Commented [1]: Make sure you add you running

header to each page

Annotated Bibliography

Are zoos ethical or unethical?

Bailey Jackson

Professor Malcolm Campbell

UWRT 1104

11 March 2018

AZA. “We Believe in a Better Future for All Living Things.” Association of Zoos & Aquariums:
 AZA.org, 2018, www.aza.org/.

This credible website entails a pro-zoo standpoint with safety tips, services, and Commented [2]: Try explaining how you know the
website is credible.
conservations that were made to give an understanding of how zoos are regulated and

what you can do to help. From government affairs to professional development, AZA

provides services, tools, and resources needed. They have a “Safe” section that entails

what they are doing for animals who may be becoming extinct. “AZA Safe” focuses on

saving animals from going extinct by concentrating on collective enterprises within their

accredited zoos and aquariums and leverages their massive audiences to save species.

There are tabs of different animals in which you can see the statistics of the species, how Commented [3]: Instead of saying “There are” you
could try “The website has” to make the sentence more
clear.
many there are today, and how these animals numbers are shrinking. For example, the

number of Asian Elephants has shrunk from over 3 million to 188,000 over a few Commented [4]: Replace with “the last few”

centuries. You can also join their program to help animals in need and to give animals the

best quality of life. They have jobs, a place to locate zoos and aquariums, a calendar, and

a place where you can make a donation. This website was created by many members who

are a part of the AZA organization. It is a very credible source with corporate

partnerships and is the only organization that can provide a national sponsorship platform

representing more than 200 accredited zoos and aquariums. This source will be very

useful to me while researching ways to help zoo animals and how to get involved. It will

also provide specific facts about many species that are becoming extinct and to what

extent these programs are going to help grow the population. I will use this credible

source as an argument for pro-zoo beliefs. Commented [5]: It was definitely a good idea to add
your side of the argument at the end!

Baird, Bonnie A., et al. "Program animal welfare: using behavioral and physiological measures
 to assess the well-being of animals used for education programs in zoos." Applied Animal

Behaviour Science 176 (2016): 150-162.

The academic article discusses an experiment that was conducted to examine program

animal welfare using both behavioral and psychological measures in two different

experiments. Investigation shows that zoo visitors can have an effect on exhibited

animals in three ways: stress, enrichment, or a neutral effect. The experiment used

armadillos, hedgehogs, and red-tailed hawks, and while handling these species, they

showed behavioral signs such as undesirable, rest, and self-directed behavior. The size of

the enclosure that they were held in negatively correlated with their behavior in both

experiments. The primary question raised in this source is whether or not program animal

welfare is affected by being enclosed or in an exhibit. It is studied using behavioral and

psychological observations. The study shows the importance of the housing environment

for animal welfare. The findings will be used as a basis for creating handling

recommendations for enclosed armadillos, hedgehogs, and red-tailed hawks in zoos. The

information presented in the article is supported by numerous studied and trusted sources.

The author examined both experiments, showing how each animal was affected by

enclosed areas by displaying data in charts and grafts. This article also suggests ways on

how further handling in animal welfare should be done. I will use this source as a proven

example of how animals are being affected by being in enclosed spaces. This article has

also given me an insight into written data and statistics showing the effects enclosures

have on animals such as armadillos.
Halberstadt, Alex. "Zoo Animals and Their Discontents." The New York Times Magazine, July 6
Commented [6]: The only other thing I would say is
that the first annotation is sort of drawn out, almost
runny, and the second annotation is kind of short and
choppy. Other than that it’s really good.

(2014).
This source in an excerpt from The New York Times Magazine that begins to discuss what

Dr. Vint Virga, a veterinarian, does almost every day of his life. This article is written by

Alex Halberstadt a journalist, blogger, and author from Moscow, Russia. He is the author

of the coming family memoir “Young Heros of the Soviet Union” and has written many

magazine articles in The New York Times. Virga is a behaviorist and knows exactly what

signs from animals indicate. For example, when an elephant lowers her head and folds

her trunk underneath, the action marks a sense of disturbance. He expresses plainly that

his job is to see into the inner lives of animals. The main article discusses how animals

are much more similar to humans than we ever thought. He states that animals are

showing us their inner states but we are just not listening. The entire article discusses

different animals and his first-hand experiences while watching them for hours a day.

Throughout the article, Virga discusses how animals are affected and what he witnesses

on a daily basis. Staff members at Roger Williams told Alex Halberstadt privately that

they are uncomfortable discussing what their animals feel, especially in front of their

supervisors. The primary point is to establish a sense of understanding of how these

animals feel while in captivity, and I felt as though the author was very biased toward the

topic. He mainly points out the negative experiences while researching zoos and uses

many examples from first-hand witnesses. The information presented in this magazine is

supported by many studies and trusted sources. The author used many points from actual

zoo workers and a veterinarian who studies the lives of animals kept in captivity. This

magazine article has helped me gain insight into how animals actually feel and what they

encounter. I will use this source to show many examples of why anti-zoo supporters feel
 the way they do. Overall, this magazine article has provided an interesting perspective as

well as information that will be very useful.

Taylor, Marc Alain. "Zootopia-Animal Welfare, Species Preservation and the Ethics of

Captivity." Poultry, Fisheries & Wildlife Sciences (2014): 1-4.

The academic article discusses whether the keeping of exotic animals in zoos is the most

ethical way to conserve, preserve, and educate the public about these animals. Written by

Marc Alain Taylor who attends a Veterinary Technology Program in Northern Virginia

Community College, this article represents the history and purposes of zoos. Taylor first

begins to discuss the earliest zoos dating back to 2,500 B.C.E. in Ancient Egypt when

zoos were used to show power and wealth by kings and the wealthy. However, in the

19th century, enclosed animals shifted from a man's domination of nature toward a more

enlightened concern for and scientific interest in wild animals. He argues that the modern

zoo with its four main objectives (1) public research, (2) scientific research, (3)

endangered species conservation, and (4) personal recreation provides the best means to

educate the public. He states that zoos care for their animals in an ethical way and also

points out that animals that are placed in zoos are often threatened or endangered in their

natural habitat. He also discusses how critics of utilitarianism have concerns about the

limit of what knowledge human beings are actually capable of acquiring considering how

difficult it is to understand exactly how an animal feels. Marc Alain Taylor discusses

different essays such as Are Zoos Morally Defensible? By Tom Regan and Zoo

Conservation and Ethical Paradoxes by William Conway to provide other examples that

support his own beliefs. This source will be very useful to me while developing different
standpoints. I will use this article to show an opinion from a pro-zoo standpoint and to

bolster the discussion about why some individuals support zoos. Commented [7]: Really good job, I think you have
some really strong sources, and really good
arguments.