“Year of Production Diversification and Strengthening

Education”

Language Centre of the National

University of Santa

TOPIC: Nobel Prize

NAME: Ingar Velásquez Claudia

CICLE: XI – Conversation I

TIMETABLE: February

DAYS: Saturday – Sunday

TEACHER: Cesar Martinez

2015

New Chimbote, 14 February

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DEDICATION:

I dedicate

To my parents, who helped me all the time and supported in every moment of my
studies.

To my teachers, who learned many of them and taught me everything about of

English.

To God, who guided me in this way and gave me health to continue, finish this
course and become great friends I met on the way.
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INDEX

DEDICATION ……………………………………………………………….. 2

INTRODUCTION …………………………………………………………… 4

NOVEL PRIZE

I. HISTORY ……………………………………………………….. 5

II. NOBEL PRIZE FIELDS ……………………………………….. 6

III. CANDIDATES…………………………………………………... 7

IV. THE PRIZE ……………………………………………………... 7

V. THE FIRST PRIZE ……………………………………………. 9

VI. THE WORL WAR II AND THE NOBEL PRIZE ……………. 10

VII. MULTIPLE WINNERS …………………………………………10

CONCLUSIONS …………………………………………………………… 11

REFERENCES ……………………………………………………………. 12
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Introduction

The advances of science, increase every day causing endless knowledge and
contributions to the history and the society, keeping that science in a continual
renovation, but this advances have as creators to people who dedicate her life to
the study and the creation of new things.

With this monograph I want to introduce the importance and contribution of

Nobel Prize to the history. The contributions made to receive this recognition,
therefore the awards are intended to reward social and economical for dedicating
much of their lifes to work for an improvement of living.

This work contains all about the Nobel Prize as: what’s it is, its history, its
foundation, consisting in Nobel Prize, how winners are chosen, which are the
categories to reward and who were and are winners of the Nobel Prize.

Hoping that this work make people know a little more about this important
award and its importance in the scientific society and humans.
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NOBEL PRIZE
The Nobel Prize is an international award given annually to recognize
individuals who have conducted research, discoveries or notable contributions to
humanity in the year immediately preceding. The awards were instituted as a last
will of Alfred Nobel, inventor of dynamite and industrial Swedish.

The awards were established in 1895 as the last will of Alfred Nobel, Swedish
industrialist, giving for the first time in 1901-even today-in the categories of
physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature and peace. In 1968 he also
established the related Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences

The different awards are given each year. Each laureate receives a gold
medal, a diploma and a sum of money by the Nobel Foundation. The prize cannot
be given posthumously, unless the winner has been appointed before his death;
and if the prize is shared, the amount of money will be divided among the winners,
which may not be more than three.

The Nobel Prize was established a century ago, and over the years a large
number of winners have received worldwide recognition for their efforts.

I. HISTORY
Alfred Nobel was born on October 21, 1833 in Stockholm, Sweden, in a family
of engineers. He was a chemist, engineer and inventor. He devoted his life to the
study of explosives St. Petersburg and Stockholm. On returning to Stockholm,
with 30 years, Alfred Nobel created his own factory nitroglycerin. Precisely,
perfecting his studies on the instability of nitric ethers of glycerol, studies with
which risked his life, suffering a dangerous explosion that destroyed much of its
first factory and killed his brother Emilio. In 1888 Nobel was surprised to read his
own obituary, which were entitled "The merchant of death is dead" in a French
newspaper. Since it was his brother who had actually died, this being published
eight years before his death.

But during his lifetime he won a lot of money thanks to its 355 inventions, of
which dynamite is the most famous. However, he also dragged sense of guilt for
the evil that their inventions and article baffled about how you will be
remembered, inspired to change his will.

That guilt complex grew until Alfred Nobel conceived the idea of devoting most
of his fortune to encourage the best efforts of man in different fields of science,
arts or diplomacy, cultivated for humanity

Thus, Nobel wrote several living wills; the last little over a year before he died,
who signed the November 27, 1895 in the Swedish-Norwegian Club in Paris,
where expresses the creation of the Nobel Foundation, specifying that his fortune
be used to create a series of prizes for those determined to take out "the greatest
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benefit on mankind" in the fields of physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine,

literature and peace.

A year later, on December 10, 1896, Alfred Nobel died at his home in San
Remo. This date, December 10, will always be linked to the history of the Nobel
Prizes, as the ceremony is celebrated on that day to commemorate the death of
the creator and mentor of such awards.

The Nobel Foundation was established as a private organization on June 29,

1900 and from 1901 began the delivery of the first Awards; its function is to
manage the finances and administration of the prize. According to the will of
Alfred Nobel, the primary task of the Foundation is to manage the fortune he
bequeathed. Another important function carried out by the Nobel Foundation is
the international promotion of the awards and supervise informal administration
related to the same. The Foundation is not involved in the selection of the
winners, for it has organisms responsible for selecting and reviewing the work
carried out annually and deserve worldwide recognition, but in some ways it is
similar to an investment company that invests the patrimony of Alfred Nobel in
order to create a solid funding base for the prizes and administrative activities.

The first ceremony of the Nobel Prize in Literature, Physics, Chemistry and
Medicine was held at the Old Royal Academy of Music in Stockholm in 1901.
Since 1902, the prizes awarded by the King of Sweden. Initially, King Oscar II did
not agree to give the award to foreigners, but is said to be changed mind to realize
the enormous advertising potential for the country.

II. NOBEL PRIZE FIELDS

On the death of Alfred Nobel, there was a curious situation with regard to
institutions responsible for award prizes because Alfred Nobel the appointed
without prior consultation the institutions on their acceptance or criteria for the
award of prizes. However, after much hesitation within those same institutions,
they all agreed. And were the following:

 Physics (decided by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences)

 Chemistry (decided by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences)
 Physiology or Medicine (decided by the Karolinska Institute)
 Literature (decided by the Swedish Academy)
 Peace (decided by the Norwegian Nobel Committee of the Norwegian
Parliament)
 Economy, created in 1968 by Sveriges Riksbank (Central Bank of
Sweden).

The Nobel Prize in Economics was not provided with funds based on the
"Testament Nobel "and therefore technically not a Nobel prize (and the present
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Nobel family does not accept it as such). However, this award is given along with
the other Awards Nobel. Therefore in 1968 it was decided not to add any other
prize "in memory of Nobel" in the future.

Prizes are awarded in a ceremony celebrated annually in the Room Stockholm

Concert, following the banquet at City Hall, 10 December, when Alfred Nobel
died, the winners receive from the King and Queen of Sweden corresponding
Awards. The Nobel Peace Prize is performed in Oslo, Norway. The names of the
winners, however, are announce in October the various committees and
institutions that act as courts selection of prizes.

III. CANDIDATES
For a candidate can be considered, his or her name must be proposed by
individuals or qualified under the regulations of the Nobel Foundation entities.
The approved bodies found in Sweden and Norway, determine if the candidate
or candidates fulfill the requirements.

The selection starts in February of each year, the different entities national and
international are accepted by the agencies propose a number of candidates in
the various disciplines. The selection of the winners is governed under certain
basic criteria, which are their personal merits independently of their nationality,
race, creed or ideology. In any case it supports self-nomination and persons of
recognized standing are chosen. The decisions of the judges are final.

IV. THE PRIZE

The statutes of the Nobel Foundation stipulate that the institutions granting
prizes delivered to each winning a gold medal with the image of Alfred Nobel, a
diploma and an economic level.

- Medal
The medals minted in Sweden (those of the corresponding categories of
Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine and Literature) were designed
by the sculptor and engraver Erik Lindberg, with the same obverse: an
image of Alfred Nobel in left profile, along with their dates birth and death.
The reverse share the same inscription in Latin: “Inventas vitam per juvat
excoluisse arts”, while images vary according to the corresponding
symbols to each of the institutions that provide.

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Instead, the Medal of Peace was made by the Norwegian Gustav Vigeland
and for Prize the Bank of Sweden in Economic Sciences in Memory of
Alfred Nobel, by Gunvor Svensson-Lundqvist. Both also have a picture of
Alfred Nobel on the front, but with a slightly different design. On the back,
meanwhile, the Medal of Nobel Peace has a quote: “Pro ritmo et
fraternitate gentium”, while Economy has no inscription.
For the first edition of the awards, in 1901, the medals could not be
delivered on time and in its place a temporary medals were awarded, also
with the image of Alfred Nobel, although manufactured in a less valuable
metal, until it could end the final medal the following year. The delay in the
finalization of the medals was because each of the institutions awarding
the prizes should approve designs on the reverse, which was not without
controversy
Until 1980 all the "Swedish" medals were struck in 23 carat gold. Since
then they have performed in green gold 18K plated 24 carat gold. Their
weight varies by gold, but each medal weighs 200 grams medium; and a
diameter of 66 mm.

- Diploma
The laureates receive a diploma directly from the hands of the king of
Sweden or in the case of the Nobel Peace Prize, the chairman of the
Norwegian Nobel Committee in the presence of the king of Norway. Each
Diploma has a design made especially for the institutions that give, which
contains an image and a text where the name of the laureate is specified,
in addition to citing the cause for which he was awarded (except the Nobel
Peace Prize, whose diplomas this content has never citation)

- Monetary Retribution
At the same time diplomas are delivered an important economic prize,
whose amount depends on the income of the Nobel Foundation that year.
In 2013 amounted to 10 million Swedish kronor, something like a million
euros. The purpose of this sum is to avoid economic concerns laureate,
so that you can better develop their future work, thus promoting the
development of culture, science and technology around the world.
However, it is not uncommon for beneficiaries choose to donate the prize
money to scientific, cultural or humanitarian causes.
If in a particular category two people share the prize, the sum is divided
equally. If instead it is three simultaneous winners, the award committee
may decide to divide it into three equal parts, or grant one half of the
laureates and fourth to each other.

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V. THE FIRST PRIZE

Once the Nobel Foundation and its directives established Nobel Committees
began collecting nominations for the inaugural awards and sent a preliminary list
of candidates to the institutions that would grant awards.

Finally awards the prize to two outstanding figures of growing peace

movement of the late nineteenth century: Frédéric Passy, founder of the IPU, and
Henry Dunant, founder of the International Committee of the Red Cross.

The committee in charge of the Nobel Prize in Physics cited work on cathode
ray by Philipp Lenard and the discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Röntgen, who was
finally selected for the Royal Academy of Sciences.

For the Prize in Chemistry, in the last decades of the nineteenth century,
chemists had made many significant contributions, so that the Academy "mainly
faced the mere fact decide the order in which they should award the prize to these
scientists ". It received 20 nominations, of which proposed to Jacobus van 't Hoff,
who finally received the award for his contributions to chemical dynamics.

The Swedish Academy chose the poet Sully Prudhomme for the first Nobel
Prize for Literature. A group including 42 Swedish writers, artists and literary
critics protested against this decision, as expected Leo Tolstoy was the winner.
Some, including historian Burton Feldman, have criticized this prize consider
Prudhomme a mediocre poet. Feldman's explanation is that most Academy
members preferred Victorian literature, and which thus selected a Victorian poet.

The Prize in Physiology or Medicine, for his part, was to stop for the
physiologist and microbiologist Emil Adolf von Behring, who during the 1890s
developed an antitoxin to treat diphtheria, which until then was causing thousands
of deaths each year.

The first Nobel Prize were:

 Wilhelm Röntgen, First Nobel Prize of Physics

 Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff, First Nobel Prize of Chemistry
 Emil Adolf von Behring, First Nobel Prize of Physiology or Medicine
 Sully Prudhomme, First Nobel Prize of Literature
 Jean Henri Dunant and Frédéric Passy, First Nobel Prize of Piece

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VI. THE WORLD WAR II AND THE NOBEL PRIZE

In 1938 and 1939 the government of Nazi Germany banned the winners
Richard Kuhn, Adolf Butenandt and Gerhard Domagk accept their awards,
although each of them could then receive the diploma and medal. Although
Sweden was a neutral country during World War II, the awards were held
irregularly during the war. In 1939, the Nobel Peace Prize was not given, and
because of the occupation of Norway by Germany from 1940-1942 none of the
awards were presented. The following year, was able to deliver all except the
Nobel Prize for Literature and the Nobel Peace Prize.

During the occupation of Norway, three members of the Norwegian Nobel

Committee they fled into exile. The remaining members escaped persecution by
the Nazis when the Nobel Foundation stated that the Committee building in Oslo
was Swedish property, becoming a safe haven from the German military, who
were not at war with Sweden. These members continued the work of the
Committee, but not given any awards. Already in 1944, the Nobel Foundation,
along with three members in exile, to ensure that nominations for the Nobel
Peace be presented and the prize was redelivered.

VII. MULTIPLE WINNERS

Four people have received two Nobel Prize. Marie Curie received the Nobel
Prize in Physics in 1903 in recognition of the extraordinary services rendered by
their joint on radiation phenomena discovered by Henri Becquerel research, and
Chemistry in 1911 by the isolation of radium and polonium.

Linus Pauling won the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1954 for his research into
the nature of chemical bonds and Peace in 1962 for his activism against nuclear
testing ground. John Bardeen received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1956 for the
invention of the transistor, and again in 1972 by the same theory of
superconductivity. Frederick Sanger obtained of Chemistry in 1958 for
determining the structure of insulin and also in 1980 by the invention of a method
for determining DNA base sequence.

In addition, two organizations have received the Nobel Peace Prize on more
than one occasion. The Red Cross, three times: in 1917 and 1944 for his work
during the World Wars, and in 1963 during its centenary year. While the United
Nations High Commissioner for Refugees received in 1954 and 1981 for its
assistance to refugees.

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Conclusions

 The Nobel Prize is a global recognition to people who have dedicated their
lives to the study of new knowledge.

 Founded by Alfred Nobel discloses that knowledge no distinction and that

can come from everywhere.

 The Nobel Prize is a contribution for the winners to continue their

research, this benefit the people with health, technology ideas, etc.

 Every study that was released by this award, led to another and so
continuously favoring the advancement of human knowledge.

 The fundamental purpose of this award was that humanity itself discover
what can do for their benefit.

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REFERENCES

 Fredo C. (Monday, October 13, 2014), List of winners of the 2014 Nobel
Prizes Writing starMedia.
 Nobel Prize (n.d) Wikipedia Free Encyclopedia. Consult February 14,
2015, of http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premio_Nobel
 The Nobel Prize (n.d) Portal Novel Prize Consult February 14, 2015, of
http://www.nobelpreis.org/castellano/index.html#will
 The Nobel Prize (n.d) Portal Sepiensa. Consult February 14, 2015, of
http://www.lostiempos.com/media_pdf/2010/03/16/111963_pdf.pdf
 What are the Nobel prizes? (n.d) Exterior daily. Consult February 14,
2015, of
http://www.eldiarioexterior.com/imagenes%5Cfotosdeldia%5CPremios%
20Nobel.pdf

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