Week 7 - DNA Written Assignment - Rachel Sakhi - JADM 110 - Sunday April 15 2018

Running head: WEEK 7: DNA WRITTEN ASSIGNMENT 1
Rachel Lynne Sakhi
April 15th, 2018, Sunday
Justice Administration Homeland Security Specialization
Criminology 110 Week 7: DNA Written Assignment

Science of DNA Testing: Convictions vs. Exonerations – Does Your Jurisdiction Champion the
Challenges Within Inequalities of the Justice Administration Utilizing the Science of DNA
Testing? Ask your legislation why or why not.
DeVry University
Professor Michael Bryant

WEEK 7: DNA WRITTEN ASSIGNMENT 2
Week 7: DNA Written Assignment
International Space Station, Microsoft PowerPoint Template Images, 2018.1
Within the society of the United States people appear to pursuit only the easy lifestyle of
convenience. Money usually buys convenience, however where there is no cash to cover the costs of
getting what we want when we want it, organized mafia crimes (Pp. 319, 320, 321) crimes (Pp. 3) are
utilized to buy convenience. During a recent Week 7 ‘happy hour’ discussion a panelist reiterated a
famous saying “Money is the root of all evil” (Gaddis, 2018), whereas the peer candidate for graduate
studies at DeVry University expressed in the Criminology 110 Justice Administration core requirements
class how deviant behavior (Pp. 5-6, 170) is inspired. The discussion successfully aimed for describing
today’s motivations of the typical criminal offender. Development of the social process (Pp. 154, 155,
180) within our society have supplied itself with strategies based on the high demand for criminal
1
Microsoft Office. (2018). Habitable Artificial Satellite of the International Space Station:
“Mission sent there: Soyuz TMA-13M, Expedition 44, Expedition 4”
PowerPoint Presentation Templates and Images en.wikipedia.org - Text under CC-BY-SA license
for University Students. Retrieved April 15, 2018.
incidences that exist. The picture above is of the ISS International Space Station which conducts research
based on theories created by scientists from earth. Well ideas are great, and trillions of ideas occur every
day that a human thinks up something per millisecond of the minute. As a minuteman utilizing the
human brain we generate mystery, but how do we as humans organize our thoughts made ready for
sharing to collaborate with our peers? The Microsoft Corporation has invented easy installation of
pictures from it’s PowerPoint program which makes life much easier to express, makes presentation a
snap by bringing ideas alive with vivid colors in templates, information generation with facts or fiction,
and most importantly results in gaining some thing we as authors seek by feedback from our audience.
What if we no longer had Microsoft to cater to our every thought process? Greed and deviance may steal
the show after all. It is a small world, and overpopulation in ratio to lack of resources especially resources
you never earned but expect to steal is the major cause of “deviance” (Pp. 5, 6, 170) ostracized
(Schmalleger, 2014-01-01).
According to Schmalleger (2014-01-01) “criminal deviance” (Pp. 5, 6, 170) continues to grow
based on the unbalanced ratio of social equality. In comparison, contrasting the typical citizen’s’ self-
worth by others utilizing the measuring tools of “social process” (Pp. 155) versus opportunity to commit
crimes says the only outlet for expression of being human is to actually commit a crime (Schmalleger,
2014-01-01). Rather than receiving access to earn legally, some of the material items most humans gain
as basic--necessities throughout all phases or episodes of maturity, “homicide” (Pp. 174) is seemingly a
quicker way to earn seniority everywhere (Schmalleger, 2014-01-01). This is just how strongly the
environment of “social process” (Pp. 155) with daily accessibility to equal opportunities, and
overpopulation may be the reason equality is scarce (Schmalleger, 2014-01-01). As a student of DeVry
University within the scope of relevance to this class JADM 110: Criminology, I created a theory to
1
present to the congressional legislation of the United States whereas genocide is against all value systems
of our united allegiance, and although freedom is never free we definitely did not earn freedom by
slaughtering our own citizens. In the proposed legislative bill I gestured that instead of continuing the
unhealthy reproduction of offspring while under a confused state of mind as a result of exposure to
today’s societal “social process” of inequality, we could save emotional pain by simply passing a bill
which tests out placing a ban on female reproduction in high burglary metropolitan areas of major cities
across the country for the first 5 years of fiscal research. After all, if there are unborn children through
prevention of crime or crime causation, then no child will ever actually get left behind. The following
examples are presentations which covered the JADM 110 Week 5 Property Crimes Against Persons:
Chief of Police Role Playing Agenda:
Emphasis of the JADM 110: Criminology Week 5 Presentation is placed on Crime
Prevention Methods such as crime causation and the motive of needing resources to feed family
members:
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
The acronym “ENVYSHE” (Rachel Lynne Sakhi, 2018) highlights some of the most essential
aspects of the Justice administration system in investigating the motives in ratio to a person’s’ net worth
in the United States of America based on willingness to commit serious crimes: fr.stilettostyle.org and
http://www.stilettostyle.org utilizes the resources of author Schmalleger (2014-01-01) in forensic
criminology (Pp. 125, 133) (Schmalleger, 2014-01-01) to personalize the definition of success for a
victim of terrorism as well who founded the program of forgiveness.
1
Example:
PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES
CRIMINOLOGY 110: WEEK 3 DISCUSSION
1890 AND 1973
MODELING THEORIES
Image: Microsoft PowerPoint Presentation: JADM 110 by Rachel Sakhi 2018.
• Psychological Theories (Pp. 146, 147): Personality Established in Commission
• Organized Crime (Pp. 319, 321): Fosters the Coercion to Lose All Hope
• Social Process (Pp. 155): Environmental Factors Cause Feeling of Inequality
• DNA Forensic Science (Pp. 22): Soyuz TMA-13M, Expedition 44, Expedition 45
1
1. The effects the DNA profiling techniques will have in the future will be the same as
the current effects which lead to exoneration or incrimination as deserved (Pp. 366)
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA
and the results would serve the Justice administration system the same as in the 2009
adjudication of King in Maryland vs. King (International Business, Inc., 2013).
According to Schmalleger (2014-01-01) and as well in the case of Maryland vs. King
(2003) DNA profiling is legal when utilizing specimens after arrest which means
there was probable cause, an undeniable reason of suspicion to search and seize in a
public place, whereas the criminal offender is labeled property of the county jail or
other Justice administration holding facility which makes DNA sampling permissible
for 4th Amendment rights were no long active to a criminal individual.
1
A legitimate
police procedure
for booking is to
receive a
reasonable
suspicion of
probable cause,
request to speak
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND
to the suspected
violator of the law, check for any types of identification on the persons, conduct a
brief interrogation only related to the suspicious cause, and based upon questions
answered once any violations have been matched to the memorized penal codes of
violations, confirm and double-check via radio for the violation of the penal code,
also depending on circumstance complete a comprehensive drug, alcohol,
prescription and mental health condition questioning, follow up by requesting
collaboration in cooperation to any required searches of persons, property (i.e.,
bicycle serial numbers, vehicle identifications and VIN #, driver’s insurance, any
bags and shopping or drug paraphernalia on persons, then last but not least read the
Miranda rights of Amendments to warn the offender of any and all rights or privileges
and protections available for their benefit prior to completing an arrest of the person,
requesting to cooperate in handcuffing. Should any resists arouse, or suspicion of
potential resists arise earlier on based on expectations of the scenery call for backup
1
immediately. The person after arrest should be handled with the utmost respect and as
well accordingly depending on context of circumstance, transported after a computer-
aided data retrieval is completed (brief submission of report on the identity, location,
type of penal violation, and intentions or the arrestee, physical and mental status, and
time as well as date of the incident and badge numbers of all officers involved,
witnesses, potential victims, and random members of the public involved or assisting
to complete the report) while transportation to the station for booking and mug shots
are completed. Next, offer options based on evidence search, personal recognizance
whether available or not, issue uniforms and temporary housing, toiletries, and food
when prepared on schedule. If the arrestee is eligible for bail or personal recognizance
place in booking release cell, offer a phone call to contact all relatives, friends, etc., or
bail bond agents. Depending on the options, and eligibility of the consequences
versus the circumstantial context, receive or release the arrestee immediately. If the
arrestee shall remain booked and housed, prepare the arrestee for arraignment on the
next court date available while entering the crime violations into the Justice
Administration’s computer system to make information available for the court
systems at the time of transport to courts and release or further housing as well as
potential transfer to a mental facility or prison will be corrected or continued in the
same manner.
1
1
DNA (Pp. 366) evidence alone is enough to acquit or convict an individual, absolutely yes is
the answer to a DeVry University Criminology JADM 110 question which raises awareness of
exactly what weaknesses our Justice Administration within the United States may possess that
could be brought to the attention of congressional members in search for enhanced
advancements (Schmalleger, 2014-01-01).
1
1
DNA (Pp. 366) evidence alone is enough to acquit or convict an individual, absolutely yes is
the answer to a DeVry University Criminology JADM 110 question which raises awareness of
could be brought to the attention of congressional members in search for enhanced
advancements (Schmalleger, 2014-01-01).
1
1
DNA (Pp. 366) evidence alone is enough to acquit or convict an individual, absolutely yes is the
answer to a DeVry University Criminology JADM 110 question which raises awareness of
could be brought to the attention of congressional members in search for enhanced advancements
1
1
Speaking on the topic once more, DNA (Pp. 366) evidence alone is enough to convict or
exonerate an alleged criminal offender, because if homicide was committed then a process of
elimination could successfully commence utilizing the expertise of criminology researchers
based on evidence collected at the scene of a crime compared and contrasted to the
credibility of the officials submitting the evidence as well as the DNA collected from pieces
of evidence that match the place, time, and whereabouts of the alleged (Schmalleger, 2014-
01-01). The only disadvantage is organized crime (Pp. 319, 320, 321) whereas persons
we as a People trust to do us properly actually is screwing us up and doing us in
1
According to Schmalleger (2014-01-01) “when officers make an arrest supported by probable
cause, and bring the suspect to the station to be detained in custody, taking and analyzing a
cheek swab of the arrestee’s DNA is like fingerprinting and photographing which is
considered a legitimate police booking procedure that is reasonable under the Fourth
Amendment” (Pp. 368), however and unfortunately only 20 states within the United States
according to National Research Council utilize this specialized high-technique expertise
under the auspices of the FBI (Pp. 367) and federal criminal courts jurisdictions (Pp. 367).
1
What exactly does DNA (Pp. 364), the AVL (Pp. 364), GPS (Pp. 364), NIJ TAP (Pp. 366), the FBI
(Pp. 367), CAD (Pp. 366), Disco probe lights (Pp. 366), the NLECTC (, and “Spiderman Webs”
(Pp. 364) all have in common with the “fight against crime” (Pp. 364)? The interests that United
States citizens have of privacy among all commin’ and goin’ as in the Obama Administration
(Sakhi, 2012) is of the US PATRIOT Act (Pp. 16, 393, 397) whereas “criminal technologies and
law enforcement capabilities leapfrog one another” (Schmalleger, 2014-01-01). The Department
of Justice’s National Law Enforcement and Corrections Technology Center [NLECTC] (Pp. 366)
is described as testing by Schmalleger (2014-01-01) “high-power compact microwave source
designed for vehicle immobilizations” which ultimately utilizes beams of interference with any
vehicle automobile’s’ computer circuits to successfully stop the vehicle from many feet away if
the vehicle’s driver is under the influence of anything which causes hazard to the environment or
to the driver’s life (Pp. 366). With all technologies set forth and all the organizations assisting the
Justice League in fighting crime to it’s equal capacities of causing endangerments locally,
domestically, or internationally there is still the curiosity of the civilians in locating ways to cease
misrepresentations of the innocent (themselves) as well as incriminating those (framed or really a
criminal offender) that have gained the opportunity to oppress Justice herself. The interest of the
citizens will always get foreseen as having strong interest in DNA Profiling (Pp. 366) for not only
the betterment of Justice, but for solving the mysteries that plague our curiosities day in and day
out. On the other hand, however, the rules and regulations of DNA Profiling (Pp. 366, 367) use is
under the auspices of the 4th Amendment rights located inside the United States’ US Constitution
says “Maryland Vs. King Ruling: US Supreme Court Decides DNA Swabs During Arrests Are
1
Constitutional In 5-4 Decision By: International Business Times, International Business Times,
Mon, 3 Jun 2013” (International Business, T, 2013). As US Citizens, residents, and the liking we
all, hopefully, are aware that once the handcuffs are on our wrists we are guilty until proven
innocent which is placing us between a rock and a hard spot by getting held hostage until we pay
ransom on ourselves for fresh air until a later date (bail bonds), we sign our way out if the cause is
so ridiculous personal recognizance allows us the privilege to release ourselves for free with a bit
of ‘manhandling’, or we sit still and say we did it just to get released based on our line of credibility
and no prior criminal records credits. For example, a warrant under the 4th Amendment is required
to retrieve fluids with needles, swabs, and retrieve fingerprints and transmit then transfer to make
readily available all identity details from hair follicles, to cheek fluids, blood fluids and needle
injections for extraction make a person endangered and susceptible to organized mafia criminal
crime (Pp. 319), occupational professional criminal activity (Pp. 308), and could result in serial
murder (Pp. 249) and many other types of harm such as DNA cloning as in the HGP: Human
Genome Project (Pp. 98-99, 101, 367) with samples utilized from prison, jail, and laboratories as
subcontractors to the Justice Administration (Schmalleger, 2014-01-01). When arrested the United
States is entrusting all citizens’ lives in exchange for the citizens’ allegiance to the American flag
in the hands and sanity of local law enforcement officials charged with the duties of making valid
arrests for people who actually committed a crime based on reality, not on a pedophiles’ (Pp. 259-
260) pleading to incarcerate the mother of a child they are raping as a favor for a cop cousin or a
buddy from high school who just needs something right quick to save him from a life sentence in
prison or death penalty of a legal judicial administration. Therefore, the law enforcement officials,
once the handcuffs are place upon the arrestee is giving custody of the arrestee to the Justice
1
Administration to punish with incarceration, large lump sums of realistic fines that are based upon
actually getting robbed with real weapons, and the results are that based on the local law officials’
judgment to arrest makes the 4th Amendment protections infinitively negative, which are liable to
any damages (death in jail, hematoma from 17 DNA extractions repetitiously, etc). In the case of
Maryland vs. King the arrestee was subjected to DNA swab collections and not protected by the
4th Amendment rights or privileges of the US Constitution due to the fact of probable cause for
arrest in the first place, however the officials utilized the DNA collections to frame King (2003)
for a rape committed whereas DNA was planted into the victims’ material evidence, but a court of
law threw the victims’ material evidence out to the trash “Police are allowed to take DNA samples
from people they arrest on charges of serious crimes, even if there are no plans to prosecute them
for the offenses, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in a 5-4 decision handed down Monday.
Justice Anthony Kennedy wrote the majority opinion for the court. Also voting with Kennedy were
Chief Justice John Roberts and Justices Clarence Thomas, Stephen Breyer and Samuel Alito.
Justice Antonin Scalia, who wrote the dissenting opinion, joined Justices Ruth Bader Ginsberg,
Sonia Sotomayor and Elena Kagan in the minority” but what if the theory stands that the ‘big
mafia man’ whomever they are was a stalker to the victim with revenge seeking or sexually—
motivated thoughts of procreating a baby for the victim by stealing DNA swabs and the only way
to do that was to concoct a sick story of a ‘serious crime’ existing to not only rob documents, but
forge signatures and come off with a newborn hijacking (Regional Business News, 2013).
Maryland and 28 other states were documented by the Regional Business News (2013) as
recognizing DNA Profiling for specific reasons in criminal court cases, but we as a People aren’t
1
quite sure who’s side the profiling serves as a ‘Victorious’ milestone to society “The
case, Maryland vs. King, stemmed from a ruling by the Maryland Court of Appeals, which said
that the DNA cheek swab from Alonzo Jay King obtained by the authorities in Wicomico County,
Md., was unlawful. King’s DNA was taken following his 2009 arrest on assault charges, and the
material linked him to an unsolved 2003 rape. King was later convicted of the rape,
but Maryland’s highest court threw it out, arguing that he was subject to unlawful search and
seizure” and this remains the only reason “labeling theories” (Pp. 181) are a threat as it stands in
today’s society for all the People and could be a candidate of championed legislation auditing for
a new Amendments to adopt for our US Constitutional rights (Regional Business News, 2013).
The labeling (Pp. 181) of a human as a ‘criminal offender’ (Pp. 146) erases all rights
privileged by the US Federal Constitution (Pp. 366), and the labeling (Pp. 181) of a
human utilizing “psychiatric profiling” (Pp. 125, 133, 146, 147) when there is no crime
present, but intent is discovered of hate--then a “hate crime” (Pp. 271, 272) is established
as a being of the associates to any type of organized criminal “stalking” (Pp. 272, 273,
1
274, 275) group listed under TIG: Terrorist Identities Group (Pp. 397, 398). The
establishment of this living not human being, but hate—being then puts the Justice
Administration under the auspices of the federal court systems due to the fact of extracted
fluids having no place existing within any Justice Administration system or externally
associated laboratories of a misrepresented and innocent of all charges targeted victim
(Pp. 285, 286, 287, 288) of transnational terrorist groups (Pp. 398) located or in
communication domestically within the United States of America, national terrorists (Pp.
384), religious terrorists (Pp. 384), state—sponsored terrorists (Pp. 384), domestic
terrorists (Pp. 384), left—wing terrorists (Pp. 384), right—wing terrorists (Pp. 384),
anarchists terrorists (Pp. 384), and “burglars” (Pp. 280, 281, 379) with a target motivation
of robbing information to ‘scope—out’ and get—to—know their victim before murdering
and committing heinous crimes against them such as leasing managements, leasing
janitors with access to staff/hotel room/apartment room/gate keys, etc. (Schmalleger,
2014-01-01). If a musician or a figure skater must make it on time to a championship
they earned the privilege of participating in, time is of the essence and freedom is
required to ensure time management to properly appear, travel, and show up to receive
friendships, cash prizes of $185,000USD per program, etc. However, due to the law
enforcement structure set up in the United States even today currently, once the handcuffs
are placed on to the target victim after a mafia gives a pedophile date to a cop, then the
thieves feel safe, cozy, and secure inside their brains knowing that one athlete will never
make in to the event on time, because a felony will keep the victim ‘tied—up’ as a
hostage in agonizing mental pain for until all the figure skating competitions have past on
1
and died out (Schmalleger, 2014-01-01). “Terrorism at it’s best” (Pp. 384) (Schmalleger,
2014-01-01).
The DNA Identification Act of 1994
According to the House of Representatives 829 –1003rd Congress (1994) three major
purposes were created for laboratories making contributions of samples to the index
which is:
• Analysis of DNA Samples of unidentified human remains
• Analysis of DNA samples recovered from crime scenes
• DNA identification records of persons convicted of crimes
Source: https://www.congress.gov/bill/103rd-congress/house-bill/829
1
Table 1- Does Your Jurisdiction Challenge the Possibilities of DNA Profiling? (Pp. 366).
46 States Accepting DNA Profiling for Exoneration Review or Criminal Sentencing and the 4
remaining states which complete 50 states of the United States of America are not
participating in the DNA Profiling evidence acceptance for jurists to decide based on the
perspectives of scientists, and Washington, District of Columbia is a federal district not a state.
The following 46 participants according to the U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice
Programs, National Institute of Justice Case Studies Reports on the Use of DNA Evidence to
Establish Innocence After Trial released the following as participants:
1
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California: ICA Decision
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois: ICA Decision
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine: Not accepting DNA Profiling for Exoneration or Conviction
Maryland: ICA Decision
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada: DNA by Statute
New Hampshire
New Jersey: ICA Decision
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota: No acceptance of DNA Profiling for Exoneration or Incrimination
Ohio
Oklahoma: DNA by Statute
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island: No acceptance of DNA Profiling for Exoneration or Incrimination
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee: DNA by Statute
Texas
1
Utah: No acceptance of DNA Profiling for Exoneration or Incrimination

Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
According to Schmalleger, 2014-01-01 the United States currently have 20 states that utilize
6DNA Profiling (Pp. 366) to recognize whether the theory of a misrepresentation of the
prosecuting attorney exist which ultimately results in a misjudgment of the presiding magistrate.
Unfortunately, the state of California (Pp. 366, 367) is one of the few states that is deprived of
such an awesome specialized high-tech expertise (Pp. 366) tool given to only the greatest and
most privileged of all under the charter of the US Constitution says Schmalleger (2014-01-01).
When legislators of the United States Congress take into consideration the potential benefits of
utilizing federal contractors not on a scientific level for research at medical hospitals, but as
subcontractors on the local level within our domestic county jail systems use of information
contractors could be at the advantage of equality served instead of taking so many lives as
‘hostages’ so to speak of awaiting trials with hopes of Justice getting served for the innocent who
hold only in their hearts the real truth of why, how, and who actually arrested them. Lack of job
1
providers who are intellectually sufficient enough to cure the ongoing disease of inequalities is
the only feasible theory available today and below I have borrowed the concept of utilizing
specialized high-tech expertise from relationships the United States have already acquisitioned,
but never really appreciated as much as the rendezvous would’ve allowed them:
“Articles from The Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences : MJMS are provided here courtesy
of School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia” (NIH.gov, 2018).
1
“Forensic Science and DNA evidence

DNA fingerprinting was first used in forensic science in 1986 when police in the UK requested
Dr. Alec J. Jeffreys, of University of Leicester, to verify a suspect’s confession that he was
responsible for two rape-murders. Tests proved that the suspect had not committed the crimes.
The first person to be convicted on the basis of DNA evidence in the UK was Robert Melias in
1987 (9,10). In the same year in the US, Tommy Lee Andrews was convicted in a rape case
based on DNA evidence (9), in which his DNA profile was matched with that of semen traces
recovered from the victim. Two other important early cases gave much impetus to the use of
DNA evidence: They were, the case of Glen Dale Woodal versus the State of West Virginia in
1992 and the multiple murder trial of Timothy Wilson Spencer versus the state of Virginia in
1994. The DNA evidence in the Woodal case exonerated him while that of the Spencer case
resulted in his conviction and sentencing to the death penalty” (NIH.gov, 2018 and
Pannveerchelvam, 2003).
“Figure 1 :
Malays J Med Sci. 2003 Jul; 10(2): 20–26.

“Schematic representation of a hypothetical case of paternity dispute showing the STR vWA
locus typing result of the alleged father, the child and the mother with allelic ladders run
adjacent to the test samples. Note that the allelic number assignment commences from the
bottom and ascends by one unit increment to the top. Reading of the profile is easy and
unambiguous - Alleged Father – [13,15]; Child – [14,15]; Mother – [14,14]. The alleged
1
father cannot be ruled out as the biological father” (NIH.gov, 2018 and S. Panneerchelvam,
2003)
“Admissibility of DNA evidence was seriously challenged for the first time in a case in the New
York Supreme Court in 1989. Jose Castro was accused of murdering one Vimla Pence and her
two year old daughter. Although a blood stain on Castro’s watch was matched to the victim,
this evidence per se was not instrumental to his conviction. He was convicted after admitting
to the crime. In this case, the DNA tests conducted by Life Code Corporation did not include a
specific test for human blood and also did not include blind testing protocols in the attempt to
link the stain to the victims. Furthermore, the laboratory in the above case had used
contaminated probes and did not provide the worksheets and other manuscripts relating to the
testing. Hence the court issued many directive guidelines regarding the test procedures and
maintenance of laboratory results and reports as well as explanations for probability
calculations and recording of observed defects or laboratory errors. The need to identify and
document chain of custody and allowing access to data, methodology and actual results for an
independent expert to review were also instructed” (Malays J Medical Journal, 2003).
“Case 1:
St. Paul, Minnesota, November 1994: A man wearing a nylon stocking over his face and
armed with a knife jumped out from behind bushes and forced a woman who was walking by
to perform oral sex. Semen recovered from the victim’s skirt and saliva was analyzed using
DNA technology. The resulting profile was searched against Minnesota’s CODIS database.
The search identified Terry Lee Anderson, who confessed and he is now in prison”
(Panneerchelvam, 2003).
“Case 2:
Tallahassee Florida, February 1995: The Florida Department of Law Enforcement linked
semen found on a Jane Doe - rape-homicide victim to a convicted offender’s DNA profile. The
suspect’s DNA was collected, analyzed, and stored in a CODIS database. A match was later
identified to be of a convicted rapist was timely; it prevented the offender’s release on parole
scheduled eight days later” (Pannveerchelvam, 2003).
1
An individual (excluding identical twins) can be identified as the source of the evidence DNA
profile with a reasonable degree of certainty if the DNA profile satisfies the condition:
p ≤ 1 - (1-a)1/N;
where a = 0.01 representing a confidence level of 99% and N = size of the entire population
These 1996 NRC recommendations are currently in use for DNA database compilation.
Federal Bureau of Investigation’s (FBI) Combined DNA Index System Program (CODIS)
The case behind the CODIS (20)

In 1989 one Mrs. Debbie Smith was abducted from her home and was raped in the woods
behind her house. Police arrested a suspect and conventional serological tests excluded the
suspect. However physical evidences from the victim were preserved.
In 1994 many sexual assaults and rapes were reported in the vicinity where Debbie Smith
lived. Police arrested a suspect and used DNA technology to investigate the crime. The DNA
profile of the physical evidence recovered from the victims as well as those from the Debbie
Smith’s case were compared to the suspect’s profile. The suspect was however excluded.
1. Jeffreys AJ, Wilson V, Thein SL. Hypervariable ‘minisatellite’ regions in human

nature. Nature. 1985;314:67–73. [PubMed]
2. Jeffreys AJ, Wilson V, Thein SL. Individual-specific “fingerprints” of human
DNA. Nature. 1985;316:76–79. [PubMed]
3. Peter G, Jeffreys AJ, Werrett DJ. Forensic application of DNA
fingerprints. Nature. 1985;318:577–579.[PubMed]
4. National Research Council, National Academy of Sciences. DNA Technology in
Forensic Science.Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 1992. p. 156. (Cited as NRC
report.)
5. Lewontin RC. Comment: the use of DNA profiles in forensic contexts. Statistical
Science. 1991;9:17–19.
6. Mullis K, Faloona F, Scharf S, Saiki R, Horn G, Erlich H. Specific enzymatic
amplification of DNA in vitro: the polymerase chain reaction.
1986. Biotechnology. 1992;24:17–27. [PubMed]
7. Edwards A, Civitello A, Hammond HA, Caskey CT. DNA typing and genetic mapping
with trimeric and tetrameric tandem repeats. Am J Hum Genet. 1991;49:746–756. [PMC
free article] [PubMed]
1
8. Polymeropoulos MH, Rath DS, Xieo H, Merril CR. Tetranucleotide repeat

polymorphism at the human beta – actin related pseudogene H- beta – AC – Psi – 2
(ACTBP2) Nucleic Acids Res. 1992;20:432.[PMC free article] [PubMed]
9. State v. Andrews, 533 So.2d 841 (Dist. Ct. App. 1989)
10. The evaluation of Forensic DNA Evidence (NRCII) (1)1996
- http://www.dnalwyr.com/nrc
11. Frye v. United States, 293 F. 1013 (D.C. Cir. 1923)
12. Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc.,113 S.Ct. 2786 (1993)
13. Kaye DH. The forensic debut of the National Research Council’s DNA report:
Population structure, ceiling frequencies and the need for numbers. Jurimetrics
Journal. 1994;34:369–382. [PubMed]
14. Chakraborty R. Sample size requirements for addressing the population genetic
issues of forensic use of DNA typing. Hum Biol. 1992;642:141–159. [PubMed]
15. Lewontin RC. The use of DNA profiles in forensic contexts – comment. Statistical
Science. 1994;9:259.
16. Lempert R. Comment: theory and practice in DNA fingerprinting. Statistical
Science. 1994;9:255.
17. Macilwain C. Ceiling principle ‘not needed’ in DNA
cases. Nature. 1996;103:381. [PubMed]
18. Marshall E. Criminology – Academy’s about-face on forensic
DNA. Science. 1996;272:803–804.[PubMed]
19. Balding DJ, Donelly P. How convincing is DNA
evidence? Nature. 1994;368:285. [PubMed]
20. CODIS –combined DNA index system-http://www.fbi.gov/hq/lab/codis/index1.html
21. Lim KB, Jeevan NH, Jaya P, Othman MI, Lee YH. STR data for the AmpFlSTR
Profiler loci from the three main ethnic population groups (Malay, Chinese and Indian)
in Malaysia. Forensic Sci Int. 2001;119:109–112. [PubMed]
22. Panneerchelvam S, Ravichandran M, Norazmi MN, Zainuddin ZF. Allele frequency
distribution for 10 STR loci in the Malay population of Malaysia. J Forensic
Sci. 2003;48:451–452. [PubMed]
Reference:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3561883/#idm139927909338544title
1
Image Source: Bing Search via Microsoft Office Student Word: “DNA Identification Act
of 1994”, 2018.
1
Citations
Sakhi, R. L. (2018). Week 4 Introduction: Week 3 Study Guide for Chapters 5 & 6: Theories of
Psychiatry. Retrieved from https://dos.voicethread.com/share/10573108/.
H.R.829 — 103rd Congress. (1993-1994). DNA Identification Act of 1994 - Inspector
General Retrieved from https://oig.justice.gov/reports/FBI/a0632/laws.htm
Connors, E., Lundregan, T., Miller, N., McEwen, T. (1996). Convicted by Juries, Exonerated by
Science: Case Studies in the Use of DNA Evidence to Establish Innocence After Trial.
Retrieved from https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles/dnaevid.pdf
Sakhi, R. L. (2018). Welcome to The Detoxification & Healing Arts Center: I Love You, & Jesus
Loves You Too! Retrieved from https://dos.voicethread.com/share/10639316/.
Sakhi, R. L. (2018). Friday the Thirteenth April of 2018_Rachel's State of Mind and Mental
Health Status: CAP (Crimes Against Persons and Crimes Against Property) -- DeVry
University, Criminology 110 JADM Homeland Security Specialization. Retrieved from
https://dos.voicethread.com/share/10699676/.
Sakhi, R. L. (2018). Week 4 Introduction: Week 3 Recap and Summary of Key Terms. Retrieved
from https://dos.voicethread.com/share/10573027/.
Sakhi, R. L. (2018). Week Assignment. Social Process and Biological Mechanisms featuring
BAM BAM 2013. Retrieved from https://dos.voicethread.com/share/10590632/.
International Business, T. (2013, June 3). Marlyand Vs. King Ruling: US Supreme Court Decides
DNA Swabs During Arrests Are Constitutional In 5-4 Decision. International Business
Times.
1
Schmalleger, F. J. (2014-01-01). Criminology today: An Integrative Introduction. 7th Edition.
Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson (2015).
Panneerchelvam, S. and Norazmi, M.N. (2003). Penerbit Universiti Sains Mala -- US National
Library of Medicine and The National Institutes of Health: Forensic DNA Profiling and
Database. Retrieved from
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Panneerchelvam%20S%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=
true&cauthor_uid=23386793https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Panneerchelvam%20
S%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=23386793
1

Week 7 - DNA Written Assignment - Rachel Sakhi - JADM 110 - Sunday April 15 2018

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Week 7 - DNA Written Assignment - Rachel Sakhi - JADM 110 - Sunday April 15 2018

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Running head: WEEK 7: DNA WRITTEN ASSIGNMENT 1

Rachel Lynne Sakhi

April 15th, 2018, Sunday

Justice Administration Homeland Security Specialization

Criminology 110 Week 7: DNA Written Assignment

Professor Michael Bryant

Week 7: DNA Written Assignment

International Space Station, Microsoft PowerPoint Template Images, 2018.1

According to Schmalleger (2014-01-01) “criminal deviance” (Pp. 5, 6, 170) continues to grow

Chief of Police Role Playing Agenda:

Emphasis of the JADM 110: Criminology Week 5 Presentation is placed on Crime

http://www.stilettostyle.org utilizes the resources of author Schmalleger (2014-01-01) in forensic

victim of terrorism as well who founded the program of forgiveness.

Image: Microsoft PowerPoint Presentation: JADM 110 by Rachel Sakhi 2018.

• Psychological Theories (Pp. 146, 147): Personality Established in Commission

• Social Process (Pp. 155): Environmental Factors Cause Feeling of Inequality

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

adjudication of King in Maryland vs. King (International Business, Inc., 2013).

for 4th Amendment rights were no long active to a criminal individual.

also depending on circumstance complete a comprehensive drug, alcohol,

prescription and mental health condition questioning, follow up by requesting

collaboration in cooperation to any required searches of persons, property (i.e.,

requesting to cooperate in handcuffing. Should any resists arouse, or suspicion of

well accordingly depending on context of circumstance, transported after a computer-

Administration’s computer system to make information available for the court

potential transfer to a mental facility or prison will be corrected or continued in the

could be brought to the attention of congressional members in search for enhanced

advancements (Schmalleger, 2014-01-01).

could be brought to the attention of congressional members in search for enhanced

advancements (Schmalleger, 2014-01-01).

elimination could successfully commence utilizing the expertise of criminology researchers

we as a People trust to do us properly actually is screwing us up and doing us in

According to Schmalleger (2014-01-01) “when officers make an arrest supported by probable

according to National Research Council utilize this specialized high-technique expertise

is described as testing by Schmalleger (2014-01-01) “high-power compact microwave source

misrepresentations of the innocent (themselves) as well as incriminating those (framed or really a

associated laboratories of a misrepresented and innocent of all charges targeted victim

of robbing information to ‘scope—out’ and get—to—know their victim before murdering

janitors with access to staff/hotel room/apartment room/gate keys, etc. (Schmalleger,

2014-01-01). If a musician or a figure skater must make it on time to a championship

The DNA Identification Act of 1994

• Analysis of DNA Samples of unidentified human remains

• Analysis of DNA samples recovered from crime scenes

• DNA identification records of persons convicted of crimes

Establish Innocence After Trial released the following as participants:

Utah: No acceptance of DNA Profiling for Exoneration or Incrimination

“Forensic Science and DNA evidence

Malays J Med Sci. 2003 Jul; 10(2): 20–26.

The case behind the CODIS (20)

1. Jeffreys AJ, Wilson V, Thein SL. Hypervariable ‘minisatellite’ regions in human

8. Polymeropoulos MH, Rath DS, Xieo H, Merril CR. Tetranucleotide repeat

Psychiatry. Retrieved from https://dos.voicethread.com/share/10573108/.

H.R.829 — 103rd Congress. (1993-1994). DNA Identification Act of 1994 - Inspector

General Retrieved from https://oig.justice.gov/reports/FBI/a0632/laws.htm

Retrieved from https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles/dnaevid.pdf

Loves You Too! Retrieved from https://dos.voicethread.com/share/10639316/.

University, Criminology 110 JADM Homeland Security Specialization. Retrieved from

BAM BAM 2013. Retrieved from https://dos.voicethread.com/share/10590632/.

Schmalleger, F. J. (2014-01-01). Criminology today: An Integrative Introduction. 7th Edition.

Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson (2015).

Database. Retrieved from

You might also like