Cap 14 Beer Dina 8 Ed by - Govata PDF

COSMOS: Complete Online Solutions Manual Organization System
Chapter 14, Solution 1.
The masses are mA = mB = 1350 kg and mC = 5400 kg.

Let v A , vB , and vC be the sought after final velocities, positive to the left.
Initial velocities: ( v A )0 = ( vB )0 = 0, ( vC )0 = 8 km/h = 2.2222 m/s

First collision. Truck C strikes car B. Plastic impact: e = 0
Let ( vBC )0 be the common velocity of B and C after impact.
Conservation of momentum for B and C :
( mB + mC ) vBC = mB ( vB )0 + mC ( vC )0
6750 vBC = 0 + ( 5400 )( 2.2222 ) vBC = 1.77778 m/s
Second collision. Car-truck BC strikes car A.
Elastic impact. e = 1
v A − vBC = − e ( v A )0 − ( vBC )0  = −1.77778 m/s (1)
Conservation of momentum for A, B, and C.
mAv A + ( mB + mC )( vBC ) = mA ( v A )0 + ( mB + mC )( vBC )0
1350 v A + 6750 vBC = 0 + ( 6750 )(1.77778 ) (2)
Solving (1) and (2) simultaneously for v A and vBC ,
v A = 2.9630 m/s, vBC = 1.18519 m/s = vB = vC
v A = 10.67 km/h
v B = 4.27 km/h
vC = 4.27 km/h
Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics and Dynamics, 8/e, Ferdinand P. Beer, E. Russell Johnston, Jr.,
Elliot R. Eisenberg, William E. Clausen, David Mazurek, Phillip J. Cornwell
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies.
Conservation of linear momentum for block, cart, and bullet together.
components : mB v0 = ( mA + mB + mC ) v f
vf =
mBv0
=
( 0.028)( 550 ) = 1.7058 m/s
mA + mB + mC 5 + 0.028 + 4
(a) v f = 1.706 m/s
Consider block and bullet alone.
Principle of impulse and momentum.

components : N ( ∆t ) − mg ( ∆t ) N = mg
components : mB v0 − µk N ( ∆t ) = ( mA + mB ) v'
Just after impact, ∆t is negligible. The velocity then is
v0' =
mB v0
=
( 0.028)( 550 ) = 3.0628 m/s
mA + mB 5 + 0.028
Also, just after impact, the velocity of the cart is zero.
Accelerations after impact.
Block and bullet: ∑ F = ma :

µ k ( mA + mB ) g = ( mA + mB ) a AB
a AB = µk g = ( 0.50 )( 9.81)
= 4.905 m/s 2
Cart: ∑ F = maC :
µ k ( mA + mB ) g = mC aC :
µ k ( mA + mB ) g ( 0.50 )( 5.028)( 9.81)
aC = =
mC 4
= 6.1656 m/s 2
Acceleration of block relative to cart.
a AB/C = 4.905 − ( − 6.1656 ) = 11.0706 m/s 2

Motion of the block relative to the cart.
( vAB/C )2 −
( v' )2 = 2 ( a AB/C )( s AB/C )
2 2
In the final position, v AB/C = 0
s AB/C = −
( v' )2 =−
( 3.0628 )
2
= − 0.424 m
2 a AB/C ( 2 )(11.0706 )
The block moves 0.424 to the left relative to the cart.
(b) This places the block 1.000 − 0.424 = 0.576 m from the left end of the cart.
0.576 m from left end of cart
The masses are mA =

4000
= 124.2 slugs, mB =
3700
= 114.9 slugs, and mF =
( 22 )( 2000 ) = 1366.5 slugs
32.2 32.2 32.2
Let v A , vB , and vF be the sought after velocities in ft/s, positive to the right.
Initial values: ( v A )0 = ( vB )0 = ( vF )0 = 0.
Initial momentum of system: mA ( v A )0 + mB ( vB )0 + mF ( vF )0 = 0.
There are no horizontal external forces acting during the time period under consideration. Momentum is
conserved.
0 = mAv A + mBvB + mF vF
124.2v A + 114.9vB + 1366.5vF = 0 (1)
The relative velocities are given as
v A/F = v A − vF = − 7 ft/s (2)

vB/F = vB − vF = − 3.5 ft/s (3)
Solving (1), (2), and (3) simultaneously,
v A = − 6.208 ft/s, vB = − 2.708 ft/s, vF = 0.7919 ft/s
v F = 0.792 ft/s
WA W W
The masses are mA = , mB = B , and mF = F .
g g g
Let the final velocities be v A , vB , and vF = 0.34 ft/s, positive to the right.
Initial values: ( v A )0 = ( vB ) 0 = ( vF ) 0 = 0
Initial momentum of system: mA ( v A )0 + mB ( vB )0 + mF ( vF )0 = 0
conserved.
WA W W
0 = mAv A + mB vB + mF vF = v A + B vB + F vF
g g g
WAv A + WBvB
Solving for WF , WF = − (1)
vF
From the given relative velocities,
v A = vF + v A/F = 1.02 − 7.65 = − 6.63 ft/s

vB = vF + vB/F = 1.02 − 7.5 = − 6.48 ft/s
Substituting these values in (1),
WF = −
( 4000 )( − 6.63) + ( 3700 )( − 6.48) = 49506 lb
1.02
WF = 24.8 tons
( ) (
The masses are the engine mA = 80 × 103 kg , the load mB = 30 × 103 kg , and the flat car )
(m C = 20 × 103 kg . )
Initial velocities: ( v A )0 = 6.5 km/h = 1.80556 m/s, ( vB ) 0 = ( vC )0 = 0.
No horizontal external forces act on the system during the impact and while the load is sliding relative to the flat
car. Momentum is conserved.
Initial momentum: mA ( v A )0 + mB ( 0 ) + mC ( 0 ) = mA ( v A )0 (1)
(a) Let v′ be the common velocity of the engine and flat car immediately after impact. Assume that the
impact takes place before the load has time to acquire velocity.
Momentum immediately after impact:
mAv′ + mB ( 0 ) + mC v′ = ( mA + mC ) v′ (2)
Equating (1) and (2) and solving for v′,
v′ =
m A ( v A )0
=
(80 × 10 ) (1.80556) = 1.44444 m/s
3
mA + mC (100 × 10 ) 3
v′ = 5.20 km/h
(b) Let v f be the common velocity of all three masses after the load has slid to a stop relative to the car.
Corresponding momentum:
mAv f + mBv f + mC v f = ( mA + mB + mC ) v f (3)
Equating (1) and (3) and solving for v f ,
vf =
m A ( v A )0
=
(80 × 10 ) (1.80556) = 1.11111 m/s
3
mA + mB + mC (130 × 10 ) 3
v f = 4.00 km/h
The masses are m for the bullet and mA and mB for the blocks.
(a) The bullet passes through block A and embeds in block B. Momentum is conserved.
Initial momentum: mv0 + mA ( 0 ) + mB ( 0 ) = mv0
Final momentum: mvB + m Av A + mB vB
Equating, mv0 = mvB + mAv A + mBvB
m=
mAv A + mB vB
=
( 3)( 3) + ( 2.5)( 5) = 43.434 × 10−3 kg
v0 − vB 500 − 5
m = 43.4 g
(b) The bullet passes through block A. Momentum is conserved.
Initial momentum: mv0 + mA ( 0 ) = mv0
Final momentum: mv1 + m Av A
Equating, mv0 = mv1 + mAv A
v1 =
mv0 − mAv A
=
( )
43.434 × 10−3 ( 500 ) − ( 3)( 3)
= 292.79 m/s
m 43.434 × 10−3
v1 = 293 m/s
(a) Woman dives first.
Conservation of momentum:
120 300 + 180
(16 − v1 ) − v1 = 0
g g
v1 =
(120 )(16 ) = 3.20 ft/s
600
Man dives next. Conservation of momentum:
300 + 180 300 180

− v1 = − v2 + (16 − v2 )
g g g
480v1 + (180 )(16 )

v2 = = 9.20 ft/s v 2 = 9.20 ft/s
480
(b) Man dives first.
180 300 + 120
(16 − v1′ ) − v1′
g g
v1′ =
(180 )(16 ) = 4.80 ft/s
600
Woman dives next. Conservation of momentum:
300 + 120 300 120
− v1′ = − v′2 + (16 − v′2 )
g g g
420v1′ + (120 )(16 )

v′2 = = 9.37 ft/s v′2 = 9.37 ft/s
420
(a) Woman dives first.

120 300 + 180
− (16 − v1 ) + v1 = 0
g g
v1 =
(120 )(16 ) = 3.20 ft/s
600
Man dives next. Conservation of momentum:
300 + 180 300 180

v1 = − v2 + (16 − v2 )
g g g
− 480v1 + (180 )(16 )
v2 = = 2.80 ft/s v 2 = 2.80 ft/s
480
(b) Man dives first.
180 300 + 120
(16 − v1′ ) − v1′ = 0
g g
v1′ =
(180 )(16 ) = 4.80 ft/s
600
Woman dives next. Conservation of momentum:
300 + 120 300 120
− v1′ = v′2 + (16 − v′2 )
g g g
−420v1′ + (120 )(16 )

v′2 = = −0.229 ft/s
420
v′2 = 0.229 ft/s
The masses are mA = mB = mC = 9 kg.
Position vectors (m): rA = 0.9k , rB = 0.6i + 0.6 j + 0.9k , rC = 0.3i + 1.2 j

In units of kg ⋅ m 2 /s, HO = rA × ( mA v A ) + rB × ( mB v B ) + rC × ( mC vC )
i j k i j k i j k
= 0 0 0.9 + 0.6 0.6 0.9 + 0.3 1.2 0
0 ( 9vA ) 0 ( 9vB ) 0 0 0 0 ( 9vC )
= ( − 8.1v Ai ) + ( 8.1vB j − 5.4vBk ) + (10.8vC i − 2.7vC j)
= ( − 8.1v A + 10.8vC ) i + ( 8.1vB − 2.7vC ) j + ( − 5.4vB ) k
(
But, H O is given as − 1.8 kg ⋅ m 2 /s k )
Equating the two expressions for H O and resolving into components,
i: − 8.1v A + 10.8vC = 0 (1)

j: 8.1vB − 2.7vC = 0 (2)
k: − 5.4vB = −1.8 (3)
(a) Solving for v A , vB , and vC , v A = 1.333 m/s v A = (1.333 m/s ) j

vB = 0.333 m/s v B = ( 0.333 m/s ) i
vC = 1.000 m/s vC = (1.000 m/s ) k
Coordinates of mass center G in m.

mArA + mBrB + mC rC
r =
mA + mB + mC
=
( 9 )( 0.9k ) + ( 9 )( 0.6i + 0.6 j + 0.9k ) + ( 9 )( 0.3i + 1.2 j)
27
= 0.3i + 0.6 j + 0.6k
Position vectors relative to the mass center in m.
rA′ = rA − r = ( 0.9k ) − ( 0.3i + 0.6 j + 0.6k ) = −0.3i − 0.6 j + 0.3k
rB′ = rB − r = ( 0.6i + 0.6 j + 0.9k ) − ( 0.3i + 0.6 j + 0.6k ) = 0.3i + 0.3k
rC′ = rC − r = ( 0.3i + 1.2 j) − ( 0.3i + 0.6 j + 0.6k ) = 0.6 j − 0.6k
mA v A = ( 9 )(1.333j) = (12 kg ⋅ m/s ) j

mB v B = ( 9 )( 0.333i ) = ( 3 kg ⋅ m/s ) i
mC vC = ( 9 )(1k ) = ( 9 kg ⋅ m/s ) k
(b) HG = rA′ × ( mA v A ) + rB′ × ( mB v B ) + rC′ × ( mC vC )

= ( − 0.3i − 0.6 j + 0.3k ) × (12 j) + ( 0.3i + 0.3k ) × ( 3i ) + ( 0.6 j − 0.6k ) × ( 9k )
= ( − 3.6i − 3.6k ) + ( 0.9 j) + ( 5.4i ) = 1.8i + 0.9 j − 3.6k
( ) ( ) (
HG = 1.800 kg ⋅ m 2 /s i + 0.900 kg ⋅ m 2/s j − 3.60 kg ⋅ m 2/s k )
The masses are mA = mB = mC = 9 kg.
Position vectors (m): rA = 0.9k , rB = 0.6i + 0.6 j + 0.9k , rC = 0.3i + 1.2 j
Coordinates of mass center G expressed in m.

mArA + mBrB + mC rC
r =
mA + mB + mC
=
( 9 )( 0.9k ) + ( 9 )( 0.6i + 0.6 j + 0.9k ) + ( 9 )( 0.3i + 1.2j)
27
= 0.3i + 0.6 j + 0.6k
Position vectors relative to the mass center expressed in m.
rA′ = rA − r = ( 0.9k ) − ( 0.3i + 0.6 j + 0.6k ) = −0.3i − 0.6 j + 0.3k
rB′ = rB − r = ( 0.6i + 0.6 j + 0.9k ) − ( 0.3i + 0.6 j + 0.6k ) = 0.3i + 0.3k
rC′ = rC − r = ( 0.3i + 1.2 j) − ( 0.3i + 0.6 j + 0.6k ) = 0.6 j − 0.6k
Angular momenta.
HO = rA × ( mA v A ) + rB × ( mB v B ) + rC × ( mC vC )
HG = rA′ × ( mA v A ) + rB′ × ( mB v B ) + rC′ × ( mC vC )
Subtracting,
HO − HG = ( rA − rA′ ) × ( mA v A ) + ( rB − rB′ ) × mB v B + ( rC − rC′ ) × mC vC
0 = r × ( mA v A ) + r × ( mB v B ) + r × ( mC vC )
= r × ( mA v A + mB v B + mC vC ) = r × L
L is parallel to r. L = λr L ⋅ L = λ 2r ⋅ r
2
λ2 =
L⋅L
=
( 45) = 502 , λ = ± 50 N ⋅ s/m
r⋅r ( 0.9 )2
mA v A + mB v B + mC vC = λ r
( 9 )( vA j) + ( 9 )( vBi ) + ( 9 ) ( vC k ) = ± 50 ( 0.3i + 0.6 j + 0.6k )
(a) Resolve into components and solve for v A , vB , and vC .
v A = 3.333 m/s v A = ( 3.33 m/s ) j
vB = 1.6667 m/s v B = (1.667 m/s ) i
vC = 3.333 m/s vC = ( 3.33 m/s ) k
(b) Angular momentum about O expressed in kg ⋅ m 2 /s.
i j k i j k i j k
= 0 0 0.9 + 0.6 0.6 0.9 + 0.3 1.2 0
0 ( 9vA ) 0 ( 9vB ) 0 0 0 0 ( 9vC )
= ( − 8.1v Ai ) + ( 8.1vB j − 5.4vBk ) + (10.8vC i − 2.7vC j)
= ( −8.1v A + 10.8vC ) i + ( 8.1vB − 2.7vC ) j + ( −5.4vB ) k
= 9i + 4.5j − 9k
( ) ( ) (
HO = 9.00 kg ⋅ m 2 /s i + 4.50 kg ⋅ m 2 /s j − 9.00 kg ⋅ m 2 /s k )
Position vectors expressed in ft.
rA = 3i + 6 j, rB = 6 j + 3k , rC = 3i + 3k
Momentum of each particle expressed in lb ⋅ s.
WA v A 4 1
= ( 42i + 63j) = (168i + 252 j)
g g g
WB v B 4 1
= ( − 42i + 63j) = ( −168i + 252 j)
g g g
WC vC 28 1
= ( − 9 j − 6k ) = ( − 252 j − 168k )
g g g
Angular momentum of the system about O expressed in ft ⋅ lb ⋅ s.
WA v A W v W v
HO = rA × + rB × B B + rC × C C
g g g
 i j k i j k i j k 
1 
=  3 6 0 + 0 6 3 + 3 0 3 
g
 168 252 0 −168 252 0 0 −252 −168 
1
= {( −252k ) + ( −756i − 504 j + 1008k ) + ( 756i + 504 j − 756k )}
g
1
= ( 0i + 0 j + 0k )
g
H O = zero
(a) W = WA + WB + WC = 4 + 4 + 28 = 36 lb
mArA + mBrB + mC rC W r + WBrB + mC rC
r = = A A
m W
1
=
36
{( 4 )( 3i + 6j) + ( 4 )( 6j + 3k ) + ( 28)( 3i + 3k )}
= 2.667i + 1.333j + 2.667k
r = ( 2.67 ft ) i + (1.333 ft ) j + ( 2.67 ft ) k
(b) Linear momentum
1
mv = mA v A + mB v B + mC vC = (WA v A + WB v B + WC vC )
g
1
( 4 )( 42i + 63j) + ( 4 )( − 42i + 63j) + ( 28 )( − 9 j − 6k ) 
=
g
1
= ( 252 j − 168k )
32.2
mv = ( 7.83 lb ⋅ s ) j − ( 5.22 lb ⋅ s ) k
(c) Position vectors relative to the mass center G (ft).
rA′ = rA − r = ( 3i + 6 j) − ( 2.667i + 1.333j + 2.667k )
= 0.333i + 4.667 j − 2.667k
rB′ = rB − r = ( 6 j + 3k ) − ( 2.667i + 1.333j + 2.667k )
= −2.667i + 4.667 j + 0.333k
rC′ = rC − r = ( 3i + 3k ) − ( 2.667i + 1.333j + 2.667k )
= 0.333i − 1.333j + 0.333k
Angular momentum about the mass center.

W v  W v  W v 
HG = rA′ ×  A A  + rB′ ×  B B  + rC′ ×  C C 
 g   g   g 
 i j k i j k i j k
1
=  0.333 4.667 −2.667 + −2.667 4.667 0.333 + 0.333 −1.333 0.333
g
 ( 4 )( 42 ) ( 4 )( 63) 0 ( 4 )( −42 ) ( 4 )( 63) 0 0 ( 28)( −9 ) ( 28)( −6 )
1
= {( 672i − 448j − 700k ) + ( −84i − 56 j + 112k ) + ( 308i + 56 j − 84k )}
g
1
= (896i − 448j − 672k ) = 27.827i − 13.913j − 20.870k
32.2
HG = ( 27.8 ft ⋅ lb ⋅ s ) i − (13.91 ft ⋅ lb ⋅ s ) j − ( 20.9 ft ⋅ lb ⋅ s ) k
From Problem 14.28, HO = r × mv + H G
i j k
HO = 2.667 1.333 2.667
0 7.83 −5.22
= − 27.826i + 13.913j + 20.870k + 27.827i − 13.913j − 20.870k
= 0i + 0 j + 0k
From Prob 14.11,
1
=
g
{rA × (WAv A ) + rB × (WB v B ) + rC × (WC vC )}
 i j k i j k i j k 
1 
=  3 6 0 + 0 6 3 + 3 0 3 
g
 168 252 0 −168 252 0 0 −252 −168 
1
= {( − 252k ) + ( − 756i − 504 j + 1008k ) + ( 756i + 504 j − 756k )}
g
1
= ( 0i + 0 j + 0k )
g
Linear momentum of each particle expressed in kg ⋅ m/s.
mA v A = 3i − 2 j + 4k
mB v B = 8i + 6 j
mC vC = 6i + 15j − 9k
Position vectors, (meters): rA = 3j + k , rB = 3i + 2.5k , rC = 4i + 2 j + k
Angular momentum about O, ( kg ⋅ m 2 /s ) .
i j k i j k i j k
= 0 3 1 + 3 0 2.5 + 4 2 1
3 −2 4 8 6 0 6 15 − 9
= (14i + 3j − 9k ) + ( −15i + 20 j + 18k ) + ( −33i + 42 j + 48k )
= − 34i + 65j + 57k
( ) ( ) ( )
HO = − 34 kg ⋅ m 2 /s i + 65 kg ⋅ m 2 /s j + 57 kg ⋅ m 2 /s k
Position vectors, (meters): rA = 3j + k , rB = 3i + 2.5k , rC = 4i + 2 j + k

(a) Mass center: ( mA + mB + mC ) r = mArA + mBrB + mCrC
6r = (1)( 3j + k ) + ( 2 )( 3i + 2.5k ) + ( 3)( 4i + 2 j + k )
r = 3i + 1.5j + 1.5k
r = ( 3.00 m ) i + (1.500 m ) j + (1.500 m ) k
Linear momentum of each particle, ( kg ⋅ m/s ) .
mA v A = 3i − 2 j + 4k
mB v B = 8i + 6 j
mC vC = 6i + 15j − 9k
(b) Linear momentum of the system, ( kg ⋅ m/s.)
mv = mA v A + mB v B + mC vC = 17i + 19 j − 5k
mv = (17.00 kg ⋅ m/s ) i + (19.00 kg ⋅ m/s ) j − ( 5.00 kg ⋅ m/s ) k
Position vectors relative to the mass center, (meters).
rA′ = rA − r = − 3i + 1.5j − 0.5k
rB′ = rB − r = −1.5j + k
rC′ = rC − r = i + 0.5j − 0.5k
(c) Angular momentum about G, ( kg ⋅ m 2 /s ) .
HG = rA′ × mA v A + rB′ × mB v B + rC′ × mC vC

i j k i j k i j k
= −3 1.5 −0.5 + 0 −1.5 1 + 1 0.5 −0.5
3 −2 4 8 6 0 6 15 −9
= ( 5i + 10.5j + 1.5k ) + ( −6i + 8 j + 12k ) + ( 3i + 6 j + 12k )
= 2i + 24.5j + 25.5k
( ) ( ) (
HG = 2.00 kg ⋅ m 2 /s i + 24.5 kg ⋅ m 2/s j + 25.5 kg ⋅ m 2 /s k )
i j k
r × mv = 3 1.5 1.5
17 19 −5
= − ( 36 kg ⋅ m 2 /s ) i + ( 40.5 kg ⋅ m 2 /s ) j + ( 31.5 kg ⋅ m 2 /s ) k
HG + r × mv = − ( 34 kg ⋅ m 2 /s ) i + ( 65 kg ⋅ m 2/s ) j + ( 57 kg ⋅ m 2/s ) k
Angular momentum about O.

i j k i j k i j k
= 0 3 1 + 3 0 2.5 + 4 2 1
3 −2 4 8 6 0 6 15 −9
= (14i + 3j − 9k ) + ( −15i + 20 j + 18k ) + ( − 33i + 42 j + 48k )
( )
= − ( 34 kg ⋅ m 2 /s ) i + 65 kg ⋅ m 2 /s j + ( 57 kg ⋅ m 2/s ) k
Note that
H O = H G + r × mv
The mass center moves as if the projectile had not exploded.

1  1 2
r = ( v 0t ) −  gt 2  j = ( 60i )( 2 ) −  ( 9.81)( 2 )  j
 2   2 
= (120 m ) i − (19.62 m ) j
( mA + mB ) r = mArA + mBrB
1
rB = ( mA + mB ) r − mArA 
mB 
1
= ( 20 )(120i − 19.62 j) − 8 (120i − 10 j − 20k ) 
12 
= 120i − 26.033j + 13.333k
rB = (120.0 m ) i − ( 26.0 m ) j + (13.33 m ) k
There are no external forces. The mass center moves as if the explosion had not occurred.
r = v 0t = ( 450i )( 4 ) = (1800 m ) i
( mA + mB + mC ) r = mArA + mBrB + mC rC
1
rC = ( mA + mB + mC ) r − mArA − mBrB 
mC 
1
= ( 500 )(1800i ) − ( 300 )(1200i − 350 j − 600k )
50 
− (150 )( 2500i + 450 j + 900k ) 
= 3300i + 750 j + 900k
rC = ( 3300 m ) i + ( 750 m ) j + ( 900 m ) k
Mass center at time of first collision.

( mA + mB + mC ) r1 = mA ( rA )1 + mB ( rB )1 + mC ( rC )1
(WA + WB + WC ) r1 = WA ( rA )1 + WB ( rB )1 + WC ( rC )1
9600 r1 = ( 2800 )( − 27.8j) + ( 3600 )( − 38.4 j) + ( 3200 )(120i )
r1 = ( 40 ft ) i − ( 22.508 ft ) j
Mass center at time of photo.
9600 r2 = ( 2800 )( − 30.3i + 50.7 j) + ( 3600 )( − 30.3i + 61.2 j)
+ ( 3200 )( − 59.4i − 45.6 j)
r2 = − ( 40 ft ) i + ( 22.5375 ft ) j
Since no external horizontal forces act, momentum is conserved, and the mass center moves at constant
velocity.
( mA + mB + mC ) v = mA ( v A )1 + mB ( v B )1 + mC ( vC )1 (1)
r2 − r1 = vt (2)
Combining (1) and (2), ( mA + mB + mC ) ( r2 − r1 ) =  mA ( v A )1 + mB ( v B )1 + mC ( vC )1  t

(WA + WB + WC ) ( r2 − r1 ) = WA ( v A )1 + WB ( v B )1 + WC ( vC )1  t
( 9600 )( − 80i + 45.0455j) = 0 + ( 3600 )( vB )1 j + ( 3200 )( − 66i ) t
Components. i: − 768000 = −211200t t = 3.64 s
j: 432440 = 3600 vB t
vB =
( 432440 ) = 30.034 vB = 30.0 ft/s
( 3600 )( 3.6363)
Mass center at time of first collision.

9600 r1 = ( 2800 )( − 27.8j) + ( 3600 )( − 38.4 j) + ( 3200 )(120i )
r1 = ( 40 ft ) i − ( 22.508 ft ) j
Mass center at time of photo.
9600 r2 = ( 2800 )( − 30.3i + 50.7 j) + ( 3600 )( − 30.3i + 61.2 j)
+ ( 3200 )( − 59.4i − 45.6 j)
r2 = − ( 40 ft ) i + ( 22.5375 ft ) j
Since no external horizontal forces act, momentum is conserved, and the mass center moves at constant
velocity.
( mA + mB + mC ) v = mA ( v A )1 + mB ( v B )1 + mC ( vC )1 (1)
r2 − r1 = vt (2)
Combining (1) and (2), ( mA + mB + mC ) ( r2 − r1 ) =  mA ( v A )1 + mB ( v B )1 + mC ( vC )1  t

(WA + WB + WC ) ( r2 − r1 ) = WA ( v A )1 + WB ( v B )1 + WC ( vC )1  t
( 9600 )( − 80i + 45.0455j) = 0 + ( 3600 )( vB )1 j + ( 3200 ) ( vC )1 i  ( 3.4 )
Components.
j: 432440 = 12240 ( vB )1 , ( vB )1 = 35.33 ft/s,
vB = 24.1 mi/h
i: − 768000 = −10880 ( vC )1 , ( vC )1 = 70.588 ft/s,

vC = 48.1 mi/h
Projectile motion ax = 0, a y = − g = − 9.81 m/s 2 , az = 0
( v x )0 = 165 m/s, ( v y )0 = 0, ( v z )0 =0
After the chain breaks the mass center continues the original projectile motion.
At t = 1.5 s,
x = x0 + ( vx )0 t = 0 + (165 )(1.5 ) = 247.5 m
y = y0 + v y( )0 t − 12 gt 2 = 15 + 0 − 12 ( 9.81)(1.5)2 = 3.9638 m
z = z0 + ( v z ) 0 t = 0
Position of first cannon ball at this time is

x1 = 240 m, y1 = 0, z1 = 7 m
Definition of mass center: ( m1 + m2 ) r = m1r1 + m2r2
r2 =
( m1 + m2 ) r − m1
r1
m2 m2
30 15
= ( 247.5i + 3.9638j) − ( 240i + 7k )
15 15
= ( 255 m ) i + ( 7.9276 m ) j − 7k
Position of second cannon ball: x2 = 255 m, y2 = 7.93 m, z2 = − 7 m
Place the vertical y axis along the initial vertical path of the rocket. Let the x axis be directed to the right (east).
Motion of the mass center: ax = 0, vx = 0, x =0
a y = − g = − 9.81 m/s 2
v y = v0 + a yt = 28 − 9.81t
1 2
y = y0 + v0t + a yt = 60 + 28t − 4.905t 2
2
At t = 5.85 s, x = 0, y = 55.939 m
Definition of mass center : m r = m ArA + mBrB
x component: 3x = 1x A + 2 xB
0 = − 74.4 + 2 xB xB = 37.2 m
y component: 3y = 1y A + 2 yB
( 3)( 55.939 ) = 0 + 2 yB yB = 83.9 m
Position of part B. 37.2 m (east), 83.9 m (up)
Velocities of pieces C and D after impact and fracture.

xC 2.1
( vC′ ) x = = = 3 m/s, ( vC′ ) y = 3tan 30° m/s
tC 0.7
xD 2.1
( v′D ) x = = = 2.333 m/s, ( v′D ) y = −2.3333tan θ m/s
tD 0.9
Assume that during the impact the impulse between spheres A and B is directed along the x axis. Then, the y
component of momentum of sphere A is conserved.
0 = m ( v′A ) y
Conservation of momentum of system:

: mAv0 + mB ( 0 ) = mAv′A + mC ( vC′ ) x + mD ( v′D ) x
m m
m ( 4.8 ) + 0 = mv′A + ( 3) + ( 2.3333)
2 2
(a ) v′A = 2.13 m/s
: mA ( 0 ) + mB ( 0 ) = mA ( v′A ) y + mC ( vC′ ) y + mD ( v′D ) y
m m
0+0=0+ ( 3tan 30° ) − ( 2.3333tan θ )
2 2
3
(b) tan θ = tan 30° = 0.7423 θ = 36.6°
2.3333
( 3)2 + ( 3tan 30o )

2
vC = ( vC )2x + ( vC )2y = vC = 3.46 m/s
( 2.3333)2 + ( 2.3333tan 36.6o )

2
vD = ( vD )2x + ( vD )2y = vD = 2.91 m/s
Velocity vectors: v 0 = v0 ( cos 30°i + sin 30° j)

v A = v A ( sin 7.4°i + cos 7.4° j)
v B = vB ( sin 49.3°i − cos 49.3° j)
vC = vC ( cos 45°i + sin 45° j)
mA v 0 = mA v A + mB v B + mC vC
Divide by mA = mB = mC and substitute data.
4 ( cos 30°i + sin 30° j) = v A ( sin 7.4°i + cos 7.4° j) + vB ( sin 49.3°i − cos 49.3° j)
+ 2.1( cos 45°i + sin 45° j)
Resolve into components and rearrange.
i: ( sin 7.4° ) vA + ( sin 49.3°) vB = 4 cos 30o − 2.1cos 45°

j: ( cos 7.4° ) v A − ( cos 49.3° ) vB = 4sin 30o − 2.1sin 45°
Solving simultaneously,
(a) v A = 2.01 m/s
(b) vB = 2.27 m/s
( v A )0 = 190 mi/h east = ( 278.67 ft/s ) i

Place orgin at point of impact.
x0 = 0, y0 = 0, z0 = 0
After impact the motion is projectile motion.

1 2
r = r0 + v 0t − gt j
2
r − r0 1
v0 = + gt j
t 2
where r = (1600 ft ) i − ( 2400 ft ) j + ( 400 ft ) k
r0 = 0
1600 2400 400 1

v0 = i− j+ k +   ( 32.2 )(12 ) j
12 12 12 2
= (133.333 ft/s ) i − ( 6.80 ft/s ) j + ( 33.333 ft/s ) k
Impact: Conservation of momentum.
mA ( v A )0 + mB ( v B )0 = ( mA + mB ) v 0
mA + mB m
( v B )0 = v 0 − A ( v A )0
mB mB
23000 10000
= (133.333i − 6.80 j + 33.333k ) − ( 278.67 ) i
13000 13000
= ( 21.537 ft/s ) i − (12.031 ft/s ) j + ( 58.975 ft/s ) k
Components: ( 21.537 ft/s ) i = 14.69 mi/h east

( 58.974 ft/s ) k = 40.2 mi/h south
− (12.031 ft/s ) j = 8.20 mi/h down
Weight of arrow: WA = 2 oz = 0.125 lb.
Weight of bird: WB = 6 lb.
Conservation of momentum: Let v be velocity immediately after impact.

WA W W + WB
v A + B vB = A v
g g g
v=
WA v A
+
WB v B
=
( 0.125)(180j + 240k ) + ( 6 )( 30i )
WA + WB WA + WB 6.125
= 29.388i + 3.6735j + 4.8980k
Vertical motion: y = y0 + v y ( )0 t − 12 gt 2
1
0 = 45 + 3.6735 t − ( 32.2 ) t 2 or t 2 − 0.22817 t − 2.7950 = 0
2
Solving for t, t = 1.7898 s
Horizontal motion: x = vx t , z = vz t
x = ( 29.388 )(1.7898 ) = 52.6 ft

z = ( 4.8980 )(1.7898 ) = 8.77 ft
rP = ( 52.6 ft ) i + ( 8.77 ft ) k

Position vectors (mm): A1 A2 = 80i + 80 j + 40k ( A1 A2 ) = 120

B1B2 = −33i + 70 j − 10k ( B1B2 ) = 78.032

C1C2 = 48j − 15k ( C1C2 ) = 50.289
Unit vectors: Along A1 A2 , λ A = 0.66667i + 0.66667 j + 0.33333k
Along B1B2 , λ B = −0.42290i + 0.89707 j − 0.12815k
Along C1C2 , λ C = 0.95448j − 0.29828k
Velocity vectors after the collisions:
v A = v Aλ A v B = vB λ B vC = vC λ C
mu 0 + 4mv 0 + 4mv 0 = mv A + 4mv B + 4mvC
Divide by m and substitute data.
( −600i + 750 j − 800k ) + 2400 j + 2400 j = vAλ A + 4vBλ B + 4vC λC
Resolving into components,
i : − 600 = 0.66667v A − 1.69160vB
j: 5550 = 0.66667v A + 3.58828vB + 3.81792vC
k : − 800 = 0.33333v A − 0.51260vB − 1.19312vC
Solving the three equations simultaneously,
v A = 919.26 m/s, vB = 716.98 m/s, vC = 619.30 m/s
v A = 919 m/s
vB = 717 m/s
vC = 619 m/s
Position vectors (ft): rD = 18k

rA = −7.5i rA/D = −7.5i − 18k rA/D = 19.5
rB = 18i + 9 j rB/D = 18i + 9 j − 18k rB/D = 27
rC = −13.5j rC/D = −13.5j − 18k rC/D = 22.5
1
Unit vectors: Along rA/D , ( −7.5i − 18k )
λA =
19.5
1
Along rB/D , λB = (18i + 9 j − 18k )
27
1
Along rC/D , λC = ( −13.5j − 18k )
22.5
Assume that elevation changes due to gravity may be neglected. Then, the velocity vectors after the
explosition have the directions of the unit vectors.
Conservation of momentum: mv 0 = mA v A + mB v B + mC vC
18 8 v 6 v 4 v
( 60i − 45j − 1800k ) =  A  ( −7.5i − 18k ) +  B  (18i + 9 j − 18k ) +  C  ( −13.5j − 18k )
g g  19.5  g  27  g  22.5 
Multiply by g and resolve into components.
 v  v 
1080 = − 60  A  + 108  B 
 19.5   27 
v   v 
−810 = 54  B  − 52  C 
 27   22.5 
 v  v   v 
−32400 = −144  A  − 108  B  − 72  C 
 19.5   27   22.5 
vA
Solving, = 119.944 v A = 2340 ft/s
19.5
vB
= 76.635 vB = 2070 ft/s
27
vC
= 95.160 vC = 2140 ft/s
22.5
Position vectors (ft): rD = 18k
rA = −7.5i rA/D = −7.5i − 18k rA/D = 19.5

rB = 18i + 9 j rB/D = 18i + 9 j − 18k rB/D = 27
rC = −13.5j rC/D = −13.5j − 18k rC/D = 22.5
1
Unit vectors: Along rA/D , λA = ( −7.5i − 18k )
19.5
1
Along rB/D , λB = (18i + 9 j − 18k )
27
1
Along rC/D , λC = ( −13.5j − 18k )
22.5
Assume that elevation changes due to gravity may be neglected. Then, the velocity vectors after the explosition
have the directions of the unit vectors.
rA/D 19.5
where vA = = = 1950 ft/s
tA 0.010
rB/D 27
vB = = = 1500 ft/s
tB 0.018
rC/D 22.5
vC = = = 1875 ft/s
tC 0.012
so that v A = − ( 750 ft/s ) i − (1800 ft/s ) k
v B = (1000 ft/s ) i + ( 500 ft/s ) j − (1000 ft/s ) k
vC = − (1125 ft ) j − (1500 ft/s ) k
Conservation of momentum: mv 0 = mA v A + mB v B + mC vC
W  W W W
−  v0  k = A ( − 750i − 1800k ) + B (1000i + 500 j − 1000k ) + C ( −1125 j − 1500k )
 g  g g g
Divide by g and resolve into components.

i: 0 = − 750 WA + 1000 WB (1)
j: 0= 500 WB − 1125 WC (2)
k : − Wv0 = −1800 WA − 1000 WB − 1500 WC (3)
Since mass is conserved, W = WA + WB + WC = 6 lb (4)

Solving equations (1), (2), and (4) simultaneously,
(a) WA = 2.88 lb, WB = 2.16 lb, WC = 0.96 lb
substituting into (3),
− 6v0 = − (1800 )( 2.88 ) − (1000 )( 2.16 ) − (1500 )( 0.96 )
(b) v0 = 1464 ft/s
n
From Eq. (14.7), H O = ∑ ( ri × mi vi )
i =1
n
= ∑ ( r + ri′) × mi vi 
i =1
n n
= r × ∑ ( mi vi ) + ∑ ( ri′ × mi vi )
i =1 i =1
= r × mv + H G
vi = v A + v′i
n
H A = ∑ ri′ × mi vi
i =1
n
= ∑ ri′ × mi ( v A + v′i )
i =1
n n
= ∑ ( ri′ × mi v A ) + ∑ ri′ × mi vi
i =1 i =1
n
= ∑ ( miri′) × v A + H′A
i =1
n
= ∑ mi ( ri − rA ) × v A + H′A
i =1
= m ( r − rA ) × v A + H′A
H A = H′A if, and only if, m ( r − rA ) × v A = 0
This condition is satisfied if,
(a) v A = 0 Point A has zero velocity.

or (b) r = rA Point A coincides with the mass center.
or (c) v A is parallel to r − rA. Velocity v A is directed along line AG .
n
From equation (1), H′A = ∑ ( ri′ × mi v′i )
i =1
n
H′A = ∑ ( ri − rA ) × mi ( vi − v A ) 
i =1
Differentiate with respect to time.

n n
& ′ = ∑ ( r& − r& ) × m ( v − v )  + ∑ ( r − r ) × m ( v& − v& ) 
H A  i A i i A   i A i i A 
i =1 i =1
But r&i = vi , v& i = ai , r&A = v A , and v& A = a A

n
Hence, & ′ = 0 + ∑ ( r − r ) × m ( a − a ) 
H A  i A i i A 
i =1
n
= ∑ ( ri − rA ) × ( Fi − mia A ) 
i =1
n n
= ∑ ( ri − rA ) × Fi  − ∑  mi ( ri − rA )  × a A
i =1 i =1
= M A − m ( r − rA ) × a A
&′ = M
H if, and only if, m ( r − rA ) × a A = 0
A A
This condition is satisfied if

(a) a A = 0 The frame is newtonian.
or (b) r = rA Point A coincides with the mass center.
or (c) a A is parallel to r − rA. Acceleration a A is directed along line AG.
The masses are m for the bullet and mA and mB for the blocks.
The bullet passes through block A and embeds in block B. Momentum is conserved.
Initial momentum: mv0 + mA ( 0 ) + mB ( 0 ) = mv0
Final momentum: mvB + mAv A + mB vB
Equating, mv0 = mvB + mAv A + mBvB
m=
mAv A + mB vB
=
( 3)( 3) + ( 2.5)( 5) = 43.434 × 10−3 kg
v0 − vB 500 − 5
The bullet passes through block A. Momentum is conserved.

Initial momentum: mv0 + mA ( 0 ) = mv0
Final momentum: mv1 + m Av A
Equating, mv0 = mv1 + m Av A
v1 =
mv0 − mAv A
=
( )
43.434 × 10−3 ( 500 ) − ( 3)( 3)
= 292.79 m/s
m 43.434 × 10−3
(a) Bullet passes through block A. Kinetic energies.
1 2 1
Before: T0 =
2
mv0 =
2
( 2
)
43.434 × 10−3 ( 500 ) = 5429 J
1 2 1 1 1
After: T1 =
2
mv1 + mAv A2 =
2 2
( 2
2
) 2
43.434 × 10−3 ( 292.79 ) + ( 3)( 3) = 1875 J
Lost: T0 − T1 = 5429 − 1875 = 3554 J energy lost = 3550 J

(b) Bullet becomes embedded in block B. Kinetic energies.
1 2 1
Before: T2 =
2
mv1 =
2
( )
2
43.434 × 10−3 ( 292.79 ) = 1861.7 J
1 1
After: T3 = ( m + mB ) vB2 = ( 2.54343)( 5)2 = 31.8 J
2 2
Lost: T2 − T3 = 1862 − 31.8 = 1830 J energy lost = 1830 J
Data and results from Prob. 14.1.

Masses: mA = mB = 1350 kg, mc = 5400 kg
Initial velocities: (v A )0 = (vB )0 = 0, (vc )0 = 8 km/h = 2.2222 m/s

Velocities after first collision:
(v A )1 = 0, (vB )1 = (vc )1 = 1.77778 m/s
Velocities after second collision
v A = 2.9630 m/s, vB = vc = 1.18519 m/s
1 1 1
Initial kinetic energy: T0 = mA (v A )02 + mB (vB )02 + mc (vB )02
2 2 2
1
T0 = 0 + 0 + (5400) (2.2222) 2 = 13.3333 × 103 J
2
Kinetic energy after the first collision:
1 1 2 1
T1 = mA (v A )12 + mB ( vB )1 + mc (vc )12
2 2 2
1 1
=0+ (1350) (1.77778)2 + (5400) (1.77778) 2 = 10.6667 × 103 J
2 2
Kinetic energy after the second collision:
1 1 1
T2 = mA v A2 + mB vB2 + mc vc2
2 2 2
1 1 1
= (1350) (2.9630)2 + (1350) (1.18519)2 + (5400) (1.18519)2 = 10.6668 × 103 J
2 2 2
Kinetic energy lost in first collision: T0 − T1 = 2.6667 × 103 J
2.67 kJ
Kinetic energies before and after second collision:
T2 = T1 = 10.67 kJ
The masses are mA =

4000
= 124.2 slugs, mB =
3700
= 114.9 slugs, and mF =
( 22 )( 2000 ) = 1366.5 slugs
32.2 32.2 32.2
Let v A , vB , and vF be the sought after velocities in ft/s, positive to the right.
Initial values: ( v A )0 = ( vB )0 = ( vF )0 = 0.
Initial momentum of system: mA ( v A )0 + mB ( vB )0 + mF ( vF )0 = 0.
conserved.
0 = mAv A + mBvB + mF vF
124.2v A + 114.9vB + 1366.5vF = 0 (1)

The relative velocities are given as
v A/F = v A − vF = −7 ft/s (2)
vB/F = vB − vF = −3.5 ft/s (3)

v A = −6.208 ft/s, vB = −2.708 ft/s, vF = 0.7919 ft/s
1 2 1 2 1 2
Initial kinetic energy: T1 = mA ( v A )0 + mB ( vB )0 + ( vC )0 = 0
2 2 2
1 1 1
Final kinetic energy: T2 = mAv A2 + mBvB2 + mC vC2
2 2 2
1 1 1
T2 = (124.2 )( 6.208)2 + (114.9 )( 2.708)2 + (1366.5)( 0.7919 )2
2 2 2
= 3243 ft ⋅ lb
Work done by engines: T1 + U1 2 = T2
U1 2 = T2 − T1 = 3243 ft ⋅ lb U1 2 = 3240 ft ⋅ lb
From the solution to Prob. 14.27,

Initial velocity of 6-lb shell: v0 = 1464 ft/s
Weights of fragments: WA = 2.88 lb, WB = 2.16 lb, Wc = 0.96 lb

Speeds of fragments: v A = 1950 ft/s, vB = 1500 ft/s, vc = 1875 ft/s
Total kinetic energy before the explosion.
1 W 2 1 6  2
 (1464 ) = 199.69 × 10 ft ⋅ lb
3
T0 = v0 = 
2 g 2  32.2 
Total kinetic energy after the explosion.
1 WA 2 1 WB 2 1 Wc 2
T1 = vA + vB + vc
2 g 2 g 2 g
1  2.88  2 1  2.16  2 1  0.96  2

=   (1950 ) +   (1500 ) +   (1875 )
2  32.2  2  32.2  2  32.2 
= 297.92 × 103 ft ⋅ lb
Increase in kinetic energy. T1 − T0 = 98.2 × 103 ft ⋅ lb
Velocity of mass center: ( mA + mB ) v = mA v A + mB v B

mA v A + mB v B
v=
mA + mB
Velocities relative to the mass center:
mA v A + mB v B m ( v − vB )
v′A = v A − v = v A − = B A
mA + mB mA + mB
v′B = v B − v = v B − = A A
mA + mB mA + mB
Energies:
1 m m2 ( v − v B ) ⋅ ( v A − v B )
EA = mA v′A ⋅ v′A = A B A 2
2 2 ( mA + mB )
1 m2 m ( v − v B ) ⋅ ( v A − v B )
EB = mB v′B ⋅ v′B = A B A 2
2 2 ( mA + mB )
(a) Ratio : E A/EB = mB /mA
(b) v A = 135 km/h = 37.5 m/s , v B = 90 km/h = 25 m/s

v A − v B = 62.5 m/s
EA =
( 2400 )(1350 )2 ( 62.5)2 = 607.5 × 103 J E A = 608 kJ
( 2 )( 3750 )2
EB =
( 2400 )2 (1350 )( 62.5)2 = 1.08 × 106 J EB = 1080 kJ
( 2 )( 3750 )2
Velocity of mass center : ( m A + mB ) v = m A v A + m B v B

mA v A + mB v B
v=
mA + mB
Velocities relative to the mass center:
v′A = v A − v = v A − = B A
mA + mB mA + mB
v′B = v B − v = v B − = A A
mA + mB mA + mB
Energies:
1 m m2 ( v − v B ) ⋅ ( v A − v B )
EA = mA v′A ⋅ v′A = A B A 2
2 2 ( mA + mB )
1 m2 m ( v − v B ) ⋅ ( v A − v B )
EB = mB v′B ⋅ v′B = A B A 2
2 2 ( mA + mB )
1 1
Energies from tests: ( E A )0 = mAv02 , ( EB )0 = mBv02
2 2
EA m2 ( v − v B ) ⋅ ( v A − v B )
Serverities: SA = = B A
( E A )0 ( mA + mB )2 v02
EB m2 ( v − v B ) ⋅ ( v A − v B )
SB = = A A
( E B )0 ( mA + mB )2 v02
SA m2
Ratio : = B2
SB mA
(a) A strikes B and C simultaneously.

During the impact, the contact impulses make 30° angles with the velocity v 0
Thus, v B = vB ( cos 30°i + sin 30° j)

vC = vC ( cos 30°i − sin 30° j)
By symmetry, v A = v Ai
Conservation of momentum: mv 0 = mv A + mv B + mvC
y component: 0 = 0 + mvB sin 30° − mvC sin 30° vC = vB
x component: mv0 = mv A + mvB cos 30° + mvC cos 30°
v0 − v A 2 v0 − v A
vB + vC = o
= ( v0 − vA ) , vB = vC =
cos 30 3 3
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
Conservation of energy: mv0 = mv A + mvB + mvC
2 2 2 2
2
v02 = v A2 + ( v0 − vA )2
3
2 2
v02 − v A2 = ( v0 − v A )( v0 + v A ) = ( v0 − v A )
3
2 1 5 1
v0 + v A = ( v0 − v A ) v0 = − v A v A = − v0
3 3 3 5
6 2 3
vB = vC = v0 = v0
5 3 5
v A = 0.200v0
v B = 0.693v0 30°
(b) A strikes B before it strikes C.

First impact; A strikes B.
During the impact, the contact impulse makes a 30° angle with the velocity v 0.
Thus, v B = vB ( cos 30°i + sin 30° j)

Conservation of momentum. mv 0 = mv A + mv B
y component: 0 = m ( v′A ) y + mvB sin 30° ( v′A ) y = −vB sin 30°
x component: v0 = m ( v′A ) x + mvB cos 30° ( v′A ) x = v0 − vB cos 30°

Conservation of energy:
1 2 1 2 1 2 1
mv0 = m ( v′A ) x + m ( v′A ) y + mvB2
2 2 2 2
1 2 1 2 1
= m ( v0 − vB cos 30° ) + ( vB sin 30° ) + vB2
2 2 2
1
(
= m v02 − 2v0vB cos 30° + vB2 cos 2 30° + vB2 sin 2 30° + vB2
2
)
3 1
vB = v0 cos 30° = v0 , ( v′A ) x = v0 sin 2 30° = v0 ,
2 4
3
( v′A ) y = −v0 cos 30° sin 30° = − v0
4
Second impact: A strikes C.
During the impact, the contact impulse makes a 30o angle with the velocity v 0.
Thus, vC = vC ( cos 30°i − sin 30° j)
Conservation of momentum: mv′A = mv A + mvC
x component: m ( v′A ) x = m ( v A ) x + mvC cos 30°,

1
( vA ) x = ( v′A ) x − vC cos 30° = v0 − vC cos 30°
4
y component: m ( v′A ) y = m ( v A ) y − mvC sin 30°
3
( vA ) y = ( v′A ) y + vC sin 30° = − v0 + vC sin 30°
4
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1
m ( v′A ) x + m ( v′A ) y = m ( v A ) x + m ( v A ) y + mvC2
2 2 2 2 2
2 2 
1 1 2 3 2  1  1   3 
m  v0 + v0  = m  v0 − vC cos 30°  +  − v0 + vC sin 30°  + vC2 
2 16 16  2  4   4  

1 1 2 1
= m v0 − v0vC cos 30° + vC2 cos 2 30°
2 16 2
3 2 3 
+ v0 − v0vC sin 30° + vC2 sin 2 30° + vC2 
16 2 
1 3 
0 = −v0vC  cos 30° + sin 30°  + 2vC2
2 2 
1 3  3
vC = v0  cos 30° + sin 30°  = v0
4 4  4
 
1 3 1
( vA ) x = v0 − v0 cos 30° = − v0
4 4 8
3 3 3
( vA ) y =− v0 + v0 sin 30° = − v0
4 4 8
v A = 0.250v0 60°
v B = 0.866v0 30°
vC = 0.433v0 30°
(a) Velocity of B at maximum elevation. At maximum elevation ball B is at rest relative to cart A. v B = v A
Use impulse-momentum principle.
x components: mAv0 + 0 = mAv A + mBvB = ( mA + mB ) vB
mAv0
vB =
mA + mB
(b) Conservation of energy:
1
T1 = mAv02 , V1 = 0
2
1 1 1 mA2 v02
T2 = mAv A2 + mB vB2 = ( mA + mB ) vB2 =
2 2 2 2 ( mA + mB )
V2 = mB gh
T2 + V2 = T1 + V1
mA2 v02 1
+ mB gh = mAv02
2 ( mA + mB ) 2
1  2 mA2 v02  mA v02

h=  mAv0 −  h=
2mB g  mA + mB  mA + mB 2 g
Velocity vectors: v 0 = v0 ( cos 30° i − sin 30° j) v0 = 15 ft/s
v A = −v A j
v B = vB ( sin 30° i − cos 30° j)
vC = vC ( cos 30° i + sin 30° j)
mv 0 = mv A + mv B + mvC
Divide by m and resolve into components.
i: v0 cos 30° = vB sin 30° + vC cos 30°
j: −v0 sin 30° = −v A − vB cos 30° + vC sin 30°
Solving for vB and vC ,
3 1
vB = ( v0 − vA ) vC = ( v0 + v A )
2 2
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
2 2 2 2
1
Divide by 2
m and substitute for vB and vC .
3 1
v02 = v A2 + ( v0 − vA )2 + ( v0 + vA )2
4 4
= 2v A2 + v02 − v0v A
1
vA = v0 = 7.5 ft/s v A = 7.50 ft/s
2
3
vB = (15 − 7.5) = 6.4952 ft/s vB = 6.50 ft/s
2
1
vC = (15 + 7.5 ) = 11.25 ft/s vC = 11.25 ft/s
2
Velocity vectors: v 0 = v0 ( cos 45° i + sin 45° j) v0 = 15 ft/s
v A = vA j
v B = vB ( sin 60° i − cos 60° j)

vC = vC ( cos 60° i + sin 60° j)
mv 0 = mv A + mv B + mvC
i: v0 cos 45° = vB sin 60° + vC cos 60°
j: v0 sin 45° = v A − vB cos 60° + vC sin 60°
Solving for vB and vC ,
vB = 0.25882v0 − 0.5v A vC = 0.96593v0 − 0.86603v A
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
2 2 2 2
Divide by m and substitute for vB and vC .
2 2
v02 = v A2 + ( 0.25882v0 + 0.5v A ) + ( 0.96593v0 − 0.86603v A )
= v02 + 1.4142v0v A + 2v A2
v A = 0.70711v0 = 10.607 ft/s v A = 10.61 ft/s
vB = 0.61237v0 = 9.1856 ft/s vB = 9.19 ft/s
vC = 0.35356v0 = 5.303 ft/s vC = 5.30 ft/s
1 8
sin θ = , cosθ = , θ = 19.471°
3 3
Velocity vectors v 0 = −v0 j
v A = v A ( cosθ i − sin θ j)
v B/ A = uB ( − sin θ i − cosθ j)
v B = v A + v B/ A
vC = vC j
Conservation of momentum: mv 0 = mv A + mv B + mvC = 2mv A + mv B/ A + mvC
i: 0 = 2v A cosθ − u B sin θ
− j : v0 = +2v A sin θ + uB cosθ − vC
1
Solving for v A and u B , vA = ( v0 + vC ) u B = 0.94281( v0 + vC )
6
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
2 2 2 2
1 2 1 1
=
2 2
( )
mv A + m v A2 + uB2 + mvC2
2
1
Divide by 2
m and substitute for v A and uB .
2
1 2 2 2
v02 = 2   ( v0 + vC ) + ( 0.94281) ( v0 + vC ) + vC2
6
2
v02 − vC2 = 0.94445 ( v0 + vC ) vC = 0.02857v0 vC = 0.0286v0
v A = 0.17143v0 v A = [0.17143v0 19.471°] , v A = 0.1714v0 19.5°
uB = 0.96975v0 v B/ A [ 0.96975v0 19.471°]

v B = v A + v B/ A v B = 0.985 80.1°
1 8
sin θ = , cosθ = , θ = 19.471°
3 3
C strikes B.
mv 0 = mv′B + mv C or v′B = v0 − vC
1 2 1 2 1
mv0 = m ( v′B ) + mvC2
2 2 2
2
v02 = ( v0 − vC ) + vC2
vC = 0
v′B = v0
Cord becomes taut.
Velocity vectors:
v A = vA θ
v B/ A = uB θ
Conservation of momentum: mv′B = mv A + mv A + mv B/ A

1 1
+ θ : v′B sin θ = 2v A vA = v′B sin θ = v0
2 6
v0
(a) vA = 19.5°
6
v0
+ θ : v′B cosθ = uB uB = v′B cosθ = 8
3
1 
v B =  v0 19.471° + [ 0.94281v0 19.471°]
6 
v B = [ 0.95743 v0 80.8°] v B = 0.957v0 80.5°
vC = 0
1 2
Initial kinetic energy: T1 = mv0
2
1 2 1 2 1 2
Final kinetic energy: T2 = mv A + mvB + mvC
2 2 2
2
1 2  1  2  1
= mv0   + (.95743) + 0  = mv02 ( 0.94444 )
2  6   2
T1 − T2 1 − 0.94444
(b) Fraction lost: = = 0.05555
T1 1
Fraction of energy lost = 0.0556
(a) Use part (a) of sample Problem 14.4 with mA = mB = m.
m 1
v= v0 = v0
m+m 2
1
v A = vB = v0
2
(b) Consider initial position and position when θ = 0 again.

Conservation of momentum
mv0 = mAv A + mB vB
vB + v A = v0 (1)
Conservation of energy
1 1 1
mv02 = mv A2 + mvB2 (2)
2 2 2
Substituting (1) into (2),
1 1 1
m(v A + vB )2 = mv A2 + mvB2
2 2 2
mv AvB = 0
Either v A = 0 with vB = v0
or vB = 0 with v A = v0
(c) Consider positions when θ = θ max and θ = θ min .
Since vB/ A = 0 at these states
vB = v A
Conservation of momentum
mv0 = mv A + mvB
1
vB = v A = v0
2
Conservation of energy would show that the elevation of B is the same for θ = θ max and θ = θ min .
Both A and B keep moving to the right with A and B stopping intermittently.
Relative velocity and acceleration.
v B = v A + v B/ A = [vA ] + [vB/A 30° ]
a B = a A + a B/ A = [aA ] + [aB/A 30° ]
Draw free body diagrams and apply Newton’s second law.

Block:
∑ F = ma : N1 − mB g cos 30° = − mB a A sin 30° (1)
∑ F = ma : N1 sin 30° = mB aB/ A cos 30° − mB a A (2)
Wedge:
∑ F = ma : N1 sin 30° = mA a A (3)

Rearranging (1), (2), and (3) and applying numerical data,
N1 + (6sin 30°)a A = (6)(9.81) cos 30° (1)
(sin 30°) N1 + 6 a A − (6cos 30°)aB/ A = 0 (2)
(sin 30°) N1 − 10a A = 0 (3)

N1 = 44.325 N, a A = 2.2163 m/s 2 , aB/ A = 6.8243 m/s 2
Sliding motion of block relative to wedge.

(vB/ A )2
= aB/ A sB/ A
2
vB/ A = 2aB/ A sB/ A = (2) (6.8243) (1.0) = 3.6944 m/s
v B/A 3.6944
t= = = 0.54136 s
aB/A 6.8243
Motion of wedge.
v A = a A t = (2.2163) (0.54136) = 1.1998 m/s
(a) Velocity of B relative to A. v B/ A = 3.69 m/s 30°
(b) Velocity of A . v A = 1.200 m/s
There are no external forces. Momentum is conserved.
(a) Moments about D : 0.9mAv0 = 1.8mC vC + 0.9 ( mA + mB ) vB
0.9mA 0.9 ( mA + mB )
vC = v0 − vB = ( 0.5 )(12 ) − ( 2.5 ) = 3.50 vC = 3.50 m/s
1.8mC 1.8mC
Moments about C : 0.9mAv0 = 0.9 ( mA + mB ) vB + 1.8mDvD
0.9mAv0 0.9 ( mA + mB )
vD = − vB = ( 0.25 )(12 ) − ( 0.5 )( 2.5 ) = 1.750m/s vD = 1.750 m/s
1.8mD 1.8mD
(b) Initial kinetic energy:
1 1 2
T1 = mA v02 = 7.5 (12 ) = 540 N ⋅ m
2 2
Final kinetic energy:
1 1 1
T2 = (mA + mB ) vB2 + mC vC2 + mDvD2
2 2 2
1 2 1 2 1 2
= 15 ( 2.5 ) + 7.5 ( 3.5 ) + 15 (1.750 ) = 115.78 N ⋅ m
2 2 2
Energy lost: 540 − 115.78 = 424.22 N ⋅ m
Fraction of energy lost =

424.22
= 0.786
(T1 − T2 ) = 0.786
540 T1
There are no external forces. Momentum is conserved.
(a) Moments about D : 0.9mAv0 = 1.8mC vC + 0.9mBvB
0.9mA 0.9mB
vC = v0 − vB = ( 0.5 )(12 ) − ( 0.5 )( 3.5 ) = 4.25 vC = 4.25 m/s
1.8mC 1.8mC
Moments about C : 0.9mAv0 = 1.8mDvD + 0.9mBvB
0.9mA 0.9mB
vD = v0 − vB = ( 0.25 )(12 ) − ( 0.25 )( 3.5 ) = 2.125 m/s vD = 2.13 m/s
1.8mD 1.8mD
(b) Initial kinetic energy:
1 1 2
T1 = mAv02 = 7.5 (12 ) = 540 N ⋅ m
2 2
Final kinetic energy:
1 1 1
T2 = mBvB2 + mC vC2 + mD vD2
2 2 2
1 2 1 2 1 2
= 7.5 ( 3.5 ) + 7.5 ( 4.25 ) + 15 ( 2.125 ) = 147.54 N ⋅ m
2 2 2
Energy lost: 540 − 147.54 = 392.46 N ⋅ m
Fraction of energy lost =

392.46
= 0.727
(T1 − T2 ) = 0.727
540 T1
(a) Linear and angular momentum.

L = m A v A + mB v B = mv0i + 0
L = mv0i
2l l
HG = j × (mv0i) + (− j) × 0i
3 3
2
HG = − lmv0k
3
Motion of mass center G. Since there is no external force,
L = mA v A + mB v B = mv0i = constant
1
3mv = mv0i v= v0i
3
Motion about mass center.
HG = H′G = Σri′ × mi v′i = rA′ × (mA v′A ) + rB′ × (mB v′B )
2 1
where rA′ = lj′, rB′ = − lj′
3 3
2 & 1
v′A = lθ i′, v′B = − lθ&i′
3 3
2  2   1  1 1 
Thus, HG =  lj′  ×  mlθ&i′  +  − lj′  ×  ⋅ 2m lθ&i′ 
 3   3   3   3 3 
2
= − ml 2θ&k
3
But HG is constant.
2 2 v0
− ml 2θ k = − lmv0k θ& =
3 3 l
2 & 2
v′A = lθ = v0
3 3
1 & 1
v′B = lθ = v0
3 3
(b) After 180º rotation.

1 2
v A = v + v′A = v0i − v0i
3 3
1
v A = − v0i
3
1 1
v B = v + v′B = v0i + v0i
3 3
2
vB = v0i
3
125
Masses: mA = = 3.882 lb ⋅ s 2 /ft, mB = 2mA , mC = 3mA .
32.2
Conservation of angular momentum about O.
rA = 240i + 240 j + 2160k v A = (v A ) x i + (v A ) y j + (v A ) z k
rB = 600i + 1320 j + 3240k v B = 500i + 1100 j + 2200k
rC = − 480i − 960 j + 1920k vC = − 400i + (vC ) y j + (vC ) z k
Since the three parts pass through O, the angular momentum about O is zero. H 0 = 0
H 0 = rA × mA v A + rB × mB v B + rC × mC vC = 0
mA[rA × v A + 2rB × v B + 3rC × vC ] = 0
Dividing by mA and using determinant form,
i j k i j k i j k
240 240 2160 + 1200 2640 6480 + −1440 −2880 5760
(v A ) x (v A ) y (v A ) z 500 1100 2200 −400 (vC ) y (vC ) z
= [240(v A ) z − 2160(v A ) y ] i + [2160(v A ) x − 240(v A ) z ] j
+ [240(v A ) y − 240(v A ) x ] k − 1.320 × 106 i + 0.6 × 106 j
+ 0 k + [− 2880(vC ) z − 5760(vC ) y ]i
+ [1440(vC ) z − 2.304 × 106 ] j + [−1440(vC ) y − 1.152 × 106 ]k = 0
Dividing by 240 and equating to zero the coefficients of i, j, and k,

i : (v A ) z − 9(v A ) y − 5500 − 12(vC ) z − 24(vC ) y = 0 (1)
j: 9(v A ) x − (v A ) z − 7100 + 6(vC ) z = 0 (2)

k : (v A ) y − (v A ) x − 6(vC ) y − 4800 = 0 (3)
Conservation of linear momentum.

mA v A + mB vC + mC vC = (mA + mB + mC ) v 0
mA ( v A + 2 v C + 3v C ) = 6m A ( v 0 )
Dividing by mA and substituting given data,

(v A ) x i + (v A ) y j + (v A ) z k + (2)(500i + 1100 j + 2200k ) + (3)[−400i + (vC ) y j + (vC ) z k ] = (6)(1500)k
Separating into components,

i : (v A ) x + 1000 − 1200 = 0 (4)
j: (v A ) y + 2200 + 3(vC ) y = 0 (5)
k : (v A ) z + 4400 + 3(vC ) z = 9000 (6)
From (4), (v A ) x = 200 ft/s

Solving (3) and (5) simultaneously,
(v A ) y = 200 ft/s (vC ) y = − 800 ft/s
Solving (2) and (6) simultaneously,

(v A ) z = 1300 ft/s (vC ) z = 1100 ft/s
v A = (200 ft/s)i + (200 ft/s) j + (1300 ft/s)k
Let the system consist of spheres A and B.

State 1. Instant cord DC breaks.
 3 1 
m ( v A )1 = mv0  − i − j 
 2 2 
 3 1 
m ( v B )1 = mv0  i − j 
 2 2 
L1 = m ( v A )1 + m ( v B )1 = −mv0 j
L1 1
v= = − v0 j
2m 2
Mass center lies at point G as shown.
3 3
( HG )1 = lj × ( mv A )1 + − lj × ( mv B )1
2 2
3
= lmv0k
2
1 2 1 2
T1 = mv0 + mv0 = mv02
2 2
State 2. The cord is taut. Conservation of linear momentum:
1
(a) v D = v = − v0 j vD = 0.500v0
2
Let ( v A )2 = v + uA and vB = v + uB
L 2 = 2mv + mu A + mu B = L1
u B = −u A uB = u A
( H G )2 = lmu Ak + lmuBk = 2lmu Ak
(b) Conservation of angular momentum:
( HG )2 = ( HG )1
3 3
2lmu Ak = lmv0k u A = uB = v0
2 4
u = 0.750v0
1 1 1
T2 = ( 2m ) v 2 + mu A2 + muB2
2 2 2
1 1 9 9  13 2
= mv02  + + = mv0
2  2 16 16  16
13
T1 − T2 1 − 16 3
(c) Fraction of energy lost: = =
T1 1 16
T1 − T2
= 0.1875
T1
The system is spheres A and B and the ring D.

Initial velocities: v A = v0 ( − cos 30°i − sin 30° j)
v B = v0 ( − cos 30°i − sin 30° j)
vD = 0
Locate the mass center.
4m r0 = mrA + mrB
= ml ( − sin 30°i + cos30° j) + ml ( − sin 30°i − cos 30°j)
1
r0 = − li
4
Velocity of mass center.
4mv = mv A + mv B
= mv0 ( − cos 30°i − sin 30° j) + mv0 ( cos 30°i − sin 30° j)
1
v = − v0 j
4
(a) Motion of mass center r = r0 + vt
1 1
r = − li − v0 tj
4 4
(b) HG = rA/G × mv A + rB/G × mv B
 1 
=  − l i + l cos 30° j  × ( − cos 30° i − sin 30° j) mv0
 4 
 1 
+  − l i − l cos 30° j  × ( cos 30° i − sin 30° j) mv0
 4 
7
HG = lmv0k
4
1 2 1 2
(c) T = mv A + mvB = mv02 T = mv02
2 2
Let m be the mass of one ball.
Conservation of linear momentum: (Σmv) = (Σmv)0
mv A + mv B + mvC = m( v A )0 + m( v B )0 + m( vC )0
Dividing by m and applying numerical data,
(0.5 ft/s)i + [(3.75 ft/s)i + (vB ) y j] + [(vC ) x i + (vC ) y j] = (6.5 ft/s)i + 0 + 0
Components:
x: 0.5 + 3.75 = (vC ) x + 6.5 (vC ) x = 2.25 ft/s
y: (vB ) y + (vC ) y = 0 (1)
Conservation of angular momentum about O:
Σ[r × (mv)] = Σ[r × (mv 0 )]
where rA = 0, rB = 0, rC = (1.5 ft)(cos 30°i + sin 30° j)
(1.5)( cos 30°i + sin 30°j) × [m(vC ) x i + m(vC ) y j] = 0

Since their cross product is zero, the two vectors are parallel.
(vC ) y = (vC ) x tan 30° = 2.25 tan 30° = 1.2990 ft/s
From (1), (vB ) y = −1.2990 ft/s
(vB ) y = −1.299 ft/s
vC = (2.25 ft/s)i + (1.299 ft/s) j
Let m be the mass of one ball.
Conservation of linear momentum: (Σmv) = (Σmv)0
mv A + mv B + mvC = m( v A )0 + (mv B )0 + (mvC )0
Dividing by m and applying numerical data,
0 + [(6 ft/s)i + (vB ) y j] + [(vC ) x i + (vC ) y j] = (8 ft/s)i + 0 + 0
Components:
x: 6 + (vC ) x = 8 (vC ) x = 2 ft/s
y: (vB ) y + (vC ) y = 0 (1)
Σ[r × (mv)] = Σ[r × (mv 0 )]
where rA = 0, rB = 0, rC = (1.5 ft)(cos 45°i + sin 45° j)
(1.5)(cos 45°i + sin 45° j) × [m(vC ) x i + m(vC ) y j] = 0
Since their cross product is zero, the two vectors are parallel.
(vC ) y = (vC ) x tan 45° = 2 tan 45° = 2 ft/s
From (1), (vB ) y = − 2 ft/s
(vB ) y = − 2.00 ft/s
vC = (2.00 ft/s)i + (2.00 ft/s) j
 WA WB  WA W
Conservation of linear momentum:  +  v0 = v A + B vB
 g g  g g
After multiplying by g, 7.2 ( 5.76i + 1.44 j) = 4.8 v A j + 2.4 ( vB ) x i + 2.4 ( vB ) y j
i: 41.472 = 2.4 ( vB ) x ( vB ) x = 17.28 ft/s
j: 10.348 = 4.8v A − 2.4 ( vB ) y ( vB ) y = 4.32 − 2v A
1 1
Speeds relative to the mass center: uA = ( lω ) = ( 3)(8) = 8 ft/s
3 3
2 2
uB = ( lω ) = ( 3)(8) = 16 ft/s
3 3
1  WA WB   2 2 1 WA 2 1 WB 2
Initial kinetic energy: T1 =  +  ( v0 ) x + ( v0 ) y  + uA + uB
2 g g   2 g 2 g
1  7.2  1  4.8  2 1  2.4 

T1 =  (
2  32.2 
2 2
 5.76 + 1.44 +  )  (8) + 
2  32.2  2  32.2 
2
 (16 ) = 18.2517 ft ⋅ lb
1 WA 2 1 WB 1W
Final kinetic energy: T2 = vA + ( vB )2x + B ( vB )2y
2 g 2 g 2 g
1  4.8  2 1  2.4  2 1  2.4  2

T2 =   vA +   (17.28 ) +   ( 4.32 − 2v A )
2  32.2  2  32.2  2  32.2 
= 0.2236v A2 − 0.6440v A + 11.8234
Conservation of energy: T1 = T2
(a) 0.2236v A2 − 0.6440v A − 6.4283 = 0, v A = 6.9919 ft/s v A = 6.99 ft/s
( vB ) y = 4.32 − ( 2 )( 6.9919 ) = −9.6638 ft/s v B = (17.28 ft/s ) i − ( 9.6638 ft/s ) j
v B = 19.80 ft/s 29.2°

W W  W l W 2l
( H O )1 = − y0 ( mA + mB ) ( v0 ) x + H G = − y0  A + B  ( v0 ) x + B u A + B uB
 g g  g 3 g 3
 7.2   4.8   2.4 
= − ( 7.44 )   ( 5.76 ) +   (1.0 )( 8 ) +   ( 2.0 )(16 ) = − 6.0047 ft ⋅ lb ⋅ s
 32.2   32.2   32.2 
WA W
( H O )2 = mAv Aa + mB ( vB ) y b = v Aa + B (vB ) y b
g g
 4.8   2.4 
=  (6.9919)a +   (−9.6638)(24) = 1.0423a − 17.2868
 32.2   32.2 
( H O )2 = ( H O )1 1.0423a − 17.2868 = −6.0047
(b) a = 10.82 ft a = 10.82 ft
 WA WB  WA W
Conservation of linear momentum:  +  v0 = v A + B vB
 g g  g g
9  6   3 
v0 =   ( 7.68j) +   (10.8i − 6.72 j)
32.2  32.2   32.2 
(a) v 0 = ( 3.6 ft/s ) i + ( 2.88 ft/s ) j v 0 = 4.61 ft/s 38.7°
Let l A be the distance from G to A and lB be the distance from G to B.
WA W W
l A = B lB or lB = A l A = 2l A
g g WB
Let ω be the spin rate.
1 W W  1 WA 1W
Initial kinetic energy: T1 =  A + B  v02 + ( l Aω )2 + B ( lBω )2
2 g g  2 g 2 g
1 9  1 6  1 3 
T1 = 
2  32.2 
( 2 2
 3.6 + 2.88 +  )
2  32.2 
2
 ( l Aω ) +   ( 2l Aω )
2  32.2 
2
2
= 2.9703 + 0.27950 ( l Aω )
1 WA 2 1 WB 2
Final kinetic energy: T2 = vA + vB
2 g 2 g
1 6  1 3 
 T2 =
2  32.2 
2
 ( 7.68 ) + 
2  32.2 
2 2
(
 10.8 + 6.72 = 13.0324 )
Conservation of energy: T2 = T1 .
2
13.0324 = 2.9703 + 0.27950 ( l Aω ) ( l Aω ) = 6.000 ft/s
W W  W W
( H O )1 =  A + B   x0 ( v0 ) y − y0 ( v0 ) x  + A l A ( l Aω ) + B lB ( lBω )
 g g  g g
 9   6  2  3 
=  0 − ( 7.5 )( 3.6 )  + 
 32.2   32.2 
( )
 l Aω +   ( 2l A )( 2l Aω )
 32.2 
( )
= −7.5466 + 0.55901 l A2ω = −7.5466 + ( 3.3540 )( l A )
WA W  6   3 
( H O )2 = v A a + B ( vB ) y b =   ( 7.68 )( 5.58 ) +   ( −6.72 )( 21.6 )
g g  32.2   32.2 
= −5.5382 ft ⋅ lb ⋅ s
( H O )2 = ( H O )1 : −5.5382 = −7.5466 + 3.3540l A l A = 0.600 ft
(b) lB = 2l A = 1.200 ft l = l A + lB l = 1.800 ft
l Aω 6.00
(c) ω = = = 10.00 ω = 10.00 rad/s
lA 0.600
Velocities in m/s. Lengths in meters. Assume masses are 1.0 for each ball.
Before impacts: ( v A )0 = v0i = 4i, ( v B )0 = ( v C )0 = 0
After impacts: v A = −1.92 j, v B = ( vB ) x i + ( vB ) y j, vC = vC i
Conservation of linear momentum: v 0 = v A + v B + vC
i: 4 = 0 + ( vB ) x + vC ( vB ) x = 4 − vC
j: 0 = −1.92 + ( vB ) y + 0 ( vB ) y = 1.92
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
Conservation of energy: v0 = v A + vB + vC
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1
( 4 )2 = (1.92 )2 + (1.92 )2 + ( 4 − vC )2 + vC2
2 2 2 2 2
vC2 − 4vC + 3.6864 = 0
4± ( 4 )2 − ( 4 )( 3.6864 )
vC = = 2 ± 0.56 = 2.56 or 1.44
2
Conservation of angular momentum about B′:
0.75v0 = (1.8 − a ) v A + cvC

cvC = ( 0.75 )( 4 ) − (1.8 − 1.65 )(1.92 ) = 2.712
2.712
c=
vC
If vC = 1.44, c = 1.8833 off the table. Reject
If vC = 2.56, c = 1.059
Then, ( vB ) x = 4 − 2.56 = 1.44, v B = 1.44i + 1.92 j
Summary.
(a) v B = 2.40 m/s 53.1°
vC = 2.56 m/s
(b) c = 1.059 m
Velocities in m/s. Lengths in meters. Assume masses are 1.0 for each ball.
Before impacts: ( v A )0 = v0i = 5i, ( v B )0 = ( v C )0 = 0
After impacts: v A = −v A j, v B = ( vB ) x i + ( vB ) y j, vC = 3.2i
Conservation of linear momentum: v 0 = v A + v B + vC
i: 5 = 0 + ( vB ) x + 3.2 ( vB ) x = 1.8
j: 0 = −v A + ( v B ) y + 0 ( vB ) y = vA
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
Conservation of energy: v0 = v A + vB + vC
2 2 2 2
1 2 1 1 1 1
( 5) = ( v A )2 + (1.8)2 + ( vA )2 + ( 3.2 )2
2 2 2 2 2
(a) v A2 = 5.76 v A = 2.4 v A = 2.40 m/s
( vB ) y = 2.4 v B = 1.8i + 2.4 j v B = 3.00 m/s 53.1°
Conservation of angular momentum about B′:

0.75v0 = (1.8 − a ) v A + cvC
av A = 1.8v A + cvC − 0.75v0
= (1.8 )( 2.4 ) + (1.22 )( 3.2 ) − ( 0.75 )( 5 ) = 4.474
4.474 4.474
(b) a= = a = 1.864 m
vA 2.4
Use a frame of reference that is translating with the mass center G of the system. Let v 0 be its velocity.
v 0 = v0 i
The initial velocities in this system are ( v′A )0, ( v′B )0 and ( v′C )0 , each having a magnitude of lω . They are
directed 120° apart. Thus,
( v′A )0 + ( v′B )0 + ( v′C )0 =0
(a) Conservation of linear momentum:

m ( v′A )0 + m ( v′B )0 + m ( v′C )0 = m ( v A − v 0 ) + m ( v B − v 0 ) + m ( vC − v 0 )
0 = ( v A j − v0i ) + ( −vB j − v0i ) + ( vC i − v0i )
Resolve into components.
1 1
i: vC − 3v0 = 0 v0 = vC = ( 4.5) v 0 = 1.500 m/s
3 3
j: v A − vB = 0 vB = v A = 2.6 m/s
Conservation of angular momentum about G:
HG = 3ml 2ω k = rA × m ( v A − v 0 ) + rB × ( v B − v 0 ) + rC × ( vC − v 0 )
3l 2ω k = ( rA − rB ) × ( v A j) + rC × ( vC i ) − ( rA + rB + rC )( v0i )
= a i × ( v A j) + ( −d j) × ( vC i ) = ( av A + dvC ) k
1
( 0.260 )( 2.6 ) + ( 0.150 )( 4.5 )  = 0.45033 m 2 /s
l 2ω =
3
1 3
2
(
T1 = 3 ml 2ω 2 = ml 2ω 2
2
)
v A − v 0 = 2.6 j − 1.5i v A − v 0 = 3.00 m/s
v B − v 0 = −2.6 j − 1.5i v B − v 0 = 3.00 m/s
vC − v 0 = 4.5i − 1.5i vC − v 0 = 3.00 m/s
1 2 1 2 1 2
T2 = m ( v A − v 0 ) + m ( v B − v 0 ) + m ( vC − v 0 )
2 2 2
T1 = T2
3 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
ml ω = m ( 3) + m ( 3) + m ( 3)
2 2 2 2
lω = 3 m/s
l 2ω 0.45033 m 2 /s
(b) l = = = 0.1501 m l = 150.1 mm
lω 3 m/s
lω 3 m/s
(c) ω = = ω = 19.99 rad/s
l 0.1501
Use a frame of reference that is translating with the mass center G of the system. Let v 0 be its velocity.
v 0 = v0i
The initial velocities in this system are ( v′A )0, ( v′B )0, and ( v′C )0, each having a magnitude of lω. They are
directed 120° apart. Thus,
( v′A )0 + ( v′B )0 + ( v′C )0 =0
Conservation of linear momentum:
m ( v A )0′ + m ( v′B )0 + m ( v′C )0 = m ( v A − v 0 ) + m ( v B − v 0 ) + m ( vC − v 0 )
0 = ( v A j − v0i ) + ( −vB j − v0i ) + ( vC i − v0i )

i: vC − 3v0 = 0 vC = 3v0 = ( 3)( 0.4 ) = 1.2 m/s
j: v A − vB = 0 vB = v A
1  1 
Initial kinetic energy: T1 = 3  mv02  + 3  ml 2ω 2 
2  2 
1 2 1 2 1 2 1
Final kinetic energy: T2 = mv A + mvB + mvC = mv A2 + mvC2
2 2 2 2
Conservation of energy: T2 = T1 Solve for v A2 .
3 2 3 2 1 3 2 3 2 1 2
v A2 = v0 + ( lω ) − vC2 = ( 0.4 ) + ( 0.75 ) − (1.2 )
2 2 2 2 2 2
(a) = 0.36375 m 2 /s 2 , v A = 0.6031 m/s v A = 0.603 m/s
v B = 0.603 m/s
v C = 1.200 m/s
Use a frame of reference moving with velocity v 0.

Conservation of angular momentum about G.
HG = 3ml 2ω k = rA × m ( v A − v 0 ) + rB × m ( v B − v 0 ) + rC × m ( vC − v 0 )
3l 2ω k = ( rA − rB ) × ( v A j) + rC × ( vC i ) − ( rA + rB + rC )( v0i )
3l ( lω ) k = ai × ( v A j) + ( −d j) × ( vC i ) = ( av A + dvC ) k
( 3)( 0.075)( 0.75) = 0.130vA + d (1.200 )

(b) d = 0.1406 − ( 0.1083)( 0.603) = 0.0753 m d = 75.3 mm
Mass flow rate. As the fluid moves from section 1 to section 2 in time ∆t, the mass ∆m moved is
∆m = ρ A(∆l )
dm ∆m ρ A(∆l )
Then, = = = ρ Av1
dt ∆t ∆t
Data: ρ = 1000 kg/m3, A = 500 mm 2 = 500 × 106 m 2 , v1 = 25 m/s
dm
= (1000)(500 × 10−6 )(25) = 12.5 kg/s
dt

: (∆m)v1 − P∆t = 0
∆m dm
P= v= v
∆t dt
P = (12.5)(25) P = 312 N
Consider velocities measured with respect to the plate, which is moving

with velocity V. The velocity of the stream relative to the plate is
u = v1 − V (1)
Mass flow rate. As the fluid moves from section 1 to section 2 in time ∆t,
the mass ∆m moved is
∆m = ρ A(∆l )
dm ∆m ρ A(∆l )
Then = = = ρ Au (2)
dt ∆t ∆t

(∆m)u − P(∆t ) = 0
∆m dm
P= u= u = ρ Au 2
∆t dt
P
u=
ρA
P
From (1), V = v1 − u = v1 −
ρA
Data: P = 400 N, A = 600 mm 2 = 600 × 10−6 m 2
v1 = 30 m/s, ρ = 1000 kg/m3
400
V = 30 − V = 4.18 m/s
(1000)(600 × 10−6 )
Let F be the force that the wedge exerts on the stream. Assume that the fluid speed is constant. v = 60 ft/s.
Volumetric flow rate: Q = 475 gal/min = 1.0583 ft 3/s

 62.4
Mass flow rate:
dm
dt
= ρQ = 
 32.2


( )
slug/ft 3  1.0584 ft 3/s = 2.051 slug/s
Velocity vectors: v = v i, v1 = v ( cos 30° i + sin 30° j)
v 2 = v ( cos 45° i − sin 45° j)

Impulse – momentum principle:
∆m ∆m
( ∆m ) v + F ( ∆t ) = v1 + v2
2 2
∆m  1 1 
F=  v1 + v 2 − v 
∆t  2 2 
dm  1 1 
= v  ( cos 30° i + sin 30° j) + ( cos 45° i − sin 45° j) − i 
dt  2 2 
= ( 2.051)( 60 ft/s )( −0.21343i − 0.10355j)
= − ( 26.26 lb ) i − (12.74 lb ) j
Force that the stream exerts on the wedge:
−F = ( 26.26 lb ) i + (12.74 lb ) j drag = 26.3 lb
lift = 12.74 lb
For a fixed observer, the upstream velocity is v = ( 48 ft/s ) i.

 62.4
Mass flow rate:
dm
dt
= ρQ = 
 32.2


(
slug/ft 3  1.1141 ft 3/s = 2.1590 slug/s )
Use a frame of reference that is moving with the wedge to the left at 12 ft/s. In this frame of reference the
upstream velocity vector is
u = 48i − ( −12i ) = ( 60 ft/s ) i.
dm′ u dm 60
For the moving frame of reference the mass flow rate is = = ( 2.1590 ) = 2.6987 slug/s.
dt v dt 48
Velocity vectors: u = u i, u1 = u ( cos 30° i + sin 30° j)
u 2 = u ( cos 45° i − sin 45° j)
Let F be the force that the wedge exerts on the stream.
Impulse-momentum principle:
∆m ∆m
( ∆m ) u + F ( ∆t ) = u1 + u2
2 2
∆m  1 1 
F=  u1 + u 2 − u 
∆t  2 2 
dm′  1 1 
= u  ( cos 30° i + sin 30° j) + ( cos 45° i − sin 45° j) − i 
dt  2 2 
= ( 2.6987 )( 60 )( −0.21343 i − 0.10355 j)
= − ( 34.6 lb ) i − (16.76 lb ) j
Force that the stream exerts on the wedge
−F = ( 34.6 lb ) i + (16.76 lb ) j drag = 34.6 lb
lift = 16.76 lb
Let F be the force exerted on the chips. Apply the impulse-momentum principle to the chips. Assume that
the feed velocity is negligible.
F ( ∆t ) = ( ∆m ) vC
∆m  dm 
F= vC =   v ( cos 25° i + sin 25° j)
∆t  dt 
 10 
=  ( 60 )( cos 25° i + sin 25° j)
 32.2 
= (16.89 lb ) i + ( 7.87 lb ) j
ΣFx = 0: Dx − Fx = 0
Dx = 16.89 lb
Force on truck hitch at D:
− Dx = −16.89 lb − Dx = 16.89 lb
Initial momentum: ( ∆m ) v A = 0.
Impulse – momentum principle.
( Fxi + Fy j) ( ∆t ) = ( ∆m ) v
∆m
Fxi + Fy j =
∆t
 dm 
v=
 dt
o
( o
 v cos 35 i + sin 35 j

)
x component:
dm
Engine thrust = Fx = v cos 35o
dt
8
Data: Q = 8 m 3/min = m 3/s ρ = 1000 kg/m3
60
dm  8 
= ρ Q = (1000 )   = 133.333 kg/s
dt  60 
Fx = (133.333)( 50 ) cos 35o = 5461 N
Fx = 5.46 kN
Weight: W = mg = (600) (9.81) = 5886 N
Moments about F:
(∆m)v1(3a) + ∆m v1 (2a) + (∆m) v1 a + (W ∆t )c − ( R∆t ) L = 3(∆m)v2h
1  ∆m ∆m 
R= cW + 6av1 ∆t + 3hv2 ∆t 
L  
∆m dm
Data: L = 6 m, c = 4 m, a = 1.5 m, h = 0.8 m, = 40 kg/s
∆t dt
1
R=
6
[(4) (5886) + (6) (1.5) (3) (40) − (3) (0.8) (4) (40)] = 4040 N
R = 4040 N
Assume u A = uB = u
Moments about O :
R(∆m) u A k + rc x F(∆t ) = R (∆m) uBk
rc x F(∆t ) = R (∆m) (uB − u A )k = 0

The line of action of F passes through point O.
Components : ( ∆m ) u A + F ( ∆t ) sin α = ( ∆m ) uB cosθ
∆m
F sin α = u (1 − cosθ ) (1)
∆t
Components : 0 + F ( ∆t ) cos α = ( ∆m ) u sin θ
∆m
F cos α = u sin θ (2)
∆t
θ
1 − cosθ 2sin 2
Dividing (2) by (1), tan α = = 2 = tan θ
sin θ θ θ 2
2sin cos
2 2
θ
α= .
2
Thus point C lies at the midpoint of arc AB.
Q=
(800 ) = 13.333 L/s
dm
= ρ Q = (1.000 kg/L )(13.333 L/s ) = 13.333 kg/s
60 dt
v B = ( 30 m/s ) j vC = ( 30 m/s ) ( sin 40°i + cos 40° j)
Apply the impulse – momentum principle.
x components: 0 + Ax ( ∆t ) = ( ∆m )( 30sin 40° )

∆m
Ax = ( 30sin 40° ) = (13.333)( 30sin 40° ) Ax = 257 N
∆t
y components: ( ∆m ) ( 30 ) + Ay ( ∆t ) = ( ∆m )( 30 cos 40° )
∆m
Ay = ( 30 cos 40° − 30 ) = 13.333 ( 30cos 40° − 30 )
∆t
= −93.6 N Ay = 93.6 N
moments about A: ( 0.060 )( ∆m )( 30 ) + M A ( ∆t )

= ( 0.180 )( ∆m )( 30cos 40° ) − ( 0.300 )( ∆m )( 30sin 40° )
1.8 ( ∆m ) = M A ( ∆t ) − 1.6484 ( ∆m )
∆m
MA = ( −3.4484 ) = (13.333)( −3.4484 ) = −46.0 N ⋅ m
∆t
M A = 46.0 N ⋅ m
A = 274 N 20.0°
dm γ 62.4 lb/ft 3 40 ft 3/min

Mass flow rate: = Q= = 1.29193 lb ⋅ s/ft
dt g 32.2 ft/s 2 60 s/min
v A = vB = 75 ft/s
Use impulse - momentum principle.
 15   23   15 
moments about D : − ( ∆m )( v A sin 60° )   + ( ∆m )( v A cos 60° )   − C ( ∆t )  
 12   12   12 
 3
= ( ∆m ) vB  
 12 
15  ∆m   15 23 3
C =  v A  − sin 60° + cos 60° −  = (1.29193)( 75 )( −0.37420 )
12  ∆t   12 12 12 
C = −29.006 lb C x = 0, C y = −29.0 lb
x component: ( ∆m ) vA cos 60° + Dx ( ∆t ) = ( ∆m ) vB

 ∆m 
Dx =   ( vB − v A cos 60° ) = (1.29193)( 75 − 75cos 60° ) Dx = 48.4 lb
 ∆t 
y component: ( ∆m ) v A sin 60° + C ( ∆t ) + Dy ( ∆t ) = 0

∆m
Dy = −C − v A sin 60° = +29.006 − (1.29193)( 75 ) sin 60°
∆t
Dy = −54.9 lb

 62.4
Mass flow rate:
dm
dt
= ρQ = 
 32.2


( )
slug/ft 3  0.6684 ft 3/s = 1.2954 slug/s
v A = vB = 90 ft/s
Use the impulse – momentum principle.
Moments about C: ( ∆m ) vA a − WP ( ∆t ) l cosθ = ( ∆m ) vBb
(a) cosθ =
∆m v Aa − vBb
= (1.2954 )
( 90 )( 4 /12 ) − ( 90 )(1/12 ) = 0.7287
∆t W pl ( 40 )(1)
θ = 43.23° θ = 43.2°
x components: ( ∆m ) vA + Cx ( ∆t ) = ( ∆m ) vB cosθ
∆m
Cx = ( vB cosθ − vA ) = (1.2954 )( 90cosθ − 90 ) = −31.63 lb
∆t
y components: 0 + C y ( ∆t ) − W p ( ∆t ) = − ( ∆m ) vB sin θ
∆m
C y = Wp − vB sin θ = ( 40 ) − (1.2954 )( 90 ) sin θ = −39.84 lb
∆t
(b) C = [31.63 lb ] + [39.84 lb ] C = 50.9 lb 51.6°

 62.4
Mass flow rate:
dm
dt
= ρQ = 
 32.2


( )
slug/ft 3  0.6684 ft 3/s = 1.2954 slug/s
v A = v A = v, θ = 45°
Use the impulse-momentum principle.
moments about C: ( ∆m ) v Aa − W p ( ∆t ) l cosθ = ( ∆m ) vBb
(a) v A = vB =
W p l cosθ
=
( 40 )(1) cos 45° = 87.338 ft/s
( a − b )( ∆m ) / ( ∆t )  4 1 
−  (1.2954 )

 12 12 
v = 87.3 ft/s
x components: ( ∆m ) vA + Cx ( ∆t ) = ( ∆m ) vB cosθ
∆m
Cx = ( vB cosθ − vA ) = (1.2954 ) [87.338cos 45° − 87.338] = −33.137 lb
∆t
y components: 0 + C y ( ∆t ) − W p ( ∆t ) = − ( ∆m ) vB sin θ
∆m
C y = Wp − vB sin θ = 40 − (1.2954 )( 87.338 ) sin 45° = −40.0 lb
∆t
(b) C = [33.137 lb ] + [ 40 lb ] C = 51.9 lb 50.4°
dm
Symbols: = mass flow rate
dt
u = exhaust relative to the airplane
v = speed of airplane
D = drag force
( ∆m ) v + D ( ∆t ) = ( ∆m ) u
∆m dm D
= =
∆t dt u−v
Data: v = 900 km/h = 250 m/s
u = 600 m/s
D = 35 kN = 35000 N
dm 35000 dm
= = 100 kg/s
dt 600 − 250 dt
Let F be the force exerted on the slipstream of one engine. Then, the force exerted on the airplane is −2F as
shown.
Statics.
ΣM B = 0
( 0.9 )W − ( 4.8)( 2F ) = 0
F =
( 0.9 )( 6000 )
( 2 )( 4.8)
= 562.5 lb
dm
Calculation of .
dt
mass = density × volume = density × area × length
γ AB vB (∆t )
∆m = ρ AB ( ∆ l ) = ρ AB vB ( ∆ t ) =
g
∆m dm γ AB vB
= =
∆t dt g
dm
Force exerted on the slipstream: F = ( vB − v A )
dt
Assume that v A , the speed far upstream, is negligible.
γ ABvB γ π
F = ( vB − 0 ) =  D 2  vB2
g g4 
vB2 =
4Fg
=
( 4 )( 562.5)( 32.2 ) = 7058.9 ft 2/s2
2 2
πD γ π ( 6.6 ) ( 0.075)
v B = 84.0 ft/s
Let F be the force exerted on the slipstream of one engine.

dm
F = ( vB − v A )
dt
dm
Calculation of . mass = density × volume = density × area × length
dt
γ AB vB (∆t )
∆m = ρ AB ( ∆l ) = ρ ABvB ( ∆t ) =
g
∆m γ ABvB dm γ  π 2 
= or =  D  vB
∆t g dt g 4 
Assume that v A , the velocity far upstream, is negligible.
γ π2  0.075  π  2 2
F =  D  v B ( vB − 0 ) =    ( 6.6 ) ( 60 ) = 286.87 lb
g4   32.2  4 
The force exerted by two slipstreams on the airplane is −2F . −2 F = 573.74 lb
Statics.
Σ M B = 0:
0.9 W − 4.8 ( −2F ) − 9.3 A = 0
1
A= ( 0.9 )( 6000 ) − ( 4.8 )( 573.74 ) 
9.3 
= 284.5 lb A = 285 lb
Fx = 0: − 2F − Bx = 0
Bx = −2F = 573.74 lb
Σ Fy = 0: A + By − W = 284.5 + B y − ( 6000 ) = 0
By = 5715.5 lb
B = [573.74 lb ] + [5715.5 lb ] B = 5740 lb 84.3°
Use a frame of reference moving with the plane. Apply the impulse-momentum principle. Let F be the force that
the plane exerts on the air.
x components: ( ∆m ) u A + F ( ∆t ) = ( ∆m ) uB
∆m dm
F = ( uB − u A ) = ( uB − u A ) (1)
∆t dt
moments about B: −e ( ∆m ) u A + M B ( ∆t ) = 0
dm
MB = e uA (2)
dt
Let d be the distance that the line of action is below B.
MB eu A
Fd = M B d = = (3)
F uB − u A
dm
Data: = 90 kg/s, u B = 600 m/s, e = 4m
dt
(a) u A = 480 km/h = 133.333 m/s
From (1), F = ( 90 )( 600 − 133.333) = 42 × 103 N F = 42.0 kN
From (2), d =
( 4 )(133.333) d = 1.143 m
( 600 − 133.333)
(b) u A = 960 km/h = 266.67 m/s
From (1), F = ( 90 )( 600 − 266.67 ) = 30 × 103 N F = 30.0 kN
From (2), d =
( 4 )( 266.67 ) d = 3.20 m
( 600 − 266.67 )
dm
The thrust on the fluid is F = ( vB − v A )
dt
dm
Calculation of . mass = density × volume = density × area × length
dt
∆m = ρ AB ( ∆ l ) = ρ AB vB ( ∆t )
∆m dm
= ρ AB vB =
∆t dt
where AB is the area of the slipstream well below the helicopter and vB is the corresponding velocity in the
slipstream. Well above the blade, v A ≈ 0.
Hence, F = ρ AvB2
π 
( ) 2
= 1.21 kg/m 3   ( 9 m ) ( 24 m/s )
4
 
2
= 44.338 × 103 kg ⋅ m/s 2

F = 44.3 kN
The force on the helicopter is 44.3 kN .

Weight of helicopter: WH = 15kN
Weight of payload: WP = WP
Statics: ΣFy = F − WH − WP = 0
WP = F − WH = 44.3 − 15 = 29.3 kN. W = 29.3 kN
dm
Let = mass flow rate, u = discharge velocity relative to the airliner, v = speed of airliner, and
dt
F = thrust of the engines.
dm
F −D=0 (u − v ) − D = 0
dt
Configuration before control surface malfunction:
dm 720
= = 22.36 slug/s, u = 1860 ft/s, v1 = 560 mi/h = 821.33 ft/s
dt 32.2
( 22.36 )(1860 − 821.33) − D1 = 0 D1 = 23225 lb
D1 23225
Drag force factor: D1 = k1v12 k1 = 2
= 2
= 0.03443 lb ⋅ s 2 /ft 2
v1 ( 821.33 )
After control surface malfunction: k2 = 1.2k1 = 0.04131 lb ⋅ s 2 /ft 2
When the new cruising speed is attained,
dm
( u − v2 ) − k2v22 = 0
dt
( 22.36 )(1860 − v2 ) − 0.04131 v22 =0
Solving for v2, v2 = 768.6 ft/s v2 = 524 mi/h
Apply the impulse - momentum principle to the moving air. Use a frame of reference that is moving with the
airplane. Let F be the force on the air.
v = 270 km/h = 75 m/s
u = 600 m/s
− ( ∆m ) v + F ( ∆t ) = 2
( ∆m ) u sin 20°
2
∆m dm
F = ( v + u sin 20°) = ( v + u sin 20°)
∆t dt
F = (120 )( 75 + 600sin 20° ) = 33.6 × 103 N
Force on airplane is − F. F = 33.6 kN
Symbols: n = number engines operating

dm
= mass flow rate for one engine
dt
u = discharge velocity relative to jetliner = 800 m/s
v = speed of jetliner
dm
F = thrust force = n (u − v)
dt
D = drag force = kv 2
Force balance.
dm
F −D=0 n (u − v) = kv 2
dt
v2 1 dm
=
n(u − v) k dt
All 3 engines operating: n = 3, v = 900 km/h = 250 m/s
(250)2 1 dm
= = 37.879 m/s
3(800 − 250) k dt
(a) One engine lost: n=2
v2
= 37.879 v 2 + 75.758v − 60606 = 0
2(800 − v)
v = 211.2 m/s v = 760 km/h
(b) 2 engines lost: n=1
v2
= 37.879 v 2 + 37.879v − 30303 = 0
800 − v
v = 156.16 m/s v = 562 km/h
Let u be the velocity of the stream relative to the velocity of the blade. u = (v − V )
∆m
Mass flow rate: = ρ Av A
∆t
(∆m) u − Ft (∆t ) = (∆m) u cosθ
∆m
Ft = u (1 − cosθ ) = ρ Av A (v A − V ) (1 − cosθ )
∆t
where Ft is the tangential force on the fluid.
The force Ft on the fluid is directed to the left as shown. By Newton’s law of action and reaction, the
tangential force on the blade is Ft to the right.
Output power: t = ρ Av A (v A − V ) V (1 − cos θ )

Pout = FV
(a) V for maximum power output.

dPout
= ρ A (v A − 2V ) (1 − cosθ ) = 0
dV
1
vA = V
2
(b) Maximum power.
 1  1 
( Pout )max = ρ Av A  v A − v A  v A  (1 − cosθ )
 2  2 
1
( Pout )max = ρ Av3A (1 − cosθ )
4
Input power = rate of supply of kinetic energy of the stream
1 1  1 ∆m 2 1
Pin =  (∆m)v A2  = v A = ρ Av3A
∆t  2  2 ∆t 2
pout
(c) Efficiency. η=
pin
ρ Av A (v A − V )V (1 − cosθ )
η=
1
ρ Av3A
2
 V  V
η = 2 1 −  (1 − cosθ )
 vA  vA
dm 240
Data: = = 7.4534 slugs/s, u = 2200 ft/s, v = 570 mi/h = 836 ft/s
dt 32.2
dm
F = ( u − v ) = ( 7.4534 )( 2200 − 836 ) = 10166 lb
dt
(a) Power used to propel airplane:
P1 = Fv = (10166 )( 836 ) = 8.499 × 106 ft ⋅ lb/s
propulsion power = 15450 hp
Power of kinetic energy of exhaust:
1
P2 ( ∆t ) = ( ∆m )( u − v )2
2
1 dm 1
P2 = ( u − v )2 = ( 7.4534 )( 2200 − 836 )2 = 6.934 × 106 ft ⋅ lb/s
2 dt 2
(b) Total power: P = P1 + P2 = 15.433 × 106 ft ⋅ lb/s
total power = 28060 hp
P1 8.499 × 106
(c) Mechanical efficiency: = = 0.551
P 15.433 × 106
mechanical efficiency = 0.551
Kinetic energy of fluid in slipstream passing in time ∆t.

1 1
∆T = mass × speed 2 = density × volume × speed 2
2 2
1
= density × area × length × speed 2
2
1 1
= ρ A ( ∆l ) v 2 = ρ Av ( ∆t ) v 2
2 2
∆T 1
= ρ Av3
∆t 2
dT 1
Input power = = ρ Av3
dt 2
Data: ρ = 1.2 kg/m3

π π
A= d2 = ( 6.5)2 = 33.183 m 2
4 4
v = 30 km/h = 8.333 m/s
dT 1 3
(a) = (1.2 )( 33.183)( 8.333) = 11.521 × 103 N ⋅ m/s
dt 2
11.52 kJ/s
dT
Input power = = 11.521 kW
dt
(b) Output power = ( 0.4 )(11.521) = 4.61 kW
output power = 4.61 kW
Kinetic energy of fluid in slipstream passing in time ∆t.

1 1
∆T = mass × speed 2 = density × volume × speed 2
2 2
1
= density × area × length × speed 2
2
1 1
= ρ A ( ∆l ) v 2 = ρ Av ( ∆t ) v 2
2 2
∆T 1
= ρ Av3 (1)
∆t 2
Data: output power = 3.5 kW = 3500 W
3500
input power = = 10000 W
0.35
dT
= input power = 10, 000 W, v = 36 km/h = 10 m/s
dt
Using (1), A=
2 dT
=
( 2 )(10000 ) = 16.667 m 2
3
ρ v dt (1.2 )(10 )3
π
d2 = A d =
4A
=
( 4 )(16.667 )
(a) 4 π π
d = 4.61 m
dT
(b) From above, = 10.00 kJ/s
dt
Mass flow rate:
mass = density × volume

= density × area × length
∆m = ρ bd ( ∆l ) = ρ bdv ( ∆t )
dm ∆m
= = ρ bdv
dt ∆t
1 dm
Q= = bdv
ρ dt
Continuity of flow: Q1 = Q2 = Q
Q Q
v1 = , v2
bd1 bd 2
Resultant pressure forces:
p1 = γ d1 p2 = γ d 2
1 1
F1 = p1bd1 = γ bd12
2 2
1 1
F2 = p2bd 2 = γ bd 22
2 2
Apply impulse-momentum principle to water between

sections 1 and 2.
( ∆m ) v1 + F1 ( ∆t ) − F2 ( ∆t ) = ( ∆m ) v2
∆m  Q Q  1
∆t
( v1 − v2 ) = F2 − F1 ρQ ⋅ 
bd
 1
−
bd 2 2
2 2
 = γ b d 2 − d1 ( )
ρ Q 2 ( d 2 − d1 ) 1
= γ b ( d1 + d 2 )( d 2 − d1 )
bd1d 2 2
Noting that γ = ρ g ,
1
Q=b gd1d 2 ( d1 + d 2 )
2
Mass flow rate:
mass = density × volume

= density × area × length
∆m = ρ bd ( ∆l ) = ρ bdv ( ∆t )
dm ∆m
= = ρ bdv
dt ∆t
1 dm
Q= = bdv
ρ dt
Continuity of flow: Q1 = Q2 = Q
Q Q
v1 = , v2
bd1 bd 2
Resultant pressure forces:
p1 = γ d1 p2 = γ d 2
1 1
F1 = p1bd1 = γ bd12
2 2
1 1
F2 = p2bd 2 = γ bd 22
2 2
Apply impulse-momentum principle to water between

sections 1 and 2.
( ∆m ) v1 + F1 ( ∆t ) − F2 ( ∆t ) = ( ∆m ) v2
∆m  Q Q  1
∆t
( v1 − v2 ) = F2 − F1 ρQ ⋅  − 2 2
 = γ b d 2 − d1
 bd1 bd 2  2
( )
ρ Q 2 ( d 2 − d1 ) 1
= γ b ( d1 + d 2 )( d 2 − d1 )
bd1d 2 2
Noting that γ = ρ g ,
1
Q=b gd1d 2 ( d1 + d 2 )
2
Data: g = 9.81 m/s, b = 3 m, d1 = 1.25 m, d 2 = 1.5 m
1
Q=3 ( 9.81)(1.25)(1.5)(1.25 + 1.5) = 15.09 m3/s Q = 15.09 m3/s
2
From hydrostatics, the pressure at section 1 is p1 = rh = ρ gh.
The pressure at section 2 is p2 = 0.
Calculate the mass flow rate using section 2.
∆m = ρ A 2 ( ∆l ) = ρ A 2v ( ∆t )
dm ∆m
= = ρ A 2v
dt ∆t
Apply the impulse-momentum principle to fluid between sections 1 and 2.
( ∆m ) v1 + p1 A1 ( ∆t ) = ( ∆m ) v
dm dm
v1 + p1 A1 = v
dt dt
dm
p1 A1 = ( v − v1 ) = ρ A2v ( v − v1 )
dt
But v1 is negligible, p1 = ρ gh, and v= 2 gh
ρ ghA1 = ρ A2 ( 2 gh ) or A1 = 2 A2
π π  D
D2 = 2  d 2  d =
4 4  2
The flow through each arm is 1.25 gal/min.
 gal   1 ft 3   1 min  −3 3
Q = 5   
  = 11.1408 × 10 ft /s
 min  7.48 gal  60 s 
γ  62.4 lb/ft 3 
dm
= ρ Q = Q =  2   (
11.1408 × 103 ft 3/s )
dt g  32.2 ft/s 
= 21.590 × 10−3 lb ⋅ s/ft
Consider the moment about O exerted on the fluid stream of one arm.
Apply the impulse-momentum principle. Compute moments about O.
First, consider the geometry of triangle OAB. Using first the law of
cosines,
( OA)2 = 62 + 42 − ( 2 )( 6 )( 4 ) cos120o
OA = 76 in. = 0.72648 ft
sinβ sin120o
Law of sines. =
4 76
β = 23.413o , α = 60o − β = 36.587o

Moments about O:
( ∆m ) ( vO ) ( 0 ) + M O ( ∆t ) = ( OA)( ∆m ) vs sin α − ( OA)( ∆m )( OA)ω

∆m  2
MO =  ( OA ) vs sin α − ( OA ) ω 
∆t  
( ) 2
= 21.590 × 10−3 ( 0.72648 )( 60 ) sin 36.587 − ( 0.72648 ) ω 
 
= ( 0.56093 − 0.011395ω ) lb ⋅ ft
Moment that the stream exerts on the arm is −M O .
Friction couple for one arm:
1
MF = ( 0.275) = 0.06875 lb ⋅ ft
4
Balance of moments on one arm:
M F − MO = 0 M F = MO
0.06875 = 0.56093 − 0.011395ω
ω = 43.19 rad/s = 412 rpm
ω = 412 rpm
Consider the conservation of the horizontal component of momentum of the railroad car of mass m0 and the
sand mass qt.
m0v0
m0v0 = ( m0 + qt ) v v= (1)
m0 + qt
dx m0v0
=v=
dt m0 + qt
Integrating, using x0 = 0 and x = L when t = t L ,
t t m0v0 mv
L = ∫ 0L vdt = ∫ 0L dt = 0 0 ln ( m0 + qt L ) − ln m0 
m0 + qt q
m0v0 m0 + qt L
= ln
q m0
m0 + qt L qL m0 + qt L
ln = = e qL/m0v0
m0 m0v0 m0
(a) Final mass of railroad car and sand m0 + qt L = m0eqL/m0v0
m0v0 mv
(b) Using (1), vL = = 0 0 e− qL/m0v0
m0 + qt L m0
vL = v0e− qL/m0v0
Apply the impulse-momentum principle.
Moments about C : − ( 0.9 )( ∆ m )v A + 3D( ∆t ) − 1.8W ( ∆t ) = − (1.65 )( ∆ m ) vB
1.8 1 ∆m
D= W + ( 0.9vA − 1.65vB )
3 3 ∆t
(1.8)( 4000 ) + 1
= (100 ) ( 0.9 )( 4.5) − (1.65 )( 4.5) = 2287.5 N
3 3
D = 2.29 kN
x components: ( ∆ m ) v A + C x ( ∆ t ) = ( ∆ m ) vB
 ∆m 
Cx =   ( vB − v A ) = (100 )( 4.5 − 4.5 ) = 0
 ∆t 
y components: 0 + C y ( ∆t ) + D ( ∆t ) − W ( ∆t ) = 0
C y = W − D = 4000 − 2287.5 = 1712.5 N
C = 1.712 kN
Let ρ be the mass per unit length of chain. Apply the impulse - momentum to the entire chain. Assume that the
reaction from the floor it equal to the weight of chain still in contact with the floor.
Calculate the floor reaction.
 y
R = ρ g (l − y ) R = mg 1 − 
 l
Apply the impulse-momentum principle.
ρ yv + P ( ∆t ) + R ( ∆t ) − ρ gl ( ∆t ) = ρ ( y + ∆y ) v
P∆t = ρ ( ∆y ) v + ρ gl ( ∆t ) − R ( ∆t )
∆y ∆y dy
(a) P= ρ v + ρ gl − ρ ( l − y ) g Let = =v
∆t ∆t dt
m 2
P = ρ v 2 + ρ gy P=
l
( )
v + gy
 y
(b) From above, R = mg 1 − 
 l
(a) Let ρ be the mass per unit length of chain. The force P supports the weight of chain still off the floor.
mgy
P = ρ gy P=
l
(b) Apply the impulse-momentum principle to the entire chain.
− ρ yv + P ( ∆t ) + R ( ∆t ) − ρ gl ( ∆t ) = − ρ g ( y + ∆y ) v
R ( ∆t ) = ρ gl ( ∆t ) − P ( ∆t ) − ρ g ( ∆y ) v
∆y
R = ρ gl − ρ gy − ρ v
∆t
∆y dy
Let ∆t → 0. Then, = = −v
∆t dt
m
R = ρ g (l − y ) + ρ v2 R = g ( l − y ) + v 2 
l 
Let ρ be the mass per unit length of chain. Consider the impulse-momentum applied to the link being brought to
rest at point C.
Calculation of ∆m.
∆m = ρ ( ∆l ) = ρ v ( ∆t )
− ( ∆m ) v + C ∆t = 0
− ρ v ( ∆t ) v + C ∆t = 0
C = ρ v2
Impulse – momentum applied to the moving portion of the chain. Consider only the changes in momentum and
forces contributing to moments about O in the diagram.
Moments about O:
( ∆m ) v + [ ρ gh − C ] ∆t = ( ∆m ) v
C = ρ gh
Equating the two expressions for C,
ρ v 2 = ρ gh
v2
h=
g
Let ρ be the mass per unit length of chain. Assume that the weight of any chain above the hole is supported by
the floor. It and the corresponding upward reaction of the floor are not shown in the diagrams.
Case 1. Apply the impulse-momentum principle to the entire chain.
ρ yv + ρ gy ∆t = ρ ( y + ∆y )( v + ∆v )
= ρ yv + ρ ( ∆y ) v + ρ y ( ∆v ) + ρ ( ∆y )( ∆v )
ρ gy = ρ
∆y
v + ρy
∆v
+ρ
( ∆y )( ∆v )
∆t ∆t ∆t
dy dv d
Let ∆t → 0. ρ gy = ρ v + ρy = ρ ( yv )
dt dt dt
d
Multiply both sides by yv. ρ gy 2v = ρ yv ( yv )
dt
dy dy d
Let v = on left hand side. ρ gy 2 = ρ yv ( yv )
dt dt dt
Integrate with respect to time. ρ g ∫ y 2dy = ρ ∫ ( yv ) d ( yv )
1 1 2 2
ρ gy 3 = ρ ( yv ) or v2 = gy (1)
3 2 3
dv 2 dy 2
Differentiate with respect to time. 2v = g = gv
dt 3 dt 3
dv 1
(a) a= = g a = 0.333g
dt 3
2
(b) Set y = l in (1) v2 = gl v = 0.817 gl
3
Case 2. Apply conservation of energy using the floor as the level for from which the potential energy is
measured.
T1 = 0, V1 = 0
1 2 y
T2 = mv , V2 = − ρ gy
2 2
T1 + V1 = T2 + V2
1 2 1 ρ gy 2 gy 2
0= mv − ρ gy 2 v2 = = (1)
2 2 m l
dv 2 gy
Differentiating with respect to y, 2v =
dy l
dv gy gy
(a) Acceleration. a=v = a=
dy l l
(b) Setting y = l in (1), v 2 = gl v= gl
Note: The impulse-momentum principle may be used to obtain the force that the edge of the hole exerts
on the chain.
dW dm 1 dW 750
= 750 lb/s, = = = 23.292 lb ⋅ s/ft
dt dt g dt 32.2
dm
Thrust of one engine: P=u = (12500 )( 23.292 ) = 291.15 × 103 lb
dt
For 3 engines, 3P = 873.4 × 103 lb
Thrust = 873 kips
1200 × 103
Thrust of one engine: P= = 400 × 103 lb.
3
dm
But, P= u
dt
dm P 400 × 103
= = = 32 lb ⋅ s/ft
dt u 12500
dW dm dW
= g = ( 32.2 )( 32 ) = 1030 lb/s = 1030 lb/s
dt dt dt
dm
Thrust, P= u.
dt
Σ F = P − mg = ma
P u dm
a= −g = −g
m m dt
dm
Data: = 15 kg/s
dt
As rocket is fired: m = 1500 kg
15u
a0 = − 9.81 = 0.01u − 9.81 (1)
1500
As all the fuel is consumed: m1 = 1500 − 1200 = 300 kg.
15u
a1 = − 9.81 = 0.05u − 9.81 (2)
300
From the given data, a1 − a0 = 220 m/s 2 (3)
Using (1) and (2) for a1 and a0 and substituting into (3),
0.04 u = 220 u = 5500 m/s
dm
Thrust: P=u = uq
dt
dm
Since u and are constant, P is also constant.
dt
Σ F = ma :
P − mg = ma
P = m(a + g )
= mmin ( amax + g )
= (1500 )( 25 + 9.81)
= 52.215 × 103 N
(a) Fuel consumption rate.
P 52.215 × 103
q= =
u 450
q = 116.0 kg/s
(b) Mass of fuel consumed.

mfuel = qt = (116.0 )(15.6 )
mfuel = 1810 kg
Apply the principle of impulse and momentum to the satellite plus the fuel expelled in time ∆t.
: mv = ( m − ∆m )( v + ∆v ) + ( ∆m )( v + ∆v − v )
= mv + m ( ∆v ) − ( ∆m ) v − ( ∆m )( ∆v ) + ( ∆m ) v + ( ∆m )( ∆v ) − ( ∆m ) v
m ( ∆v ) − u ( ∆m ) = 0
dm
∆m = − ( ∆t )
dt
∆v dv u dm
= =−
∆t dt m dt
v1 t1 u dm m1 dm
∫ v0 dv = − ∫ 0 m dt dt = −∫ m0 u m
m m
v1 − v0 = − u ln 1 = u ln 0
m0 m1
m0  v − v0 
= exp  1 
m1  u 
Data: v1 − v0 = 2430 m/s, u = 4200 m/s m0 = 5000 kg
5000 2430
= exp = 1.7835
m1 4200
m1 = 2800 kg
mfuel = m0 − m1 = 5000 − 2800 mfuel = 2200 kg
Data from Problem 14.97: m0 = 5000 kg, u = 4200 m/s
m1 = m0 − mfuel = 5000 − 1500 = 3500 kg
Apply the principle of impulse and momentum to the satellite plus the fuel expelled in time ∆t.
: mv = ( m − ∆m )( v + ∆v ) + ( ∆m )( v + ∆v − v )
= mv + m ( ∆v ) − ( ∆m ) v − ( ∆m )( ∆v ) + ( ∆m ) v + ( ∆m )( ∆v ) − ( ∆m ) v
m ( ∆v ) − u ( ∆m ) = 0
dm
∆m = − ( ∆t )
dt
∆v dv u dm
= =−
∆t dt m dt
v1 t1 u dm m1 dm
∫ v0 dv = −∫ 0 m dt dt = −∫ m0 u m
m1 m
v1 − v0 = − u ln = u ln 0
m0 m1
5000
∆v = v1 − v0 = 4200 ln ∆v = 1498 m/s
3500
Apply conservation of momentum to the rocket plus the fuel.
mv = ( m − ∆m )( v + ∆v ) + ( ∆m )( v + ∆v − v )
= mv + m ( ∆v ) − ( ∆m ) v − ( ∆m )( ∆v ) + ( ∆m ) v + ( ∆m )( ∆v ) − ( ∆m ) v
m ( ∆v ) − u ( ∆m ) = 0
dm
∆m = − ( ∆t )
dt
∆v dv u dm
= =−
∆t dt m dt
v1 t1 u dm m1 dm
∫ v0 dv = −∫ 0 m dt dt = −∫ m0 u m
m1 m W
v1 − v0 = − u ln = u ln 0 = u ln 0
m0 m1 W1
Data: v1 − v0 = 360 ft/s
W0 = 11,600 lb, W1 = (11,600 − 1000 ) = 10,600 lb
11, 600
360 = u ln u = 3990 ft/s
10, 600
Apply conservation of momentum to the rocket plus the fuel.
mv = ( m − ∆m )( v + ∆v ) + ( ∆m )( v + ∆v − v )
= mv + m ( ∆v ) − ( ∆m ) v − ( ∆m )( ∆v ) + ( ∆m ) v + ( ∆m )( ∆v ) − ( ∆m ) v
m ( ∆v ) − u ( ∆m ) = 0
dm
∆m = − ( ∆t )
dt
∆v dv u dm
= =−
∆t dt m dt
v1 t1 u dm m1 dm
∫ v0 dv = −∫ 0 m dt dt = −∫ m0 u m
m1 m
v1 − v0 = − u ln = u ln 0
m0 m1
m0  v − v0  W0
= exp  1 =
m1  u  W1
Data: v1 − v0 = 450 ft/s, u = 5400 ft/s
W0 = W1 + Wfuel = W1 + 1200 lb
W1 + 1200 450
= exp = 1.08690
W1 5400
1200
= 0.08690 W1 = 13810 lb
W1
See sample Problem 14.8 for derivation of

m0 m − qt
v = u ln − gt = − u ln 0 − gt (1)
m0 − qt m0
Note that g is assumed to be constant.

dy
Set = v in (1) and integrate with respect to time.
dt
h t t m0 
h = ∫ 0 dy = ∫ 0 vdt = ∫ 0  u ln − gt  dt
 m0 − qt 
t m − qt 1
= − u ∫ 0 ln 0 dt − gt 2
m0 2
m0 − qt q m0
Let z = dz = − dt or dt = − dz
m0 m0 q
m0 u z 1 m u z 1
h= ∫z0
ln z dz − gt 2 = 0 ( z ln z + z )  − gt 2
q 2 q z0 2
m0 u  m0 − qt  m0 − qt  m  m  1
=   ln − 1 − 0  ln 0 − 1  − gt 2
q  m0  m0  m0  m0   2
m0 u  qt  m0 − qt   1
=  1 −  ln − 1 + 1 − gt 2
q  m0  m0   2
m0 u  m0 − qt   m − qt  1
= ln − 1 + 1 − ut ln 0 − 1 − gt 2
q  m0   m0  2
m u  m − qt 1 2
= ut +  0 − ut  ln 0 − gt
 q  m0 2
 m  m0  1 2
h = u t −  0 − t  ln  − gt (2)
  q  m0 − qt  2
W0 7300
Data: m0 = = = 226.7 lb ⋅ s 2 /ft
g 32.2
w& 260
q= = = 8.0745 lb ⋅ s/ft
g 32.2
Wfuel 4000
mfuel = = = 124.22 lb ⋅ s 2 /ft
g 32.2
mfuel 124.22
t = = = 15.385 s
q 8.0745
m0 − qt = 226.7 − 124.22 = 102.48 lb ⋅ s 2/ft

u = 1500 ft/s
  226.7  226.7  1 2
h = 1500 15.385 −  − 15.385  ln  − ( 32.2 )(15.385 )
  8.0745  102.48  2
h = 4150 ft
dm
Thrust force P=u = uq
dt
Mass of rocket plus unspent fuel m = m0 − qt
P uq
Acceleration: a= =
m m0 − qt
Integrating with respect to time to obtain the velocity,
t t q
v = v0 + ∫ 0 adt = v0 + u ∫ 0 dt
m0 − qt
m0 − qt
= v0 − u ln ( m0 − qt ) − ln m0  = v0 − u ln (1)
m0
Integrating again to obtain the displacement,
t m0 − qt
s = s0 + v0t − u ∫ 0 ln dt
m0
m0 − qt q m0
m0 m0 q
m0u z m0u z
s = s0 + v0t + ∫ ln zdz = q ( z ln z − z ) ]z0
q z0
m0u  m0 − qt  m0 − qt  m0  m0 
= s0 + v0t +   ln − 1 −  ln − 1 
q  m0  m0  m0  m0  
m0u  qt  m0 − qt  
= s0 + v0t +  1 −  ln − 1 + 1
q  mo  m0  
m0u  m0 − qt   m − qt 
= s0 + v0t + ln − 1 + 1 − ut ln 0 − 1
q  m0   m0 
m u  m − qt
= s0 + v0t + ut +  0 − ut  ln 0
 q  m0
 m  m0 
s = s0 + v0t + u t −  0 − t  ln  (2)
  q  m0 − qt 
Data: v0 = 7500 ft/s v = 7500 + 360 = 7860 ft/s
mfuel Wfuel 1000

t = 60 s q= = = = 0.5176 slug/s
t gt ( 32.2 )( 60 )
W0 11600
m0 = = = 360.25 slugs
g 32.2
11600 1000
m0 − qt = − = 329.19 slugs
32.2 32.2
s0 = 0
329.19
From (1), 7860 = 7500 − u ln
360.25
360.25
360 = u ln u = 3993 ft/s
329.19
  360.25  360.25 
From (2), s = 0 + ( 7500 )( 60 ) + 3993 60 −  − 60  ln 
  0.5176  329.19 
= 460.6 × 106 ft s = 87.2 mi
See sample Problem 14.8 for derivation of
m0 m − qt
v = u ln − gt = −u ln 0 − gt (1)
m0 − qt m0
Note that g is assumed to be constant.
dy
Set = v in (1) and integrate with respect to time.
dt
h t t m0 
h = ∫ 0 dy = ∫ 0 vdt = ∫ 0  u ln − gt  dt
 m0 − qt 
t m − qt 1
= −u ∫ 0 ln 0 dt − gt 2
m0 2
m0 − qt q m0
m0 m0 q
m0u z 1 2 m0u z 1 2
h= ∫ ln zdz − 2 gt = q ( z ln z − z ) ]z0 − 2 gt
q z0
m0u  m0 − qt  m0 − qt  m  m  1
=   ln − 1 − 0  ln 0 − 1  − gt 2
q  m0  m0  m0  m0   2
m0u  qt  m0 − qt   1
=  1 −  ln − 1 + 1 − gt 2
q  m0  m0   2
m0u  m0 − qt   m − qt  1
= ln − 1 + 1 − ut ln 0 − 1 − gt 2
q  m0   m0  2
m u  m − qt 1 2
= ut +  0 − ut  ln 0 − gt
 q  m0 2
 m  m0  1 2
h = u t −  0 − t  ln  − gt (2)
  q  m0 − qt  2
Data: m0 = 960 kg, q = 10 kg/s, u = 3600 m/s, g = 9.81 m/s 2
mfuel 800
mfuel = 800 kg, t = = = 80 s
q 10
  960  960  1 2
 − ( 9.81)(80 ) = 153.4 × 10 m
3
(a) h = 3600 80 −  − 80  ln
  10  960 − 800  2
h = 153.4 km
960
(b) From equation (1), v = 3600 ln − ( 9.81)( 80 )
960 − 800
v = 5670 m/s
Data from Problem 14.97: m0 = 5000 kg, u = 4200 m/s

v0 = 0, s0 = 0
dm
Thrust force P=u = uq
dt
Mass of satellite plus unspent fuel m = m0 − qt
P uq
Acceleration: a= =
m m0 − qt
Integrating with respect to time to obtain the velocity,
t t q
v = v0 + ∫ 0 adt = v0 + u ∫ 0 dt (1)
m0 − qt
m0 − qt
= v0 − u ln ( m0 − qt ) − ln m0  = v0 − u ln
m0
Integrating again to obtain the displacement,
t m0 − qt
s = s0 + v0t − u ∫ 0 ln dt
m0
m0 − qt q m0
m0 m0 q
m0u z mu z
s = s0 + v0t + ∫ z0
ln zdz = 0 ( z ln z − z ) ]z
q q 0
m0u  m0 − qt  m0 − qt  m0  m0 
= s0 + v0t +   ln − 1 −  ln − 1 
q  m0  m0  m0  m0  
m0u  qt  m0 − qt  
= s0 + v0t +  1 −  ln − 1 + 1
q  mo  m0  
m0u  m0 − qt   m − qt 
= s0 + v0t + ln − 1 + 1 − ut  ln 0 − 1
q  m0   m0 
m u  m − qt
= s0 + v0t + ut +  0 − ut  ln 0
 q  m0
 m  m0 
s = s0 + v0t + u t −  0 − t  ln  (2)
  q  m0 − qt 
Using the data,
  5000  5000 
s = 0 + 0 + 4200 80 −  − 80  ln 
  18.75  5000 − (18.75 )( 80 ) 
= 56.367 × 103 m s = 56.4 km
dm
Let F be the thrust force, and be the mass flow rate.
dt
Absolute velocity of exhaust: ve = u − v
dm
Thrust force: F = (u − v )
dt
dm
Power of thrust force: P1 = Fv = (u − v ) v
dt
1 1
Power associated with exhaust: P2 ( ∆t ) = ( ∆m ) ve2 = ( ∆m )( u − v )2
2 2
1 dm
P2 = ( u − v )2
2 dt
Total power supplied by engine: P = P1 + P2
1 1 dm 2
P=
dm 

dt 
( u − v ) v + ( u − v )2  =
2  2 dt
u − v2 ( )
useful power P
Mechanical efficiency: η= = 1
total power P
2 (u − v ) v
η=
u 2 − v2
2v
η=
(u + v )
η = 1 when u = v. The exhaust, having zero velocity, carries no power away.
dm
Let F be the thrust force and be the mass flow rate.
dt
Absolute velocity of exhaust: ve = u − v
dm
Thrust force: F = u
dt
dm
Power of thrust force: P1 = Fv = uv
dt
1 1
Power associated with exhaust: P2 ( ∆t ) = ( ∆m ) ve2 = ( ∆m )( u − v )2
2 2
1 dm
P2 = ( u − v )2
2 dt
Total power supplied by engine: P = P1 + P2
1 1 dm 2
P=
dm 

dt  2
2
uv + ( u − v )  =
 2 dt
u + v2( )
useful power P
Mechanical efficiency: η= = 1
total power P
2uv
η =
(u 2
+ v2 )
η = 1 when u = v. The exhaust, having zero velocity, carries no power away.
The weights are WA = 30 lb, WB = 40 lb, and WC = 50 lb.
Initial velocities: ( v A )0 = 9 ft/s , ( vB ) 0 = 6 ft/s , and ( vC )0 = 0.

There are no horizontal external forces acting during the impacts, and the baggage carrier is free to coast
between the impacts.
(a) Suitcase A is thrown first.
Let v1 be the common velocity of suitcase A and the carrier after the first impact and v2 be the common
velocity of the two suitcases and the carrier after the second impact.
WA WB
Initial momenta: ( v A )0 , ( vB ) 0 , and 0.
g g
Suitcase A impacts carrier. Conservation of momentum:
WA W +W W A ( v A )0 ( 30 )( 9 )
( vA )0 + 0 = A C v1 v1 = = = 3.375 ft/s
g g WA + WC 80
Suitcase B impacts on suitcase A and carrier. Conservation of momentum:
WB W +W W +W +W
( vB )0 + A C v1 = A B C v2
g g g
WB ( vB )0 + (WA + WC ) v1 ( 40 )( 6 ) + (80 )( 3.375)
v2 = = = 4.25 ft/s v 2 = 4.25 ft/s
WA + WB + WC 120
(b) Suitcase B is thrown first.
Let v3 be the common velocity of suitcase B and the carrier after the first impact and v4 be the common
velocity of all after the second impact.
Suitcase B impacts the carrier. Conservation of momentum:
WB W +W WB ( vB )0 ( 40 )( 6 )
( vB )0 + 0 = B C v3 v3 = = = 2.6667 ft/s
g g WB + WC 90
Suitcase A impacts on suitcase B and carrier. Conservation of momentum:
WA W +W W +W +W
( vA )0 + B C v3 = A B C v4
g g g
WA ( v A )0 + (WB + WC ) v3 ( 30 )( 9 ) + ( 90 )( 2.6667 )
v4 = = = 4.25 ft/s v 4 = 4.25 ft/s
WA + WB + WC 120
The weights are WA = 30 lb, WB = ?, and WC = 50 lb.
Initial velocities: ( v A )0 = ( vB )0 = 7.2 ft/s , ( vC )0 =0
Final velocity: v f = 3.6 ft/s
(a) Conservation of momentum:
WA W W +W +W
( v A ) 0 + B ( vB ) 0 + 0 = A B C v f (1)
g g g
( 30 )( 7.2 ) + WB ( 7.2 ) = ( 30 + WB + 50 )( 3.6 )

WB = 20.0 lb
(b) Equation (1) shows that the final velocity is independent of the order in which the suitcases are thrown.
v f = 3.60 ft/s
Linear momentum of each particle expressed in kg ⋅ m/s.
mA v A = 12i + 6 j + 6k
mB v B = 8i + 6 j
mC vC = −8i + 16 j + 8k
Position vectors, (meters): rA = 3j, rB = 1.2i + 2.4 j + 3k , rC = 3.6i
Angular momentum about O, ( kg ⋅ m 2/s ) .
i j k i j k i j k
= 0 3 0 + 1.2 2.4 3 + 3.6 0 0
12 6 6 8 6 0 −8 16 8
= (18i − 36k ) + ( −18i + 24 j − 12k ) + ( −28.8j + 57.6k )
= 0i − 4.8j + 9.6k
( ) ( )
HO = − 4.80 kg ⋅ m 2 /s j + 9.60 kg ⋅ m 2 /s k
Position vectors, (meters): rA = 3j, rB = 1.2i + 2.4 j + 3k , rC = 3.6i
(a) Mass center: ( mA + mB + mC ) r = mArA + mBrB + mC rC
9r = ( 3)( 3j) + ( 2 )(1.2i + 2.4 j + 3k ) + ( 4 )( 3.6i )

r = 1.86667i + 1.53333j + 0.66667k
r = (1.867 m ) i + (1.533 m ) j + ( 0.667 m ) k
Linear momentum of each particle, ( kg ⋅ m 2 /s ) .
mA v A = 12i + 6 j + 6k
mB v B = 8i + 6 j
mC vC = −8i + 16 j + 8k
(b) Linear momentum of the system, ( kg ⋅ m/s.)
mv = mA v A + mB v B + mC vC = 12i + 28j + 14k
mv = (12.00 kg ⋅ m/s ) i + ( 28.0 kg ⋅ m/s ) j + (14.00 kg ⋅ m/s ) k
Position vectors relative to the mass center, (meters).

rA′ = rA − r = −1.86667i + 1.46667 j − 0.66667k
rB′ = rB − r = −0.66667i + 0.86667 j + 2.33333k
rC′ = rC − r = 1.73333i − 1.53333j − 0.66667k
(c) Angular momentum about G, ( kg ⋅ m 2 /s ) .
HG = rA′ × mA v A + rB′ × mB v B + rC′ × mC vC

i j k i j k
= −1.86667 1.46667 −0.66667 + −0.66667 0.86667 2.33333
12 6 6 8 6 0
i j k
+ 1.73333 −1.53333 −0.66667
−8 16 8
= (12.8i + 3.2 j − 28.8k ) + ( −14i + 18.6667 j − 10.9333k )
+ ( −1.6i − 8.5333j + 15.4667k )
= −2.8i + 13.3333j − 24.2667k
( ) ( ) ( )
HG = − 2.80 kg ⋅ m 2 /s i + 13.33 kg ⋅ m 2/s j − 24.3 kg ⋅ m 2/s k
i j k
r × mv = 1.86667 1.53333 0.66667
12 28 14
= ( 2.8 kg ⋅ m 2 /s ) i − (18.1333 kg ⋅ m 2 /s ) j + ( 33.8667 kg ⋅ m 2 /s ) k
HG + r × mv = − ( 4.8 kg ⋅ m 2 /s ) j + ( 9.6 kg ⋅ m 2 /s ) k
Angular momentum about O.

i j k i j k i j k
= 0 3 0 + 1.2 2.4 3 + 3.6 0 0
12 6 6 8 6 0 −8 16 8
= (18i − 36k ) + ( −18i + 24 j − 12k ) + ( −28.8 j + 57.6k )
= − ( 4.8 kg ⋅ m 2 /s ) j + ( 9.6 kg ⋅ m 2/s ) k
Note that
H O = H G + r × mv
Choose x axis pointing east, y axis north, and z axis vertical.

Velocities before collision:
5.5 mi 5280 ft/mi
Helicoptor: ( v H )0 = ⋅ = 121 ft/s
4 min 60 s/min
10 mi 5280 ft/mi
Airplane: ( v A )  = ⋅ = 220 ft/s
 x 0
4 min 60 s/min
( v )  = − 7.5 mi ⋅ 5280 ft/mi = −165 ft/s

 A y 0 4 min 60 s/min
Mass center: v0 =
mH
mA + mH
( v H )0 i +
mA
mA + mH  {
( v A )  i +  ( v A )  j
x 0  y 0 }
 6000  3000
=  (121) i + ( 220i − 165j)
 9000  9000
= (154 ft/s ) i − ( 55 ft/s ) j
No external forces act during impact. Assume that only gravity acts after the impact. Motion of mass center
after impact:
1
 
(
r = v 0t +  z0 − gt 2  k = 154 t i − 55 t j + 3600 − 16.1t 2 k
 2 
)
3600
Time of fall. t2 = t = 14.953 s
16.1
r = (154 )(14.953) i − ( 55 )(14.953) j = ( 2302.8 ft ) i − (822.42 ft ) j
( mH + mA ) r = ( mH )1 ( rH )1 + ( mH )2 ( rH )2 + mArA
1
rA = ( mH + mA ) r − ( mH ) ( rH ) − ( mH ) ( rH ) 
mA  1 1 2 2
1
= ( 9000 )( 2302.8i − 822.42 j)
3000 
− ( 2000 )(1500i − 300 j) − ( 4000 )(1800i − 1500 j) 
= ( 3510 ft ) i − ( 267 ft ) j
Coordinates of point A: ( 3510 ft, − 267 ft )
Choose x axis pointing east, y axis north, and z axis vertical.

Velocities before collision:
5.5 mi 5280 ft/mi
Helicoptor: ( vH ) 0 = ⋅ = 121 ft/s
4 min 60 s/min
10 mi 5280 ft/mi
Airplane: ( v A )  = ⋅ = 220 ft/s
 x 0
4 min 60 s/min
( v )  = − 7.5 mi ⋅ 5280 ft/mi = −165 ft/s

 A y 0 4 min 60 s/min
Mass center: v0 =
mH
mA + mH
( vH ) 0 i +
mA
mA + mH  {
( v A )  i + ( v A )  j
x 0  y 0 }
 6000  3000
=  (121) i + ( 220i − 165j)
 9000  9000
= (154 ft/s ) i − ( 55 ft/s ) j
No external forces act during impact. Assume that only gravity acts after the impact. Motion of mass center
after impact:
1
 
(
r = v 0t +  z0 − gt 2  k = 154 ti − 55 tj + 3600 − 16.1t 2 k
 2 
)
3600
Time of fall. t2 = t = 14.953 s
16.1
r = (154 )(14.953) i − ( 55 )(14.953) j = ( 2302.8 ft ) i − (822.42 ft ) j
( mH + mA ) r = ( mH )1 ( rH )1 + ( mH )2 ( rH )2 + mArA
1
( rH )2 = ( mH + mA ) r − mArA − ( mH ) ( rH ) 
( mH )2  1 1
1
= ( 9000 )( 2302.8i − 822.42 j)
4000 
− ( 3000 )( 3600i + 240 j) − ( 2000 )(1200i − 600 j) 
= (1881 ft ) i − (1730 ft ) j Coordinates of point H 2: (1881 ft, −1730 ft )
Use a frame of reference moving with the mass center.

0 = −mAv′A + mBv′B
mB
v′A = v′B
mA
2
1 2 1 2 1 m  1 2
V = mA ( v′A ) + mB ( v′B ) = mA  B v′B  + mB ( v′B )
2 2 2 m
 A  2
mB ( mA + mB )
= ( v′B )2
2mA
2mAV
v′B =
mB ( mA + mB )
5 3
Data: mA = = 0.15528 lb ⋅ s 2 /ft, mB = = 0.09317 lb ⋅ s 2 /ft
32.2 32.2
V = 90 ft ⋅ lb
v′B =
( 2 )( 0.15528)( 90 ) = 34.75 v′B = 34.75 ft/s 30°
( 0.09317 )( 0.24845)
0.09317
v′A = ( 34.75) = 20.85 v′A = 20.85 ft/s 30°
0.15528
Velocities of A and B:
v A = [ 24 ft/s ] + [ 20.85 ft/s 30°] v A = 12.00 ft/s 60.3°
v B = [ 24 ft/s ] + [34.75 ft/s 30°] v B = 56.8 ft/s 17.8°
Locate the mass center.

Let l be the distance between A and B.
mBl = ( mA + mB ) l A
mB 2
lA = l = l
mA + mB 7
5
lB = l
7
(a) Linear momentum.
L = mAv0 = ( 2.5 )( 3.5 ) = 8.75 L = 8.75 kg ⋅ m/s
Angular momentum about G:

2 2
H G = l AmAv0 = lmAv0 = ( 0.210 )( 2.5 )( 3.5 ) = 0.525
7 7
HG = 0.525 kg ⋅ m 2/s
(b) There are no resultant external forces acting on the system;
therefore, L and H G are conserved.
L : mAv A + mBvB = L 2.5v A + 1.0vB = 8.75 (1)

HG : lB mB vB − l AmAv A = H G
5 2
( 0.210 )(1.0 ) vB − ( 0.210 )( 2.5) vA = 0.525
7 7
0.15vB − 0.15v A = 0.525 (2)
Solving (1) and (2) simultaneously, v A = 1.5 m/s, vB = 5 m/s
v A = 1.500 m/s
v B = 5.00 m/s
For steady flow Q1 + Q2 = Q (1)

Assume that the fluid speed is constant.
Velocity vectors: v = v ( sin θ i − cosθ j) , v1 = −v i, v 2 = vi
Let Pj be the force that plate C exerts on the fluid.

( ∆m ) v + Pj ( ∆t ) = ( ∆m )1 v1 + ( ∆m )2 v 2
( ∆m )1 ( ∆m )2 ∆m
Pj = v1 + v2 − v
∆t ∆t ∆t
 dm   dm   dm 
=  ( −v i ) +   ( vi ) −   ( v sin θ i − v cosθ j)
 dt 1  dt 2  dt 
= − ρ Q1v i + ρ Q2v i − ρ Qv ( sin θ i − cosθ j)
i: 0 = − ρ Q1v + ρ Q2v − ρ Qv sin θ Q sin θ = Q2 − Q1 (2)
j: P = ρ Qv cosθ (3)
γ 62.4
Data: ρ = = = 1.93789 lb ⋅ s 2 /ft 4 , v = 90 ft/s
g 32.2
Q1 = 26 gal/min = 57.932 × 10−3 ft 3/s, Q2 = 130 gal/min = 289.66 × 10 −3 ft 3/s
From (1), Q = 347.59 × 10−3 ft 3/s
Q2 − Q1
(a) From (2), sin θ = = 0.66667 θ = 41.810°
Q
θ = 41.8°
From (3), ( )
P = (1.93789 ) 347.59 × 10−3 ( 90 ) cos 41.810° = 45.2 lb.
(b) Force that stream exerts on plate C:
− P j = 45.2 lb
∆m dm
Calculation of or .
∆t dt
∆m
∆m = ρ A ( ∆l ) = ρ Av ( ∆t ) = ρ Av
∆t
dm 62.4 lb/ft 3 1.5 in 2

= ρ Av = ⋅ ⋅ 60 ft/s = 1.21118 lb ⋅ s/ft
dt 32.2 ft/s 2 144 in 2 /ft 2
Apply the principle of impulse-momentum.
 12  16 10 4
moments about D: −   ( ∆m ) v A − C ( ∆t ) + W ( ∆t ) = − ( ∆m ) vB
 12  12 12 12
∆m
16C = 10W + ( 4vB − 12vA )
∆t
= (10 )(10 ) + (1.21118 ) ( 4 )( 60 ) − (12 )( 60 )  = −481.37
C = −30.085 lb C = 30.1 lb
x components: ( ∆m ) vA + Dx( ∆t ) = ( ∆m ) vB
∆m dm
Dx = ( vB − vA ) = ( vB − vA ) = (1.21118)( 60 − 60 ) = 0
∆t dt
Dx = 0
y components: 0 + C ( ∆t ) + Dy ( ∆t ) − W ( ∆t ) = 0
Dy = W − C = 10 − ( −30.085 ) = 40.085 lb D = 40.1 lb
dm
Calculation of at a section in the airstream:
dt
∆m = ρ A ( ∆l ) = ρ Av ∆t
∆m dm
= = ρ Av
∆t dt
dm
(a) Thrust = ( v B − v A ) where v B is the velocity just downstream
dt
of propeller and v A is the velocity far upstream. Assume v A is
negligible.
π 
Thrust = ( ρ Av ) v = ρ  D 2  v 2
4 
π  2
3600 = (1.21)   ( 2 ) v 2 = 3.801v 2
4
v = 30.774 m/s v = 30.8 m/s
1 dm π  π 2
(b) Q= = Av =  D 2  v = ( 2 ) ( 30.774 )
ρ dt 4  4
Q = 96.7 m3/s
(c) Kinetic energy of mass ∆m :
1 1 1
∆T = ( ∆m ) v 2 = ρ A ( ∆l ) v 2 = ρ Av ( ∆t ) v 2
2 2 2
∆T dT 1 1 π 
= = ρ Av3 = ρ  D 2  v3
∆t dt 2 2 4 
1 π
= (1.21)   ( 2 )2 ( 30.774 )3 = 55.4 × 103 N ⋅ m/s
2 4
dT
= 55.4 kW
dt
From Eq. (14.44) of the text book, the thrust is
dm
P= u = (10 kg/s )( 3600 m/s ) = 36 × 103 kg ⋅ m/s 2 = 36 × 103 N
dt
Σ F = ma
P
P − mg = ma a= −g (1)
m
(a) At the start of firing, m = m0 = 960 kg, g = 9.81 m/s 2
36 × 103
From (1), a= − 9.81 = 27.69 m/s 2 a = 27.7 m/s 2
960
(b) As the last particle of fuel is consumed,
m = 960 − 800 = 160 kg, g = 9.81 m/s 2 ( assumed )
36 × 103
From (1), a= − 9.81 = 215.19 m/s 2 a = 215 m/s 2
160

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COSMOS: Complete Online Solutions Manual Organization System

Chapter 14, Solution 1.

The masses are mA = mB = 1350 kg and mC = 5400 kg.

Initial velocities: ( v A )0 = ( vB )0 = 0, ( vC )0 = 8 km/h = 2.2222 m/s

Let ( vBC )0 be the common velocity of B and C after impact.

Conservation of momentum for B and C :

6750 vBC = 0 + ( 5400 )( 2.2222 ) vBC = 1.77778 m/s

Second collision. Car-truck BC strikes car A.

v A − vBC = − e ( v A )0 − ( vBC )0  = −1.77778 m/s (1)

Conservation of momentum for A, B, and C.

mAv A + ( mB + mC )( vBC ) = mA ( v A )0 + ( mB + mC )( vBC )0

1350 v A + 6750 vBC = 0 + ( 6750 )(1.77778 ) (2)

Solving (1) and (2) simultaneously for v A and vBC ,

v A = 2.9630 m/s, vBC = 1.18519 m/s = vB = vC

Chapter 14, Solution 2.

Conservation of linear momentum for block, cart, and bullet together.

Principle of impulse and momentum.

Just after impact, ∆t is negligible. The velocity then is

Accelerations after impact.

Block and bullet: ∑ F = ma :

a AB/C = 4.905 − ( − 6.1656 ) = 11.0706 m/s 2

0.576 m from left end of cart

Chapter 14, Solution 3.

The masses are mA =

Initial momentum of system: mA ( v A )0 + mB ( vB )0 + mF ( vF )0 = 0.

124.2v A + 114.9vB + 1366.5vF = 0 (1)

The relative velocities are given as

v A/F = v A − vF = − 7 ft/s (2)

Solving (1), (2), and (3) simultaneously,

v A = − 6.208 ft/s, vB = − 2.708 ft/s, vF = 0.7919 ft/s

Chapter 14, Solution 4.

Initial momentum of system: mA ( v A )0 + mB ( vB )0 + mF ( vF )0 = 0

From the given relative velocities,

v A = vF + v A/F = 1.02 − 7.65 = − 6.63 ft/s

Substituting these values in (1),

Chapter 14, Solution 5.

Equating (1) and (2) and solving for v′,

Equating (1) and (3) and solving for v f ,

Chapter 14, Solution 6.

Initial momentum: mv0 + mA ( 0 ) + mB ( 0 ) = mv0

Final momentum: mvB + m Av A + mB vB

Equating, mv0 = mvB + mAv A + mBvB

(b) The bullet passes through block A. Momentum is conserved.

Initial momentum: mv0 + mA ( 0 ) = mv0

Final momentum: mv1 + m Av A

Equating, mv0 = mv1 + mAv A

Chapter 14, Solution 7.

(a) Woman dives first.

Man dives next. Conservation of momentum:

300 + 180 300 180

480v1 + (180 )(16 )

420v1′ + (120 )(16 )

Chapter 14, Solution 8.

(a) Woman dives first.

300 + 180 300 180

−420v1′ + (120 )(16 )

Chapter 14, Solution 9.

The masses are mA = mB = mC = 9 kg.

Position vectors (m): rA = 0.9k , rB = 0.6i + 0.6 j + 0.9k , rC = 0.3i + 1.2 j

i: − 8.1v A + 10.8vC = 0 (1)

(a) Solving for v A , vB , and vC , v A = 1.333 m/s v A = (1.333 m/s ) j

Coordinates of mass center G in m.

mA v A = ( 9 )(1.333j) = (12 kg ⋅ m/s ) j