.040759
𝑴𝒆𝒂𝒏, 𝝁 = = =0.040759
𝑵 𝟐

∑ 𝑿𝟐
Variance, 𝝈𝟐 = − 𝝁𝟐 , where N=2
𝑵

∑ 𝑿𝟐
𝝈𝟐 = − 𝝁𝟐
𝑵

0.00166130+0.00166130
= – 0.040759𝟐
𝟐
 =3.919 x 𝟏𝟎−𝟗

∑ 𝑿𝟐
𝑺𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒂𝒓𝒅 𝒅𝒆𝒗𝒊𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 , 𝝈 = √ − 𝝁𝟐 = √𝟑. 𝟗𝟏𝟗 𝐱 𝟏𝟎−𝟗
𝑵

= 6.260 x 𝟏𝟎−𝟓

Experiment D

Sample calculation: Section 17- Orifice meter

Condition: Turbulent flow

X= ∆H 𝐗𝟐

Orifice meter 0.040758 0.00166121

0.027172 0.00073832

∑𝑿 0.040758+0.027172
𝑴𝒆𝒂𝒏, 𝝁 = = =0.033965
𝑵 𝟐

∑ 𝑿𝟐
Variance, 𝝈𝟐 = − 𝝁𝟐 , where N=2
𝑵

∑ 𝑿𝟐
𝝈𝟐 = − 𝝁𝟐
𝑵

0.00166121+0.00073832
= – 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟑𝟗𝟔𝟓𝟐
𝟐

=0.000046143

∑ 𝑿𝟐
𝑺𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒂𝒓𝒅 𝒅𝒆𝒗𝒊𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 , 𝝈 = √ − 𝝁𝟐 = √𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟒𝟔𝟏𝟒𝟑
𝑵

=0.00679

Condition: Laminar flow

X= ∆H 𝐗𝟐
 Orifice meter 0.040758 0.00166121
0.027172 0.00073832

∑𝑿 0.040758+0.027172
𝑴𝒆𝒂𝒏, 𝝁 = = =0.033965
𝑵 𝟐

∑ 𝑿𝟐
Variance, 𝝈𝟐 = − 𝝁𝟐 , where N=2
𝑵

∑ 𝑿𝟐
𝝈𝟐 = − 𝝁𝟐
𝑵

0.00166121+0.00073832
= – 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟑𝟗𝟔𝟓𝟐
𝟐

=0.000046143

∑ 𝑿𝟐
𝑺𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒂𝒓𝒅 𝒅𝒆𝒗𝒊𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 , 𝝈 = √ − 𝝁𝟐 = √𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟒𝟔𝟏𝟒𝟑
𝑵

=0.00679