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INTRODUCTION

Lighting is used everywhere: in houses, commercial buildings


and industrial plants.
Light is just one portion of the various electromagnetic waves
flying through space.

Types of Lighting:

Natural : Sun

Artificial : Incandescent lamps


Tungsten halogen lamps
Fluorescent lamps

Etc
INTRODUCTION

lighting has transformed our buildings.


• Development of incandescent lamp
• Now wide variety of light sources are available.
• Acute power shortage forces optimization.

• Very few buildings are designed by Architects considering


lighting design at initial input level.
• System approach to lighting is necessary.
INTRODUCTION
• Lighting energy consumption.
• 20- 45% in commercial buildings
• 3-10% in industrial plants
• Significant energy savings can be realized with a
minimal capital investment
REALIZATION OF THESE AIMS INVOLVES:
• Careful planning of the brightness and color pattern within
both the working areas and the surroundings

• Using directional lighting where appropriate to assist


perception of task detail and to give good modeling

• Controlling direct and reflected glare from light sources to


eliminate visual discomfort.

• In artificial lighting installations, minimizing flicker from


certain types of lamps and paying attention to the color
rendering properties of the light
•Correlating lighting throughout the building to prevent
excessive differences between adjacent areas so as to
reduce the risk of accidents.

•installation of emergency lighting systems, where necessary.

Who selects & Install luminaires?


• Architects & Interior designers,
• Electrical designer & contractor,
• Owner & tenant and
• Very rarely actual users
LUMINAIRES

. Equipment which contains the lamps.


Purposes:
a. Connecting the lamp to the electricity supply.
b. Controlling the light emitted by the lamp.
c. protecting the lamp from hostile environment.
d. providing a fixture of satisfactory appearance.
Quality Lighting Design
Supports Activities & well being of Users

• Task lighting at proper lighting level & color.


• More light does not always means more energy cost.

• Use the most energy efficient source that has acceptable color.

• Use the source with the largest area of brightness to reduce


glare.

• Design Architectural element to house the light sources instead of


luminaires, soffits, cover etc.

• Use low wattage focus lights to create spots of interest.


Quality Lighting Design
Supports Activities & well being of Users

• Task lighting at proper lighting level & color.


• More light does not always means more energy cost.

• Use the most energy efficient source that has acceptable color.

• Use the source with the largest area of brightness to reduce


glare.

• Design Architectural element to house the light sources instead of


luminaires, soffits, cover etc.

• Use low wattage focus lights to create spots of interest.


Quality Lighting Design
• Induct Day lighting for psychological & physiological
comfort & well being.

• Daylight Induction DOES NOT save energy in tropical


climate.

• Daylight is highly variable and not controllable; our control


can only reduce it.

• Daylight penetration should be designed & coordinated with


artificial lighting; care should be taken for controlling the heat
that enters with the light.
ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING
•Types of lighting systems
• Assessment of lighting systems
• Energy efficiency opportunities
Introduction
Basics
• Light: electromagnetic waves in space
• Light is emitted through:
a) Incandescence
b) Electric discharge
c) Electro luminescence
d) Photoluminescence
Introduction
Definitions and Common Terms

 Lumen
• 1 lumen = the photometric equivalent of the watt
• 1 lumen = luminous flux per m2 of a sphere with 1m
radius and a 1 candela isotropic light source at the centre

 Lux
• metric unit of measure for illuminance on a
surface: 1 lux = 1 lumen / m2
Introduction
Definitions and Common Terms

 Luminous flux (lm)


 Installed load efficacy
• Average maintained illuminance on a working plane:
lux/W/m2

 Rated luminous efficacy


• Rated lumen output of the lamp / rated power consumption
• Lumens per watt
Introduction
Definitions and Common Terms

 Room index
• Ratio for the plan dimensions of the room

 Target load efficiency


• Installed load efficacy considered achievable under best
efficiency
• Lux/ W/m²

 Utilization factor
• A measure of the effectiveness of the lighting scheme
Introduction
Definitions and Common Terms

 The inverse square law


• Defines the relationship between illuminance from a
point source and distance

E = I / d2 E = illuminance
I = Luminous intensity
E1 d12 = E2 d22 d = distance
Introduction
Definitions and Common Terms

 Color temperature
• Color appearance of a lamp and the light it produces

• Measured in Kelvin (K)

• Incandescent lamps: “true value” color temperature

• Fluorescent and high intensity discharge (HID) lamps:


correlated color temperature
Introduction
Definitions and Common Terms
 Color rendering index (CRI)
Color rendering CIE general color Typical application
groups` rendering Index(Ra)

1A Ra > 90 Wherever accurate color rendering is


required e.g. color printing inspection
1B 80 < Ra < 90 Wherever accurate color judgments are
necessary or good color rendering is
required for reasons of appearance e.g.
display lighting
2 60 < Ra < 80 Wherever moderate color rendering is
required
3 40 < Ra < 60 Wherever color rendering is of little
significance but marked distortion of color is
unacceptable
4 20 < Ra < 40 Wherever color rendering is of no
importance at all and marked distortion of
colour is acceptable

Table 1. Applications of color rendering groups


LIGHTING
• Introduction
• Types of lighting systems
• Energy efficiency opportunities
Lamps and Luminares
Luminares
. Equipment which contains the lamps.
Purposes:
a.Connecting the lamp to the electricity supply.
b. Controlling the light emitted by the lamp.
c. protecting the lamp from hostile environment.
d. providing a fixture of satisfactory appearance.
TYPES OF LIGHTING SYSTEM
• Incandescent lamps
• Tungsten Halogen Lamps
• Fluorescent lamps
• High pressure sodium lamps
• Low pressure sodium lamps
HID lamps
• Mercury vapour
• Metal halide
• Blended
• LED lamps
TYPES OF LIGHTING SYSTEM
Incandescent Lamps
• Emit radiation mainly in the
visible region
• Bulb contains vacuum or
gas filling
• Efficacy: 12 lumen / Watt
• Color rendering index: 1A
• Color temperature: 2500 –
2700 K
• Lamp life <2000 hrs
TYPES OF LIGHTING SYSTEM
Tungsten-Halogen Lamps
A tungsten halogen lamp is an incandescent lamp
in which a tungsten filament is sealed into a
compact transparent envelope filled with an inert
gas and a small amount of halogen such as iodine
or bromine. The combination of the halogen gas
and the tungsten filament produces a chemical
reaction known as a halogen cycle
TYPES OF LIGHTING SYSTEM
Tungsten-Halogen Lamps
• Tungsten filament and a halogen gas • Advantages:
filled bulb • More compact
• Longer life
• Tungsten atoms evaporate from the • More and whiter light

hot filament and move to cooler wall • Disadvantages:


of bulb • Cost more
• Increased IR and UV
• Efficacy: 18 lumens/Watt • Handling problems

• Color rendering index: 1A


• Color temperature: warm
• Lamp life < 4000 hrs

Tungsten halogen lamps


TYPES OF LIGHTING SYSTEM
Tungsten-Halogen Lamps
TYPES OF LIGHTING SYSTEM
Fluorescent Lamps
Mostly used in large commercial
or institutional buildings,

CFL is now being used as an


energy-saving alternative to
incandescent lamps in homes.
ASSESSMENT OF LIGHTING SYSTEMS
Recommended Illuminance Levels

 Scale of illuminance
• Illuminance for all non-working interiors > 20 Lux
• Factor 1.5 is the smallest significant difference in
effect of illuminance
• Therefore the following scale is recommended:

20–30–50–75–100–150–200–300–500–750–1000 –1500–2000, …Lux


ASSESSMENT OF LIGHTING SYSTEMS
Recommended Illuminance Levels

 Illuminance ranges recommended for interior or activity


• Middle value (R) for working interiors

• Higher value (H) for visual work

• Lower value (L) where accuracy is non- important


LIGHTING
• Introduction
• Types of lighting systems
• Energy efficiency opportunities
ENERGY EFFICIENCY OPPORTUNITIES
Use Natural Day Lighting

• North lighting
• Glass strips across the roof
• Sky lights with fiber reinforced plastic (FRP)
• Atrium with FRP dome
• Natural light from
windows
ENERGY EFFICIENCY OPPORTUNITIES
De-lamping to Reduce Excess Lighting

• Effective method to reduce energy consumption

• Reducing lamp height combined with de-lamping:


illuminance hardly affected

• Complicated for series wired ballasts.

• Less problematic with parallel wired ballast


ENERGY EFFICIENCY OPPORTUNITIES

Task Lighting
• Low wattage lamps at task
• General illuminance at lower level
• Benefits:
• Reduce number of lighting fixtures
• Reduce lamp wattage
• Save considerable energy
• Better illuminance
• Aesthetically pleasing ambience
ENERGY EFFICIENCY OPPORTUNITIES

Reduction of Lighting
Feeder Voltage

Percentage
• Can save energy 1
2

3
• Provided drop in light 5
4
output is acceptable 6 Supply voltage percentage

4 6
5
3

1) Lamp current 2) Circuit power, 3) Lamp power, 4) Lamp output


5) lamp voltage 6) lamp efficiency

Effect of voltage variation of fluorescent


tube light parameters
ENERGY EFFICIENCY OPPORTUNITIES
Timers, Twilight Switches & Occupancy Sensors

• Timers: switching of unnecessary lights

• Twilight switches: depending on availability of daylight

• Occupancy sensors: depending on presence of people

• Applicable for general areas, conference rooms, cubicles,


restrooms, exteriors
ENERGY EFFICIENCY OPPORTUNITIES
T5 Fluorescent Tube Light

• Slimmer tubes than T12 and T8 tubes

• Improved luminaire efficiencies by 7%, and with super-


reflective aluminum luminaire by 11-30%

• Mercury reduction: 3 mg instead of 15 mg per lamp

• Can only be operated with electronic ballasts and not


existing luminaries
ENERGY EFFICIENCY OPPORTUNITIES
Lighting Maintenance

• Light levels decrease >50% due to aging lamps and dirt


on fixtures, lamps and room surfaces

• Maintenance options:

• Clean equipment
• Replace lenses
• Keep spaces bright and clean
• Re-lamping

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