az02018 Compressor - Wikipedia WikiPeDIA Compressor Acompressor is « mechanical device that increases the pressure ofa gas by reducing its volume, An aircompressor isa specific type of gas compressor. Compressors are similar to pumps: both inerease the pressure on a fluid and both ean transport the uid through a pipe. As gases are compressible, te compressor also reduces the volume of a gas Liquids are atively incompressible; while some ean be compressed, the main action ofa pump is topressurize and transport liquids Contents ‘Types of compressors Positive displacement Reciprocating compressors Ionic tquia piston compressor Rotary screw compressors Rotary vane compressors Rolling piston ‘Serall compressors Diaphragm compressors Dynamic ‘Ait bubole compressor Centrifugal compressors Diagonal or mixed-low compressors Axiatflow compressors Hormatically sealed, open, or semicnermotic ‘Thermodynamics of Gas Compression Isentropic Compressor Minimizing work required by a Compressor ‘Comparing Reversible to reversible Compressors Effect of Cooling During the Compression Process Compressors in ideal Thermodynamic Cycles ‘Temperature Staged compression Drive motors Applications See also References Types of compressors ‘A small stationary high pressure breathing air compressor for filing scuba cylinders "The main types of gas compressors areilustrated and discussed below: haipsllenwikipesiaorgiwikiCompressor amaz02018 Compressor - Wikipedia ee bbencbbae Positive displacement Reciprocating compressors Reciprocating compressors use pistons driven by a crankshaft. They can be either stationary or portable, can be single or multi-staged, and can be driven by electri motors or internal combustion engines "I2I8] small reciprocating compressors from 5 to:30 horsepower (hp) are commonly seea in automotive applications and are typically for intermittent duty. Langer reciprocating compressors ‘well over 2,000 hp (750 kW) are commonly found in large industrial and petroleum applications. Discharge pressures ean range from low pressure to very igh pressure (>18000 psi or 180 MPa). In certain applications, such as air compression, multi-stage double-acting compressors are said to be ‘the most efficient compressors available, and are typically larger, and more costly than comparable rotary units! Another type of reciprocating compressor, usually employed in automotive cabin sir conditioning systems, isthe swash plate compressor, which uses pistons moved by a swash plate ‘mounted on a shaft (see axial piston pump). Household, home workshop, and smaller job site compressors are typically reciprocating ‘compressors 1¥2 hp or less with an attached receiver tank Tonic liquid piston compressor ‘A motorstiven six-cylinder reciprocating compressor that can operate with two, four or six cylinders. An ionie liquid piston compressor, ionic compressor or ionic liquid piston pump is a hydrogen compressor based on an ionic liquid piston instead ofa metal piston as ina piston-metal diaphragm compressor: Rotary screw compressors force the gas into a smaller spacel®I" These are usually used for continuous operation in ‘commercial and industrial applications and may be either stationary or portable. Their application can be from 3 horsepower (2.2 KW) to over 1,200 horsepower (890 kW) and from low pressure to ‘moderately high pressure (>1,200 psi or 8.3 MPa). ‘The classifications of rotary Serew compressors types among others! Ratary acew compressoes are commercially produced in Oil Hooded, Water Flooded and Dry type. The efficiency of rotary compressors depends on the air drier, and the selection fair driers always 15 times volumeti delivery ofthe compressor! ry based on stages, cooling methods, and drive haipsllenwikipesiaorgiwikiCompressor Diagram of a rotary serew compressor anaz02018 Compressor - Wikipedia Rotary vane compressors Rotary vane compressors consist of a rotor with a number of blades inserted in radial slots in ‘he rotor, The rotor is mounted offset in a langer housing that is either circular or a more complex. shape. As the rotor turns, blades slide in and out of the slots keeping contact with the outer wall of ‘thehousing."Thus, a series of increasing and decreasing volumes is ereated by the rotating blades. Rotary Vane compressors are, with piston compressors one of the oldest of compressor technologies. With suitable port connections, the devices may be ether a compressor or a vacuumn pump. They can be either stationary or portable, can be single or multi-staged, and can be driven by electric ‘motors or intemal combustion engines. Dry vane machines are used at relatively low pressures (eg, 2 bar or 200 kPa or 29 psi) for bulk material movement while oil-injected machines have the necessary volumetric eficiency to achieve pressures up to about 13 bar (1,300 kPa; 190 psi) in @ single stage. A rotary vane compressor is well suited to electric motor drive and is significantly ‘quieter in operation than the equivalent piston compressor, Rotary vane compressors can have mechanical efficiencies of about 90%.91 Rolling piston ‘The Rolling piston in a rolling piston style compressor plays the part ofa partition between the vane and the rotor"! Rolling piston forces gas against a stationary vane. Scroll compressors Aseroll compressor, sso known a8 seroll pump and seroll vacuum pump, ses two intseavedspiral-ike vanes to pump or compress fads such a guid and gases The vane geometry may be involute, archimedean spiml, or hybrid eurves!"191"4 They operate more smoothly, quietly, and reliably than othertypesof compressors inthe lower volumerange Often, one ofthe scrolls is fixed, while the other orbits cccentrically without rotating, ‘thereby trapping and pumping or compressing pockets of uid between the scrolls. ue to minimum clearance volume between the fixed scroll and the orbiting scroll, ‘these compressors have a very high volumetric efficiency. “This type of compressor was used as the supercharger on Volkswagen G60 and G40 engines in the early 1990s. Diaphragm compressors A diaphragm compressor (also known as a membrane compressor) is 2 variant of the conventional reciprocating compressor. The compression of gas occurs by the movement of a flexible membrane, instead of an intake element. The back and forth movement of the membrane is driven by @ rod and a crankshaft mechanism, Only the membrane and the compressor box come in contact with the gas being compressed") “The degree of flexing and the material constituting the diaphragm affects the maintenance life of the equipment. Generally stiff metel diaphragms may only displace a few cubie centimeters of, volume because the metal can not endure lage degrees of flexing without cracking, but the stifness EL-AV Compressors screw Air Compressor on 270 iter air tank amar, Rallng piston compressor ofa metal diaphragm allows i to pump at high pressures. Rubber or silicone diaphragms are capable of enduring deep pumping strokes of very high flexion, but their ow strength Limits their use to low-pressure applications, and they need Lo be replaced as plastic embrittlement occurs. haipsllenwikipesiaorgiwikiCompressor ;phragm compressors are used for hydrogen and compressed natural gas (CNG) as well asin a number of other applica an02018 Compressor - Wikipedia “The photograph on the right depicts a three-stage diaphragm compressor used to compress hydrogen gas to 6,000 psi (41 MPa) for use in a prototype compressed hydrogen and compressed natural gas (CNG) fueling station built in downtown Phoenix, Arizona by the Arizona Public Service company (an electric utilities company). Reciprocating compressors were used to compress the natural gas. The reciprocating natural gas compressor was developed by Serteo.91 ‘The prototype alternative fueling station was built in compliance with all of the prevailing safety, environmental and building codes in Phoenix to demonstrate that such fueling stations could be bait in cuban areas. Mechanism of a sell pump Dynamic Dynamic compressors depend upon the inertia and momentum ofa fui. ‘Air bubble compressor Also known as @ trompe, A mixture of air and water generated through turbulence is allowed to fall, Into a subterranean chamber where the air separates from the water. The weight of fling water ‘compresses the airin the top of the chamber. A submerged outlet from the chamber allows water flow to the surface ata lower height than the intake. An outlet in the rof ofthe chamber supplies the compressed air to the surface. A facility on this principle was built on the Montreal River at nearby mines."8 Ragged Shutes near Cobalt, Ontario in 1910 and supplied 5,000 horsepower ‘A three-stage claphragm compressor Contriftugal compressors Centrifugal compressors use a rlating disk or impeller in a shaped housing to force the gas to therim ofthe impeller, increasing the velocity of the gas. A diffuser (Aivergent duet) section convests the velocity energy to pressure energy. They are primarily used for continuous, stationary service in industries such as oll refineries, chemical and petrochemical plants and natural gas processing plants.!"E°7I08i Their application can be from 100 horsepower (75 kW) to thousands of horsepower, ‘With multiple staging, they ean achieve high output pressures greater than 10,000 psi (69 MPa). Many large snowmaking operations (ike ski resorts) use this type of eompressor. They are also used in intemal combustion engines as superchargers and turbochargers. Centrfigal compressors are) single stage centrfugal ‘used in small gs turbine engines or asthe final compression stage of medium-sized gas turbines. compressor Diagonal or mixed-flow compressors Diagonal or mixed-flow compressors are similar to centrifugal compressors, but have a radial and axial velocity component at the exit fom the rolor. The diffuser is often used lo turn diagonal flow to an axial rather than radial direction. ("9 Comparative to the conventional centrifugal compressor (f the same stage pressure ratio), the value of the speed of the mixed flow compressors 1.5 times larger.) ‘Axialflow compressors Axial-flow compressors are dynamic rotating compressors that use arrays of fan-like airfoils to progressively compress a uid. They are used where high flow rates or a compact design are required “The arrays of airfoils are set in rows, usually as pairs: one rotating and one stationary. The rotating. BD airfoils, also known as blades or rotors, accelerate the fluid. The stationary airfoils, also known as ‘stators or vanes, decelerate and redirect the flow direction of the fluid, preparing it forthe rotor blades of the next stage."l Axial compressors are almost always multi-staged, with the cross sectional area of the gas passage diminishing along the compressor to maintain an optimum axial Mach surmber Beyond about 5 stages ora 4: design pressure ratio a compressor will ot function... Satan of an anal compression unless fitted with features such as stationary vanes with variable angles (known as variable inlet {guide vanes and variable stators), the ability to allow some air to eseape part-way along the compressor (known as interstage bleed) and being split into more than one rotating assembly (known as twin spodls, for example) hnipsslenwikipediaorgiwikiCompressor an02018 Compressor - Wikipedia Axial compressors can have high efficiencies; around 90% polytropie at their design conditions. However, they are relatively expensive, requiring a large number of components tight tolerances and high quality materials, Axial-ow compressors are used in medium to lage gas turbine engines, natural gas pumping stations, and some chemical plants. Hermetically sealed, open, or semi-hermetic Compressors used in refrigeration systems are often described as being cither hermetic, open, or semi-hermetic, to describe how the compressor and motor drive are situated in relation to the gas or -vapor being compressed. The industry name fora hermetic is hermetically sealed compressor, “while a semi-hermetic is commonly called a semi-hermetic compressor. In hermetic and most semichermetic compressors, the compressor and motor driving the compressor are integrated, and operate within the pressurized gas envelope of the system. The ‘motoris designed to operate in, and be cooled by, the refrigerant gas being compressed. ‘The difference between the hermetic and semf-hermetic, is that the hermetic uses a one-piece A small ermetically sealed welded steel casing that cannot be opened for repair; ifthe hermetic fails it is simply replaced with compressor in@ common consumer fan entire new unit, A semi-hermetie uses a large cast metal shell with gasketed covers that ean be ‘igereler or freezer typically has @ rounded steel outer shell opened to replace motor and pump components. aoe ty welded chet which seals operating gases inside the system, There is no route fr gases to oak, such as around motor shatt seals require a lubricant such as oil to retain their sealing properties seals, On this model, the plate top ‘The primary advantage of a hermetic and semi-hermetic is that there is no route forthe gas to leak tout ofthe system. Open compressors rely on shaft seals to retain the intemal pressure, and these section is part of an autodefrost system that uses motor heat to ‘ts operating gases. Open systems rely on lubricant in the system to splash on pump components gyaporale the water. [An open pressurized system such as an automobile air conditioner ean be more susceptible to leak and seals. Ift is not operated frequently enough, the lubricant on the seals slowly evaporates, and then the seals begin to leak until the system is no longer functional and must be recharged. ly comparison, a hermetic system can sit unused for years, and can usually be started up again at any time without requiring maintenance or experiencing any loss of system pressure. “The disadvantage of hermetic compressors is that the motor drive cannot be repaired or maint 1ed, and the entire compressor must be replaced ifa motor fils. A further disadvantage is that burnt-out windings can contaminate whole systems, thercby requiring the system to be entirely pumped down and the gas replaced. Typically, hermetic compressors are used in low-cost factory-assembled consumer goods where the cost of epairis high compared to the value of the deviee, and it would be more economical to just purchase a new device [An advantage of open compressors is that they can be driven by non~ lectric power souress, such as an intemal combustion engine or turbine. However, open compressors that drive refrigeration systems are generally not totally maintenance-free throughout the life ofthe system, since some gas leakage wll oocur over time, Thermodynamics of Gas Compression Isentropic Compressor ‘A compressor con be idealized as internally reversible and adiabatic, thus an isentropic steady state device, meaning the change in entropy is 0.81 By defining the compression eyeleas isentropic, an ideal efficieney for the process can be attained, and the ideal compressor performance can be compared to the actual performance of the machine. Isotropic Compression as used in ASME PTC 10 Code refers to @ reversible, adiabatic compression process 2) Isentropic efficiency of Compressons: Isentropic Compressor Work _ Wi has — hi ‘Ketual Compressor Work W. ng — fy hi is the enthalpy at the initial state hag is the enthalpy at the final state for the actual process Jha, is the enthalpy at the final state for the isentropic process haipsslenwikipediaorgiwikiCompressor snarate ‘Compressor- Wikipedia Minimizing work required by a Compressor Comparing Reversible to Ineversible Compressors. Comparison of the diffarential form ofthe energy balance for each device Let qbe heat, whe work, ke be kinetic enengy and pe be potential energy ‘Actual Compressor: Sauce — Stace = dh + dhe + dpe Reversible Compressor Sarco — Srey = dh + dhe + dpe ‘The sight hand side ofeach compressor type is equivalent, thus: Saat — 5Wact = Srey — 5t0rew re-arranging: Stee — 5wact = Sdrev — Sect By substituting the know equation 8gpey = Tis into the ast equation and dividing both terms by T Sree fies — gg — Het > 9 Furthermore, ds > Fuopey 2 Bact pay 2 act and Tis [absolute temperature] (T' > 0) which produces ‘Therefore, work-consuming deviees such as pumps and compressors (work is negative) require less work when they operate reversibly 211 Effect of Cooling During the Compression Process isentropie process: invalves no cocling, ppolytropie process: involves some cooling ‘isothermal process: involves maximum cooling By making the following assumptions the required work for the compressor Lo compress @ gas from P, to Py isthe following for each process: Assumptions: P, and Py All processes are intemally reversible The gas behaves like an ideal gas with constant specific heats . ar (Specie volume vs, Pressure) Isentropic (Po = constant, where k= Cp/Ox): diagram comparing isentropic, polytopc, and isothermal processes w. AR(T,—T) _ ner, [/\"*_ betiveen the same pressure ints. ‘sompin = BT e-1 |\R ~ haipsllenwikipesiaorgiwikiCompressor en02018 Compressor - Wikipedia Polytropic (Pu = constant): art [(P,)°%" | PR Isothermal (T' = constant or Pv = constant): Weompin = RTIn (2) nR(T, — Ti) n-1 Weompin By compating the tre interaly reversible processes compressing sn ea as fom P, to Py, he rests how that entropic compression ( Pet = constant) reqires the most workin and te isothermal compression? = constant or Po = conatant eqns te least amount of _work in, For the polytropic process (Pu" = constant) work in decreases as the exponent, n, doereases, by increasing the heat rejection during, the compression process. One common way of cooling the gas during compression is to use cooling jackets around the casing of the ret compressor. Compressors in Ideal Thermodynamic Cycles Ideal Rankine Cycle 1->2 Isentropic compression in a pump Ideal Cemot Cycle 4-> Ideal Otto Cyele Ideal Diesel Cycle 1->2 Isentropie compression Isentropic compression 2 Isentropie compression eal Brayton Cycle 1->2 Isentropie compression in a compressor deal Vapor-compression refrigeration Cycle 1->2 Isentropie compression in a compressor ‘NOTE: The isentropic assumptions are only applicable with idea eycles. Real world cycles have inherent losses due Lo ineicent compressors and turbines. The real world system aze not truly isentropic but are rather idealized as isentropic fr ealeulation purposes. Temperature Compression of a gas increases its temperature Va Va we [nav = pvp va Va Ma where and avy a in which p is pressure, Vis volume, n takes different values for different compression processes (see below), and r &2 refer to initial and final states haipsllenwikipesiaorgiwikiCompressor mt02018 Compressor - Wikipedia + Aciabatic - This model assumes that no energy (heat) is transfered to or from the gas during the compression, and all suppliad work is ‘added to the intemal energy of the gas, resuling in increases of temperature and pressure. Theoretical temperature rise is! aye h=% (9) Pi with 7, and 7 in degrees Rankine orkelvins, pz and p, being absolute pressures and k= ratio of specific heats (approximately 1.4 for air). The rise in air and temperature ratio moens compression does not follow a simple pressure to volume ratio. This is less efficient, but quick. Adiabatic compression or expansion more closely model real life when a compressor has good inswlation, a large gas volume, or a short time scale (i..,a high power level). In practice there will always be a certain amount of heat flow out of the compressed gas. Thus, making a perfect adiabatic compressor would require perfect heat insulation of all parts of the machine. For example, even a bieyele tire pump’s metal tube ‘becomes hot as you compress the air to fill a tire. The relation between temperature and compression ratio described abave means that the value of n foran adiabatie process is k (the ratio of specific heats). + Isothermal - This model assumes that the compressed gas remains at a constant temperature throughout the compression or expansion process. In this cycle, intemal energy is removed from the syStom as heat at the same rate that itis added by the mechanical work of ‘compression. Isothermal compression or expansion more closely models real life when the compressor has a large heat exchanging ‘surface, a small gas volume, ora long time scale (.2., a small power lovel). Compressors tha ullize inter-stage coaling between ‘compression stages come closest to achieving perfect isothermal compression. Hawever, with practical devices perfect isothermal ‘compression is rot attainable. For exemple, unless you have an infinite number of compression stages with corresponding intercooler, you will never achieve perfect isothermal compression Foran isothermal process, n is1, so the value ofthe work integral foran isothermal process is w -nvin(2 ) Pi ed, the isothermal work is found to be lower than the adiabatic work, When eval + Polytropic - This model takes into account both a rise in temperature in the gas as well as some loss of energy (heal) to the compressor's ‘components. This assumes that heal may enter or leave the system, and thal input shaft work can appear as both increased pressure (usually useful work) and increased temperature above adiabatic (usually losses due to cycle efficiency), Compression eficiency is then the ‘ato of temperature rise at theoretical 100 percent (adiabatic) vs. actual (polytopic), Polytropic compression wil use a Value of n between 0 (a constant-pressure process) and infinity (a constant volume process). For the ‘ypical case where an effort is made to cool the gas ‘compressed by an approximately adiabatic process, the value ofn wil be between 1 and Staged compression In the ease of centrifugal compressors, commercial designs currently do not excead a compression ratio of more than 3.5 to 1 in any one stage (or atypical gas). Since compression raises the temperature, the compressed gas is to be cooled between stages making the compression less adiabatic and more isothermal. The inter-stage coolers typically result in some partial condensation that is removed in vapor-liquid separators. In the ease of small reciprocating compressors, the compressor flywhoel may drive a cooling fen that directs ambien! ofa two or more stage compressor. Because rotary screw compressors can make use of cooling Lubricant to reduce the temperature rise from compression, they very often exceed @ 9 to 1 compression ratio, For instance, ina typical diving compressor the air is compressed in three stages. If each stage has a compression ratio of7t01, the compressor can output 343 times atmospheric pressure (7 x 7 x 7 = 243 atmospheres). (343 atm or 34.8 MPa oF §.04 ksi) Drive motors “Thereare many options for the motor that powers the compressor: + Gas tursines power the axial and centrifugal flow compressors that are part of jet engines. + Steam turbines or water turbines are possible for large compressors 1 lactic motors are cheap and quiel fr stalic compressors. Small motors suitable for domestic electrical supplies use single-phase allerating curent. Larger motors can only be used where an industrial electrical three phase altemating curent supaly is available. + Diesel engines or petrol engines are suitable for portable compressors and support compressors, haipsllenwikipesiaorgiwikiCompressor an02018 Compressor - Wikipedia + In-automobiles and other types of vehicles (Including piston-powered airplanes, boats, trucks, etc), diesel or gasoline engines power output ‘can be increases by compressing the intake air, $0 that more fuol can be bumed per cycle. These engines can power compressors using their own crankshaft power this setup known as a supercharger), of, use ther exhaust gas to chive a turbine connected tothe compressor (ths setup known as a tufbocnarge) Applications Gas compressors are used in various applications where ether higher pressures or lower volumes of gas are needed: 1 In ppotine transport of purified natural gas from the product bled from the pipeline, Thus, no extemal power source is necessary, Jn site to the consumer, a compressors driven by a gas turbine fycled by gas + Petroleum refineries, natural gas processing plants, petrochemical and chemical plants, and similar large industrial plants require ‘compressing for intermediate and end-preduct gases. + Refrigeration and air conditioner equipment use compressors to move heat in refrigerant cycles (see vapor-comprossion rofrigeration). * Gas turbine systems compress the intake combustion aic + Smallvolume purtied or manufactured gases require compression to fil high pressure cylinders for medical, welding, and other uses. + Various industal, manufacturing, and building processes requlte compressed air to power pneumatic tod + In the manufacturing and blow moulding of PET plastic bottles and containers. + Some aircraft require compressors to maintain cabin pressurization at allude + Some types of jet engines—such as turbojets and turbofans—compress the air required for fuel combustion. The jet engine's turbines power the combustion alr compressor. 1 In SCUBA diving, hyperbatic axygen therapy, and other life support dove ‘such as diving eylinders, 2125] compressors put breathing gas into small volume containers, + In surface supplied diving, an ar compressor frequently supplies low pressure at (10 to 20 bar for breathing, ' Submarines use compressors to store air for later use in displacing water from buoyancy chambers to adjust dept. + Turbochargers and superchargers are compressors that increase intemal combustion engine perfonnance by increasing the mass flow of air inside the cylinder, so the engine can bum more fuel and hence produce more power. + Rall and heavy read transport vehicles use compressed air to operate rll vehicle or road vehicle brakes—and various other systems (doors, Windscreen wipers, engine, gearbox contrl. et.) ' Service stations and auto repair shops use compressed airto fil pneumatic tites and power pneumatic tools. ' Fico pistons and heal pumps exis Lo heal air or other gasses, and compressing the gas is only a means to that end. + Rotary lobe compressors are often used lo provide air in pneumatic conveying lines for powder or solids. Pressure reached can range from 05 to2 bar g 8 Diving air compressor in noise reduction cabinet See also Axial compressor + Cabin pressurization + Contritugl fan + Compressed air + Compressed air dryer + Electrochemical hydrogen compressor + Energy-saving olary Blade compressor Patent numbers: EPOS33500 + Fire piston + Fol bearing + Gas compression heat pump + Guided rotor compressor + Hydrogen compressor haipsllenwikipesiaorgiwikiCompressor Linear compressor Liquid ring compressor Hyetide compressor Natterer compressor Pneumatic cylinder Pneumatic tube Reciprocating compressor (piston compressor) Roots blower (a lobe-ype compressor) Slip factor Trompe Vapor-compression refrigeration Variable speed air compressor onaz02018 Compressor - Wikipedia References 1 3, 10. 12, 13. 14 +6. 7 18. 18. 20, Pony, RH. and Green, O.W. (Esitors) (2007). Pony’s Chemical Engineers’ Handbook (ath ed.). McGraw Hil, ISBN 0-07-147204-3, Bloch, H.P, and Hoefner, Ju. (1995), Reciprocating Compressors, Operation and Maintenance, Gulf Professional Publishing. ISBN 0-88416: $250, Reciprocating Compressor Basics (hitpwww.machinerylubrication.com/article_detal.asp?artcleid=7758pagettle=Rec procating%20Comp reesor,208asies) Archived (Nips:/web.archive.org/wveb/20090418034216/nto ww machinerylubricalion.com/aticle_detai-asp?articlid= ‘T7S&pagoito=Reciprocating’20Compressor%20Basies) 2009-04-18 at te Wayback Machine, Adam Davis, Novia Corporation, Machinery Lubrication, Jaty 2005 Introduction to Industral Compressed Ar Systems (hitpwww thomasnet,convaticles/machinery-tocls-supplles/Industriak Compressed-Air- ‘Systems) Archived (hitps:hveb.archive.orgiweb20100428012224/Ntip:www.thomasnel com/articles/machinery-tools-suppieindustria-co mprossod.ai-systoms) 2010-0¢-28 at the Wayback Machine New developments in pumps and compressors using lon Liquids (htp:!/wwrw intermediates. bast com/chemicalshweb/enfunction/conversio ns:/oublishimages/products-and industres/ionc-liquids/Achema News_ 01 08.pa‘) ‘Screw Compressor (hp mw. blackmerccom/tech-screw jsp) Archived (hips: web archive.org webv 2008011010324 Jhitp:Ihuww.blackmer. ‘comitech-screwjsp) 2008-01-10 atthe Wayback Machine, Describes how screw compressors work and include photographs. ‘Technical Centre (hitp:/ww.domnickhunter.comtech_Centre.asp?chapter=1§ion=3_Screw-Compressors_2_3.htm8.getindexfalse) ‘Archived (hts: web archive. orgweb/2007 1213211548\http:/www.domnickhunter comitech_Contre.aspchaptor=1§ion=3_Screw-Com 550°5_2 3, hlm&gelIndex=false) 2007-12-13 al the Wayback Machine, Discusses cilllooded screw compressors including @ complete system flow clagram ICS, "How Does @ Rotary Screw Air Compressor Work?” (http:/hvwnw industrialcompressorsclitions.com/artcles/how-loes-avotary-sorensa ircompressorvork) Archived (hips: web. archive.org web/20170817001135/tp:/ www. ndustialcomressorsoltions.com/aficles/tow-doe ‘s-asoiary-screw-air-compressor-work) from the original on 2017-08-17, Retrreved 2017-08-16, Cheremisinoff, Nicholas P; Davletshin, Anton (2015-01-28). Hydraulic Fracturing Operations: Handbook of Environmental Management Practices (https:lfoooks..google. con/b00ks 7id=w5yBgAAQBA J&pq=PA6436Ing=PAG43&dq="422Theteffciency+of+rotary+-compressors*+ depends ontihetaireciier%228source=bl&ots=DIZJEjhMaW&sig=coZe1GEy20N@C TUmSaKsluA3jSw8h=en&sa=X8ved=OahUKEn)VOY (Ojnte VANUpoMKHelvCLoQAEILDAB#v=onepaged.q=%22The"% 20efMiciency*420o1%20ratay%20compcessors‘%20depends%200n%420th (2% 20air%20drier6228f=false), Joh Wiley & Sons, [SBN 9781119100003, Archived (htips:/hweb.archive.org/web/?0171224222642/hitps:i7b ‘20ks. google. com/books id= 1w/Sy8qAAQBA, &pq=PA643& log=PAG42Rdq=9.22The+oficiency+of+rolary+compressors+depends+on+thetal rcrier%228source=bIdots=DIZJE hMaW&sigcoZeGEy2oN8CTUmSaKBIuA3}Sw&hl=en8sa=X& ved=OahUKEw)V9Y OjntzVANUp7OMAH ‘4lvCLOG6AEILD ABH =onepage&q=%422The%20uff ciency 20o1%20rotary %20compresso1s%420depends% 200% 20the%420ai%420cter%22 false) from the orginal on 2017-12-24 Mattei Compressors (hitp:/Avaw mattelcomp.com/compressor-news,him?id=165175063) Archived (htps:/lweb,archiveor/web20 10050823 3715ihtp:/ www. matteicomp.com/compressorews.htmid= 185176083) 2010-05-09 at the Wayback Machine “Motion of Raling Piston in Rotary Compressor (hip:/docs lib purdue.educgi!viewcontent.og Partcle= 13908context=icee). Purive University. Archivad (itps:/web.archive.oriweb/20170816232859/ip//docs. ib purdue.edulogiviewconteni.cgi7article=1380&context {) from the orginal on 2017-08-16, Retrieved 2017-08-16, Tischer, J, Utter, R: “Scroll Machine Using Discharge Pressure For Axial Sealing” U.S. Patent 4522575, 1985. Calla, J, Weatherston, R., Bush, J:°Serol-Type Machine With Axally Complant Mounting,” U.S. Patent 4767283, 1888. Richardson, Jr, Hubert: “Scroll Compressor With Orbiting Scroll Member Biased By Oil Pressure,” U.S. Patent 4875838, 1988. Eric Slack (Winter 2016), *Serteo" (tp:iwww.emi-magazine.convindex.phplfeatured-content/1067-sertco). Energy and Mining Intemational Phoan'x Media Corporation. Archivad (ilps vab. archive. ora/web/20160304170914/lp/www.emi-magazine, com/index. pho/featured-conto 1nt/1067-serteo) from the original on March 4, 2016, Retrieved February 27, 2076, Mayrard, Frank (November 1910). "Ive thousand horsepower fram air bubbles” (htps:lfbooks. google. com/books id= NODAAAAMBA8 prin ‘sec=frontcoverv=onepagoBakf=false). Popular Mechanics: Page 633. Archived (itps://web.archive.org/web20170326071901/htps:/b00 ks. google.com/oooks 7d=-NODAAAAMBA J&pintsec=frontcoveriv=onepages.q&f=false) {rom the orginal on 2017-08 Dixon $.L. (1978). Fluid Mechanics, Thermodynamics of Turbomachinery (Thtd ed.). Pergamon Press. ISBN 0-08-022722-8 ‘Aungier, Ronald H. (2000). Cantafugal Compressors A Strategy for Aerodynamic design and Analysis. ASME Press. ISBN 07918-00838, Cheremisinoft, Nicholas P. (2016-04-20). Pollution Contro! Handbook for Oil and Gas Engineering (htips:1fbooks google, corvlbooks d= WOe EDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT2518lpg=PT251&dq=difuser+tums-+dlagonal+flaw'+to~ axial flow &source=blkots=rZptfurh&sig=RgvdpyW134P TSB ‘TTRAUWIOCaQIU shirenk.sa=X8ved=DahUKEwjbvIKZ9NnVAHXDBYMKHW vCuwQSAEINZAGiv=onepagesq=cifluser%201ums%20ciag0 nal%20flo&{=false). John Wiley & Sons. 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Print 22, PTC 10 Compressors and Exhausters(hitps:/iwww.asme.org/products/codes-standards/ptc-10-1997-pertomance-test-code-compressors) ‘Archived (nttos:/web chive. orlweb/201506 190 13643/htips:/hvww.asme orgiproducts/cades-standards/ptc-10-1997-perfarmancetest-code compressors) 2075-06-19 atthe Wayback Machine 23, Peny’s Chemical Engineor’s Handbook 8th edition Pemy, Green, page 10-45 section 10-76 24, Milar IL, Mouldey PG (2008), "Compressed breathing air the potential for evl from within” (hp slarchve.rubicon foundation orgT964) Diving and Hyperbane Medicine. South Paciie Underwater Medicine Sociely. 38 (2). 145-51, PMID 22692708 (hlps:liwwwneb.nim.rih.go ‘vipubmed!22682708). Archived (ttps://web. archive. org/web/201012250632465Vhstp//archive.rubicon foundation org7964) from the orginal on 2010-12-26. Retrieved 2009-02-28 28. Harlow. V (2002). Oxygen Hacker's Companion. Aiepeed Press, ISBN 0-9678873-2-1 26. Sta, "Blowers (Roots)" (http://www powderprocess.nel/Equipments%620himW/Blowers.him). Engineering resources for powder processing Jndustres. www-powderprocess.net. Archived (hitps:/web.archive.org/wab/20170814175024htto: Awww powderoracess.neVEquioments%2 ‘Ohtmi/Blowers.himl) from the orginal on 14 August 2017. Retrieved 15 August 2017. Retrieved from "hitps:l/en wikipedia oriwlindex.php?title= Compressor&ckeid=831622277" ‘This page was last edited on 21 March 2018, at 13:37. Text is avalatle under the Creative Commons Altabullon ShareAlike License: addtional terms may apply. By using ths site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Paicy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. a non-profit organization haipsllenwikipesiaorgiwikiCompressor wm