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    The Bridge & Structural Engineer

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    208 views168 pages

    The Bridge & Structural Engineer

    Uploaded by

    Francois Cáceres
    The Bridge & Structural Engineer

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    B&SE_Volume 45_Number 4_December 2015 BU erate eae aA JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN NATIONAL GROUP OF THE INTERNATIONAL MR ASSOCIATION FOR BRIDGE & STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING Geotechniques & Foundation SSeS Cabos With Best Compliments from : Intercontinental Con Cle Wn Cde ce iN Ce eT ridges Fyovers. Interchange. Tunnels and Othe Structures aS ~— Tali, anspenatio nd Lkan Reena nd ‘nestor Development ter Resources, Intallgent Transport Systems Rural nrastrocre Manning ‘nd CapactyBulaing ater Supply & abc Heath ‘EDeveopment nghcering Duling& svehtecute Socal and Environmental Scences Goter tent tienen ICT isproud to announce that, we ar one of the few Consultants inthe Country to own an clectro-Mechanicalimpulse-loading device knovin as the Faling Weight Deflectometer (WD) which isa revlutonary and te most accurate method for Pavement Evaluation With the recent ntraduction of the codal provisions of RC:115-2014 and 1Rc:137-2015 (Guidelines for Structural Evaluation and Strengthening of Flexible and Rigi Pavement), ICT offers to provide pavement evaluation by Using FWD equipment supported with analytical tac: to backecalclate the efastle modulus of pavement ayers oxng ish Depts 0) Ree erred -mail: business@ictonline.com, Website : www.ictonline.com Oasys YOUR IDEAS BROUGHT TO LIFE THE LEADING SOFTWARETG FOR ANALYSING SECTION +, fea : Download your = = free 30-day trial from our . : site day The Bridge and Structural Engineer Volume 45| Number |Desember 2015 i f strat Bron rte ene Se ee ee ee ced ee eee ee eee Ree aed ene poorer eas Pe ue ee fi Volume 45 | Number | Decenber 2015 The Bridge and Structural Engineer The Bridge & Structural Engineer lian Nai! Group ofthe latemat ons Anecaon fr Bridge and Susur Zapaeenag Contents Volume 45, Number 4 : December 2015 Editorial ‘+ From the Desk of Chairman, Fitorial Board : Mr. Alok Bhownick vi ‘+ From the desk of Guest Editor : Mr: Ravi Sundaram. vii Highlights of ING-LABSE Event ‘+ Highlights ofthe ING-IABSE Workshop on “Code of Practice for Concrete Road Bridges xi IRC:L122011" held at Hyderabad on 30% & 31* October 2015, Special Topic : Geotechniques & Foundation Design of Structures Pee ain eee i Senne 5, BAS iti: siicin el ieniodgneen j Sunil S. Basarkar, Ravikiran Vaidya eT ET, iasiBlpulambeasomis! on isla pum 7) Nee ee ee ea See -e ‘swe 4: OI dtm rpa ~ iT a ae x man Re cameron io ne eee . Te cteees teria tiemeniae ts » ees are ote oes » en sas 4 eee aie citaincd Oo ree (haart » Sefali Biswas, R. B. Salm, Satyendra Minal, G. Bhandari oO Pee eee » aeean ae ” SE sa Pan et we Altaf Usman, Chaadan Keunac, Atal Nanda Dr. Rajbat Singh 44, Disaster Mitigation aud Role of Civil Engineers us Dr. R. Kuberar Research Paper An Experimental study on the Behaviour of Steel Plate-Anchor Assembly Embedded in Concrete under Cyclic Loading Ls Deepak K. Sal Saiwal Krishna, .K. Chakrabarti Panorama Office Bearers snd Managing Commitee ~201$ 145 +) ist of ING-IABSE Publications 148 The Bridge and Structural Engineer Volume 45| Number 4 [December 2015. ii The Bridge & Structural Engineer JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN NATIONAL GROUP OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF ING- IABSE BRIDGE & STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING March 2016 Issue of the Journal will be a Special Issue with focus on ENABLING WORKS, FORMWORKS & SACAFFOLDING SYSTEMS-Principles of Design and Construction SALIENT TOPICS TO BE COVERED ARE : 1. Modern Formwork system . Enabling & Temporary Works ._ Lifting, Transportation, Handling & Erection |. Scaffolding Systems 5. Design & Codal Provisions 3. Safety & Precautions /. Formwork Failures & Case Studies A The Bridge & Structural Engineer JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN NATIONAL GROUP OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF ING-IABSE ‘BRIDGE & STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING June 2016 Issue will be a Special Issue with focus on TALL STRUCTURES (Tall Buildings, Chimneys, Silos, TV Towers, Cooling Towers, Transmission Towers) SALIENT TOPICS TO BE COVERED ARE : Structural System & Forms Green Building & Smart Cities Wind induced response & EQ resistant design of tall structures Critical Appraisal of Existing Codes & Standards (Indian as well as International) New Construction Materials and Techniques. Case studies for Design, Construction and Rehabilitation ona w ye Those interested to contribute Technical Papers on above themes shall submit the abstract by 30” April 2016 and full paper latest by 30" May 2016 in a prescribed format, at email id : ingiabse@bol.net.in iv Volume 45 | Number 4| Desember 2015 The Bridge and Structural Engineer The Bridge and Structural Engineer December 2015 ‘BASE: Tea Bridge and Sractrel Ingiear. 1 @ quarter soumal published by INO-IABSE. 21s one ofthe olds and he ramon zhactaral ongynering Journal fie nad repaint wos faded way back 1957 ea snc tne Sour relents dszeminaing tet technological progres inthe spheres ofsnetural engineering and Bridging the ‘ap etuoen profcsionas and acadomies. Artes nts journal are writen by practicing engined’ as well a acadomia ‘om around the wort a Editorial Board AD matericl publahed im O12 | Cygip ‘B&SB journal undergoes. peor renew 10 eawe jar baler, Shectngy independence and | Monaging Directer, BAS Enginaring Consults Pt Lid, Neda relevance. The Contents of this Journal are however conributons | Members ‘of individual euthors and refict | Mahesh Tandon, theirindependent opinions Neither | Managing Dicester, Tandon Coontets Prt Led, New Delhi the “members of the editorial | 4 x mwaree,Fosase Meaber (Toc) NHAL New Deis board, nor ite publishers will be liable Sor any direct, indirect consequential special exemplars, | Chamuen & MD, Construn Srother danagse ancive fom any | Ninmalya Baudyopaiiyay imreprecentaton nthe papers. | pyecer, STUPCaneltants Pt Ltd, New Delhi Tho artiore dt advertcamant | doe Kurlan, Fosee Chief Eagines, DTTDC Lt, New Del indie urna ave no nuerceo® | $c Miter, Chit Bare, Meo Contents, New Deli ‘ihtorial content or presentation, Tre posing of parteuar | _Aviore aftracemant in ie sounel dee? | 5.» ari, Ferer DG (RD) & Aden! Seer he COE hc br the Company Sxling | 8K Sha, Fener DC (D) Spel Seta tthe COL thom by INGIABSB, te BOSE | Sharan, Farmer DG (RD) & Spa Sexetay tothe GOL a AV Sinha, Former DG (RD) é Special Secretary to the GOL $ K Pr, Farmer DG (RD) & Spc Sect tothe GOL KP Indra, Famer (RD) & Spa Secretary he GOL S 8 Conkeaorey, Ferner hasan. CES (1) Pt Le, ew Dt Pubs Harshavardhan Subbarae, ntensy Pt Lad, Mamba COME Ee corre unt Cur} Front Cover : Top Left = Triaxal test in soul sample in progress. The Ey 4 g i = z 7 2 pneumatic panel measures the pore-water pressure and volume change in the sample. Publisher. IGaBss, Bottom Left : Pile load test for the Commonwealth Games Project in progress. Abshardham complex in the background. Submision of Papert Bord Right: Feld SPTin progress using automatic trip hammer | Advertsing: Pee eto ‘New Delt-110011 ‘The Bridge and Structural Engineer From the Desk of Chai Quatety. Mach June September and December {lo Seceary, Indian Nations Grou of the LABSE. IDA Bailing Ground Flor Room Nos. and |2) Jenaoger House, shayaen Boe New Delli-11001, India ‘Tel steoLt+23386132, 8101123380734 Emal upadse@bel actin wpabse@houal com sesyinpaber@ael asta ‘Alt edtonal commancatons should be adebessed 10 Chairman 2Atarat of chan Natonal Crow of ts IABSB, IDA Bualdtng, Grow Fla Jenagar Howse, Shalahan Road New Del 110011 All enquires and cerespondence ts comacton with adbortsng a the SqupmentsMaenols and Induety Ness Sections should be addressed to Si Ri Pandey. Secrotay inckan National Group of the IABSS BDA Diclaing Orount “Moor Jamnagar oie Shaohon Road Rrra} Volume 45| Number [December 2015 ‘man, Editorial Board To maintain the high quality of this esteemed journal, there is a dire need to maintain a strong flow of comprehensive papers on seminal theoretical as well as practical topics of interest, case studies highlighting important innovations in the field, professional issues that a Civil Engineer is beleaguered with and technical papers pertaining to critical review and codes and standards. Preparing such high quality papers generally requires significant time commitments from senior level academics and practicing engineers, I find that there is a reduced willingness of industry now a days to industry and would continue to make efforts in bridging this gap. ‘Thisissue of the journal is focussed on the theme of “GEOTECHNIQUES & FOUNDATION DESIGN OF STRUCTURES". Interaction always takes place between a structure and its foundation, whether one likes it or not. If structure-ground interaction is to be taken into account in the design properly, structural and geotechnical engineers have to. themselves interact closely. In my professional career, T have often encountered profound differences in invest time and energy in preparing their most significant projects for joumal publications. ‘We in the editorial board do recognize the fact that there isa time constraints dhe to a quantum increase in number of infrastructure projects in the country, which is keeping all the competent engineers busy. However it is to be realised by all that ‘publication is vital to a profession’ and I would urge for a greater commitment to contribute papers, from senior structural and geotechnical engineers of the industry, in the larger interest of this civil engineering, fratemity. ‘The journal “The Bridge & Structural Engineer” is one amongst very few committed and collaborative linkage between academia and i Volume 4s | Number | December 2015 Our Guest Editor for this issue is Mr Ravi Sundaram, wio is a well-known personality in the field of Geotechnical Engineering. He has been involved in developing engineering solutions to problems of collapsible soils, soft clays, expansive soils, weak rocks, ete, on major projects in India and abroad. He has published several technical papers that reflect his experience in geotechnical engineering practice. ‘Mr Ravi Sundaram has taken considerable pains in carefully selecting the sub-theme topics and. approach between structural and geotechnical engineers, leading to a lack of understanding, of the structural behaviour by the geotechnical engineer and lack of understanding of the soil- structure interaction by the structural engineer These differences in approach are not only restricted to academics, but also between practicing structural and geotechnical engineers. ‘The Editorial Board thought prudent to take steps in improving the understanding of so structure behaviour between structural as well as geotechnical engineers. The Editorial Board of ING-IABSE therefore decided to dedicate this issue on the topic of “GEOTECHNIQUES & FOUNDATION DESIGN OF STRUCTURES". ‘The Bridge and Structural Engineer the expert authors suitable for the sub-theme, 50 as to give broad coverage to all aspects of geotechnical and foundation engineering It is hoped that the readers will find this issue of interest and value. ¥ 3 a (ALOK BowMucK) Happy Reading ‘The Bridge and Structural Engineer Volume 45| Number |Devember 2015 vi From the Desk of Guest Editor = 1 feel extremely privileged and honoured to serve as Guest Editor of this issue of “The Bridge and Structural Engineer”. This special issue on Geotechniques and Foundation Design of Structures covers not only bridges but a whole range of civil engineering structures including metro projects, underground storage caverns dam fouindatinne ote technical issues are effectively resolved. Also, ‘quality assurance and reliability of design and construction have to be ensured Geotechnical engineers have a vital role to play in solving some of the world’s most pressing problems of space utilization, transportation sector, construction in areas with difficult soil The papers received from eminent experts cover a wide variety of topics of current interest. such as liquefaction, ground improvement, pile foundations, ~ sheet piles, soft soils, gravel-boulder deposits, deformability of rocks and disaster mitigation. Geo-cells, a new development in geotechnical engineering is exciting researchers and field engineers alike. The importance of designing foundations in liquefiable sands has generated two very interesting papers. State-of-the-practice papers on Indian innovations, ground improvement and pile toad tests by the industry leaders have set the tone for geotechnical engineering excellence in the Indian construction industry. With the rapid pace of development in the infrastructure sector, fast-track projects have become the norm and engineers are expected to meet tough deadlines. This puts a lot of pressure on engineers, not just to complete the work on time but also to ensure that all sili Volume 45 | Number 4] December 2015 exhibits variations, the art of interpreting the strata conditions and assessing foundation behaviour has to be tempered by knowledge of local conditions, geology of the area as well as performance of other structures in the vicinity. ‘This emphasises the need for “observational method of design’ in which the design may have to be modified based on the site conditions encountered and field observations. Expecting the “unexpected to occur”, the geotechnical engineer has to be prepared to change the analysis / design as per the site conditions exposed at the construction stage. ‘The challenge in such design concept cannot be over-emphasized and involves proactive participation of all stakeholders for a successful execution of the project. ‘This calls for a change inthe mindset of structural engineers. designers. architects. clients / owners. conditions and developments in the Himalayan region, In doing so, they have to expand their practice well beyond traditional soil mechanics, ‘and earth sciences into newer areas and develop ‘an understanding of related allied subjects. It is becoming increasingly important to relate engineering solutions not only based upon overall stability, but also have acceptance criterion based upon its anticipated performance with the developments in the infrastructure sector, construction is being taken up in areas / lands which were considered as “not build- able” in the past. Foundations being the most important element of the structure, geotechnical aspects play a very vital role in the design and construction of the substructure. Any failure could jeopardize the project, resulting in time and cost over-runs in addition to the all too known blame-game and litigation It is often said that “Geotechnical Enginecring is a science but its practice is an art”. Soil being a natural deposition which inherently ‘The Bridge and Structural Engineer failure or a “geotechnical surprise”. This can be well avoided if the contract calls for including the services of the geotechnical engineer tll the foundation construction is over I am extremely thankful to all the authors who immediately responded to my request to contribute papers and have very kindly taken time out of their busy schedule to write such excellent papers. These invaluable “gems” have made this issue of the journal a collector’s item, worth preserving and referring to whenever the need arises. I do hope that practicing engineers will find the papers in this issue useful and will find answers to questions they were hesitant to ask I thank Mr. Alok Bhowmick and the team of the ING-IABSE for giving me this opportunity to edit this special issue and connect to all members to make this effort a snecess ‘Their contractors, etc. who are used to receiving cooperation and guidance in this cffort is geotechnical inputs / investigation reports in the gratefully acknowledged. early stages of the project. The design is usually done on the basis of the soil reports and there is, no further reference to the geotechnical engineer Qi Sacto unless there is an unusual ground condition or (RAVISUNDARAM) The Bridge and Structural Engineer Volume 45 | Number 4 [December 2015. ix Brief Profile of Mr Ravi Sundaram Mr. Ravi Sundaram completed his M.Tech. in 1980 from ITT Delhi and has 35 years experience as a consulting engineer in India and abroad. He started his career with McClelland International Limited (USA), a worldwide reputed geotechnical company. He was based in the company's Office at Dammam, Saudi Arabia and ‘worked on the company's projects in Saudi Arabia and Qatar. His intemational experience includes offshore & onshore soil investigations, geophysical tests, pile installation monitoring and pile drivability studies. Heisa founder director of Cengrs Geotechnica Pvt.Ltd. and directs all geotechnical consultancy services and geotechnical construction activities, He isin charge of soil investigation worksincluding field works, laboratory testing and engineering studies, His field of activities also includes pile foundations, foundation-strensthening and ground improvement. Mr, Ravi Sundaram’s expertise includes boreholes through soil and rock, resistivity and seismic surveys, dynamic testing of soils, rammed stone columns, bored piles and groundwater studies, He has been involved in developing engineering solutions to problems of collapsible soils, soft clays, expansive soils, weak rocks, artesian conditions and liquefaction of soils on major projectsin India and abroad. His special interests include installation and testing of piles, foundations for bridges, high rise buildings, large-diameter tanks, power plants and heavy industrial structures. He has published over 40 technical papers that reflect his experience in geotechnical engineering practice, He is a fellow of the Indian Geotechnical Society and member of the Intemational Society of Soil Mechanics & Geotechnical Engineering, He is also member of the Indian Roads Congress and the Association of Consulting Civil Engineers. Mr. Ravi Sundaram was Chairman of the Indian Geotechnical Society Delhi Chapter during 2009-11 and was responsible for getting it registered with the Registrar of Societies He is actively associated with Bhoovigyan Vikas Foundation, a non-government organization working towards Earth-Care and advising the Indian Government on making their policies Earth-friendly. He has published a book titled “Retrieving the Lost Paradise ~ Celebrating the Barth Day”. x Volume 45 | Number 4| Desember2015 The Bridge and Structural Engineer HIGHLIGHTS OF THE ING-IABSE WORKSHOP ON “CODE OF PRACTICE FOR CONCRETE ROAD BRIDGES IRC:112:2011” HELD AT HYDERABAD ON 30" & 315* OCTOBER 2015 ‘The Indian Notional Group of the IABSE in co-operation with Govt of Telangana, Roads and Buildings Department (NH Wing) successfully organised two day Workshop on “Code of Practice for Conerete Road Bridges IRC:112:2011" at Hyderabad on 30 and 31" October 2015. The Workshop was wel attended by more than 200 delegates from various Govt Departments as wel as other private and public orzanzations. “The aim of the worksthop was to provide aunique opportunity to the practicing engineers and students to interact “with experts for dissemination of knowledge and experiences relating to the latest techniques in design of bridges ‘aud other structures using the “Code of Practice for Concrete Road Bridges IRC:112: 2011". Pastcipation of 100. loaded area admeasu Fig.l: Load teat using hentledge arrangement 3 Top down load applications Common reaction sustaining technique is by Keatledge method, where reaction araigement ‘exists in form of concrete blocks or any counter weights that rests on set of secondary girders, which in tum are supported by primary girder. The primary airder is sandvviched between the hydranlie jack and the secondary girders. The counterweights have to be sufficiently higher than the test load to prevent ‘cantilever action of the secondary girders during loading. As an illustration, reaction by Kentledge load of 18.75MN for a high tise residential tower at Kolkata can be seen in Fig.1. This arrangement was ‘The Bridge and Structural Engineer the anchor piles. Since the equipment and girder requirements are small, foot print area is relatively small; for instance, a test load of 8.00MN with reaction arrangement comprising four active anchors ‘of 2.20 MN capacity would require and area of approximately 6 mx 2.2.m area In one of the sites at Karwar located on west coast of India, a vertical Toad test was conducted, Steel piles were driven on reclaimed area through a larger diameter MS Liner upto weathered rock level, so that ‘contribution only from socketed rock was available to the pile. This arrangement modelled the behaviour of marine piles, designed for resistance arising solely fiom weathered rock. Safe design load on this driven steel pile 850 mm outer diameter and with a conical bottom shoe was 3.50 MN. A 9.00MN reaction aurangement was made comprising eight rock ‘anchors, four on each side (Fig. 2), each of 1.16 MN ssafe capacity, deriving strength from 9 m fixed length in rock. A similar arrangement was also made at Tuna post near Kandla, Gujarat, A test pile 1500 mm diameter ‘and 35,50 m depth, when loaded to 21.103 MN indicated displacement of 8.98 mm with observed rebound of 7.50 mm. Sixteen active anchors each of ‘capacity 1.32 MN, with arrangement for housing four ‘anchors at each comer, each with 10 m fixed length in amygdaloidal basalt were installed. The test pile, after 22 m of clayey silt/ silty clay layers, passed through 10m of highly weathered amygdaloidal basalt (average UCS of 25 MPa), and then socketed about ately weathered amvedaloidal Inacalt 35 a in mov Pig. 2: Loc test sing anchor piles Reaction Piles or Active Anchors are more convenient where rock and competent stratm are available at a shallow depth. Such arrangement consists of two or more reaction piles or active ‘uchors located on either side of a test pile. In order to minimise the interference between test and anchor piles, a minimum distamce of three times the pile diameter is maintained between these piles. A reaction beam is placed on top of the anchor piles and the test pile is loaded by utilising a hydraulic jack placed co-axially on top. This results in applying compressive load on the test pile and uplift load on ‘The Bridge and Structural Engineer reliable piling proposal. Five test piles were planned, of which three load tests of relevance to this paper are summarized in Table 1. Table 1: Noida load test details fs ee foe |p [computed [aprind [rie op fet letter fogs [ni [aeugeien [mati [ae Jw mm) fom) |ststy [0UN) stead cement inet fot fru Ji200 fango Jose a0 fr sas fs fi200 fsea0 Jose [san firm fran A reaction arrangement for all these load tests comprised a 22.00 MN capacity kentledge, with maintained loading method as per provision of IS: 2911 (Part 4) [6] Comparative load-displacement curves for these tests are reported in Fig. 3, and the safe loads revealed for TP1, TP3 and TP4 were 3.13, 6.17 and 9.80MN respectively [Pendgn Pig Hoag, (core recavery excess of 97% and RQD in a range of 25 — 0%) with UCS of 100.0MPa In another instance, at Noida, near Delhi, piled raft supported on bored cast-in-situ pile of 1200mm diameter was proposed for a high rise commercial tower. Load test program was planned to determine ‘and maximize the safe pile capacity to achieve ‘most economic pilevaft combination. The ground ‘conditions were daumting, since the site was situated at close proximity of Yamuna river and comprised loose to medium dense sand to about Sm (SPT N values between 4 to 34) followed by a medium dense to dense sand (N values 10 - 93) upto an investigated depth of 40 m. Pile bore stability was the critical factor identified and a combination of stability fluids were sggested for arriving at an economic and Volume 45| Number [December 2015 9 to the manufacturer's product literatures may improve frictional resistance at pile-soil interface, and becomes an important factor contributing to increase in pile capacity. ‘The conclusions on use of polymer fiuid are based ‘on site specific performance and should be used with caution at this time. Before generalization, dedicated laboratory and field studies in various soil ‘conditions are desired to conclusively prove apositive ‘contribution of polymer based slurry in improving the frictional contributions 3.2 Pull out load tests ull out load tests are earied out by connectin test pile reinforcement to a primary girder, which is upward loaded with hydraulic jacks. A single hydraulic jack of high capacity may be co-asially placed above the test pile; or alternatively, jacks are placed atop reaction piles. At a project site at Kalma, located near Raigad town at Central India, a pull out load test (Fig. 4) was conducted to confirm performance of a 900 mm diameter RCC bored raker pile with a safe uplift load ‘of 2.02 MN. The pile passed through 4.50 m of sandy

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