HYDROCARBONS

Prepared by Sylvester Jonny

PPISMP SN JULY 09
What is Hydrocarbons?
Hydrocarbons are compounds composed
exclusively of hydrogen and carbon atoms
Types of Hydrocarbons

It is classified into 4 types

a. Saturated hydrocarbons-composed entirely of
single bonds
b. Unsaturated hydrocarbons- have one or more
double or triple bonds between carbon atoms.
c. Cycloalkanes- containing one or more carbon
rings to which hydrogen atoms are attached.
d. Arenes- have at least one aromatic ring.
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Alkanes
are saturated hydrocarbons
With general formula CnH2n+2
Each carbon atom in the molecule is bonded to four
other atoms by single bonds in the form of a
tetrahedron.
Example: Methane
Alkanes in detail
All the carbon atoms undergo Sp3
The HCH bond angle is 109.5
All the bonds in are single bonds
Example:

or
Naming the alkanes
Alkanes are named based on their carbons
number.
By adding meth
1 carbon alkanes are named Methane.
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Alkanes Physical
Properties
Click to edit Master text styles
Second level
● Third level

● Fourth level

● Fifth level
Alkanes Physical
Properties
Boiling point and melting point of alkanes
increases with the number of carbon atoms in
the molecules-cause by the strength of the van
der Waals forces increases with the size of the
molecule
less dense than water
The boiling point of the straight-chain alkanes
are higher than their branched-chain.
Branched alkanes are more spherical, hence
less surface area. Therefore, decrease the
strength of the van der Waals force.
Alkanes Chemical
properties
Alkanes are unreactive, especially towards polar
reagents.
C-H bond is not polarised due to the
electronegativity of C and H are very close.
Hence, it is not affected by acids, alkalis,
oxidising@reducing agents.
However, alkanes react with non-polar
substances
Free Radical Substitution
Reaction of alkanes with halogens(exept io.
Using methane and chlorine as an example.
a. CH4 + Cl2 CH3Cl + HCl

a. CH3Cl + Cl2 CH2Cl2 + HCl

a. CH2Cl2 + Cl2 CHCl3 + HCl

a. CHCl3 + Cl2 CCl4 + HCl

 Combustion
All alkanes react with oxygen in a combustion reaction
We can use equation.
CnH2n+2 + (1.5n+0.5)O2 → (n+1)H2O + nCO2
Example:
CH4+2O2 CO2 + 2H2O
Equation for incomplete combustion:
CnH(2n+2) + nO2 → (n+1)H2O + nCO
Incomplete combustion produce carbon
monoxide(soot)
Alkenes
Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons
General formula C2H2n
It contains C=C bond
The two unsaturated carbon atoms undergo sp2
hybridisation.
Alkenes Chemical
Properties
Quite similar to alkanes
However, its double bond C=C allows it to
undergo addition reaction.
Others reaction are halogenation,
hydrogenation, oxidation.
Addition reaction
occur by opening up the double-bond
Hydrogenation
Hydrogenation of alkenes produces the
corresponding alkanes.
CH2=CH2 + H2 → CH3-CH3
Ethene Ethane
Hydrogen
Halogenation
Reaction of alkenes with halogen.
By using Ethene and Bromine as an example.
Oxidation
Alkenes are oxidized with a large number
of oxidizing agents. In the presence of oxygen,
alkenes burn with a bright flame to
produce carbon dioxide and water.
R1-CH=CH-R2 + O3 → R1-CHO + R2-CHO + H2O
This reaction can be used to determine the
position of a double bond in an unknown alkene.
Alcohol
Its functional group is (-OH)
Its general formula CnH2n+1OH
The suffix -ol 
IUPAC Names of
Alcohols
The parent chain of the alcohol must be the
longest that includes the carbon holding the OH
group. Give the -OH group the lower location
number on the chain regardless of where
alkyl substituent's occur.
Name the alkane attached to
the OH group and replace
the -e with an -ol. For example:
Parent chain: butyl -OH group location:
2 Substituents locations:
3 methyl Alkane name: 3-methylbutane
Alcohol name: 3-methyl-2-butanol
Physical and chemical
properties
 hydroxyl group makes the alcohol
molecule polar.
miscible in organic solvents.
Because of hydrogen bonding, alcohols tend to
have higher boiling points than
comparable hydrocarbons and ethers. 
Alcohols, like water, can show either acidic or
basic properties at the O-H group.
Substitution, Primary alkyl halides react with
aqueous NaOH or KOH mainly to primary
alcohols in nucleophilic aliphatic substitution.)
Reduction
Hydrolysis, Alkenes engage in an acid
catalysed hydration reaction using concentrated
sulfuric acid as a catalyst which gives usually
secondary or tertiary alcohols.
How the Alcohol
produced?
By fermentation using glucose produced from
sugar from the hydrolysis of starch, in the
presence of yeast and temperature of less than
37°C to produce ethanol. For instance the
conversion
of invertase to glucose and fructose or the
conversion of glucose to zymase and ethanol.
By direct hydration using ethylene (ethylene
hydration  or other alkenes from cracking of
fractions of distilled crude oil.
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Carboxylic
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b as saturated and
c o unsaturated acids.
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AIts general formula is R-COOH
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d R i represents a hydrocarbonate radical.
d c
Saturated
Monocarboxylic Acids
Only one single COOH functional group is
bounded with a radical that can be obtained
from a saturated hydrocarbonate (cyclic or
acyclic) or from an aromatic hydrocarbonate.
The most important saturated monocarboxylic
acids are: 
H-COOH - formic acid 
CH3-COOH - acetic acid 
CH3-CH2-COOH - propionic acid 
CH3-(CH2)2-COOH - n-butyric acid 
CH3-(CH2)3-COOH - n-valeric acid 
CH3-(CH2)4-COOH - n-caproic acid 
Saturated
Dicarboxylic Acids
Contain two COOH functional groups.
HOOC-COOH - oxalic acid 
HOOC-CH2-COOH - malonic acid 
HOOC-(CH2)2-COOH - succinic acid 
HOOC-(CH2)3-COOH - glutaric acid 
HOOC-(CH2)4-COOH - adipic acid 
In the aromatic series, the most important
dicarboxlic acid is phtalic acid and its three
isomers orto, meta and para.
S
a Saturated
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Physical and Chemical
Properties of Carboxylic
Either liquids or solids under room condition
Acids
Higher melting point and boiling point than
alcohols
In aqueous solution, it undergo partial
dissociation to form hydroxonium ions.
Therefore, it is a weak acid.
Esterification of
Carboxylic Acids
Carboxylic react with alcohol to synthesize
esters.
In esters, the OH of the carboxyl group is
replaced by OR. 
To name esters, first have the name of the akyl
group attached to the O, followed by the name
of the parent carboxylic acid after its name is
altered by changing -ic acid to -ate.
For exmample:CH3COO(CH2)7CH3 octyl
ethanoate Esters are responsible for or mimic
many pleasant fragrances in nature.
Example : HCOOCH2CH(CH3)2Raspberries