Application 1 (Reduction of order – Application 2 (Homogeneous equations

How to obtain a second solution) with constant coefficients – Two distinct

real roots)
(x 2
− 1) y ''− 2 xy '+ 2 y = 0 has y1 = x
Solve the initial value problem.
as a first solution.
Find another independent solution. y ''+ y '− 2 y = 0 , y (0) = 4 , y '(0) = −5
Solution
Solution
Let ' s divide each side by ( x − 1) ,2

r2 + r − 2 = 0
2x 2
y ''− 2 y '+ 2 y=0 (r + 2)(r − 1) = 0
x −1 x −1
r1 = 1 , r2 = −2
y ''+ P( x) y '+ q ( x) y = r ( x) y = c1.e x + c2 .e−2 x
2x 2x y (0) = 4 → 4 = c1 + c2
P( x) = − 2 → − ∫ pdx = ∫ 2 dx
x −1 x −1 y ' = c1.e x − 2c2 .e−2 x
y '(0) = −5 → −5 = c1 − 2c2
2
t = x − 1 , dt = 2 xdx c1 + c2 = 4
dt c1 − 2c2 = −5 → c1 = 1 , c2 = 3
∫ t = In t = In ( x − 1)
2

y = e x + 3e −2 x
U = 2 .e ∫ → U = 2 .e In ( x −1)
1 − pdx 1 2

y1 x Note : For hom ogeneous solution( y1 = yh )

1 *Distinct roots(r1 ≠ r2 )
→U =2
.( x 2 − 1)
x y1 = c1.e r1x + c2 .e r2 x
1
→ U = 1− 2 *Double roots (r1 = r2 = r )
x
y1 = (c1 + c2 x)erx
 1  1
u = ∫ Udx = ∫  1- 2 dx = x + *Complex roots (r1,2 = α ± i β )
 x  x
 1 y1 = eα x (c1.sin β x + c2 .cos β x)
y2 = u. y1 =  x +  x → y2 = x 2 + 1
 x

Note: k1 y1 ( x) + k2 y2 ( x) = 0
(k1 ≠ 0 and k2 ≠ 0)
k2 k
y1 = − y2 or y2 = − 1 y1
k1 k2
y1 and y2 are proportional
(linearly dependent )

1
Application 3 (Non Homogeneous Application 4 (Non Homogeneous
equations – Solution by undetermined equations – Solution by variation of
coefficient) parameters → Lagrange method)

Find a general solution of the following Find a general solution of the following
differential equation. differential equation by using Lagrange
method.
y ''+ 4 y = e x + sin 2 x
y ''+ y = sec x
Solution
2
r +4=0 Solution
r1 = 2i , r1 = −2i
y ''+ P( x) y '+ q ( x) y = r ( x)
α =0,β =2
→ r ( x) = sec x
αx
y1 = e (c1 .sin β x + c2 .cos β x )
r 2 + 1 = 0 → r1 = i , r2 = −i
y1 = c1 .sin 2 x + c2 .cos 2 x
yh = c1.sin x + c2 .cos x
x
y21 = K .e y1 = sin x , y2 = cos x
x
y21 ' = K .e y1 y2
x W ( y1 , y2 ) =
y21 '' = K .e y1 ' y2 '
x x x
K .e + 4 K .e = e sin x cos x
W ( y1 , y2 ) =
5K = 1 → K = 1 / 5 cos x − sin x
1 x
W ( y1 , y2 ) = − sin 2 x − cos 2 x
y21 = .e
5
W ( y1 , y2 ) = −1
y22 = x (α .sin 2 x + β .cos 2 x)
y2 .r y .r
y22 ' = α .sin 2 x + β .cos 2 x + x (2α . cos 2 x − 2 β .sin 2 x ) y p ( x ) = − y1.∫ dx + y2 .∫ 1 dx
W W
y22 '' = 2α . cos 2 x − 2 β .sin 2 x + 2α .cos 2 x − 2 β .sin 2 x cos x.sec x
y p ( x ) = − sin x.∫ dx
+ x ( −4α .sin 2 x − 4 β . cos 2 x ) −1
y 22 '' = 4α . cos 2 x − 4 β . sin 2 x + x ( −4α . sin 2 x − 4 β . cos 2 x ) sin x.sec x
+ cos x.∫ dx
→ 4α .cos 2 x − 4 β .sin 2 x + x ( −4α .sin 2 x − 4 β .cos 2 x ) −1
sin x
+ 4 x (α .sin 2 x + β . cos 2 x ) = sin 2 x y p ( x ) = − sin x.∫ −dx − cos x.∫ dx
→ 4α .cos 2 x − 4 β .sin 2 x = sin 2 x cos x
sin x
→ 4α = 0 → α = 0 , − 4 β = 1 → β = −1 / 4 ∫ cos x dx = ?
1
y22 = − x. cos 2 x u = cos x , du = − sin xdx
4
sin x du
y = y1 + y21 + y22 ∫ cos x dx = ∫ − u
= − In u = − In cos x
1 x 1
y = c1 .sin 2 x + c2 . cos 2 x + .e − x. cos 2 x y p( x) = x.sin x + cos x.In cos x
5 4
Note: See the Table – Method of Undetermined y = yh + y p ( x )
coefficients and modification rule → Particular
solutions. y = c1.sin x + c2 .cos x + x.sin x + cos x.In(cos x)
– Polynomical functions Note: Variation of parameters method has to be
– Exponential functions preferred in function questions with secx, cosecx,
– Trigonometric functions tgx etc. and non – homogeneous Euler – Cauchy
– Multiplied exponential functions questions.
( x.e x ,sin x.e x etc) x 2 y ''+ xy '+ y = p ( x)