11.
He always _____________ (wear) a raincoat and - to make a sudden decision at the moment of speaking (this
MODUL
BAHASA INGGRIS II
MEETING 2
TENSE REVIEW 1
Present Continuous Tense - Simple Present Tense
Past Tense - Past Continuous Tense
Present continuous
We use the present continuous
- for something that is happening at the moment of speaking, often
with now, at the moment, today etc.:
- A green lizard is chasing me.
- Are you running away from something?
- for something that is happening for a limited time in the present:
- I'm staying in Merton for a few months.
- to talk about future plans, often with tin expressions such as next
week, on Tuesday, tonight:.
- We're going to the cinema tonight. Is Trig coming?
Present simple
We use the present simple
- for things that repeatedly happen (or don't happen) especially
with always, often, usually, sometimes, never, every day etc.:
- I don't usually talk to aliens.
- for things and facts which do not usually change:
- I live in Kingsley.
- with verbs such as like, love, hate, dislike, know, believe, think:
- I love films.
Past simple
- We form the past simple with regular verbs (invent: invented, live:
lived) and Irregular verbs (wear: wore, meet: met)
- We use did + infinitive without to for questions, and did not or
didn't + infinitive without to for the negative.
- Did they wear jeans?
- They didn't wear their best clothes.
- We use the past simple for an action that started and finished in
the past, often with a time expression.
- He made the first pair of jeans in America.
Past continuous
- We form the past continuous with was/were + an ing form.
- he was travelling
- they were digging
- We make questions and negative forms like this:
- Was he travelling to New York?
- He was not (OR wasn't) travelling to New York.
- We use the past continuous for an action that was already
happening at a particular time in the past.
- When he met them, they were digging for gold.
Past simple or past continuous?
- When one action interrupts another, we use the past continuous
and the past simple together in one sentence.
- We use the past continuous (was travelling) for the longer action
and the past simple (met) for the shorter 'interrupting' action.
- Levi was travelling from New York to San Francisco when he met
some men.
PRACTICE 1 untidiness.
Put the verbs in brackets into the simple present or the present
continuous tense.
1. Cuckoos _____________ (not build) nests. They _____________
(use) the nests of other birds.
2. You can't see Tom now: he _____________ (have) a bath.
3. He usually _____________ (drink) coffee but today he
_____________ (drink) tea.
4. What she _____________ (do) in the evenings? —
She usually _____________ (play) cards or _____________
(watch) TV.
5. I won't go out now as it _____________ (rain) and I
_____________ (not have) an umbrella.
6. The last train _____________ (leave) the station at 11.30.
7. He usually _____________ (speak) so quickly that I
_____________ (not understand) him.
8. Ann _____________ (make) a dress for herself at the moment.
She _____________ (make) all her own clothes.
9. Hardly anyone _____________ (wear) a hat nowadays.
10. I'm afraid I've broken one of your coffee cups. — Don't worry. I
_____________ (not like) that set anyway.
11. I _____________ (wear) my sunglasses today because the sun
is very strong.
12. Tom can't have the newspaper now because his aunt
_____________ (read) it.
13. I'm busy at the moment. I _____________ (redecorate) the
sitting room.
14. The kettle _____________ (boil) now. Shall I make the tea?
15. How _____ you _____________ (get) to work as a rule?
I usually _____________ (go) by bus but tomorrow I - for a completed action which has an effect or result in the present:
_____________ (go) in Tom's car.
PRACTICE 2 - for a completed action at an unknown or unstated time, often with
Put the verbs in brackets into the simple past or the past
continuous tense.
1. I lit the fire at 6.00 and it _____________(burn) brightly when
Tom came in at 7.00.
2. When I arrived the lecture had already started and the professor
_____________ (write) on the overhead projector.
3. I _____________ (make) a cake when the light went out. I had to
finish it in the dark.
4. I didn't want to meet Paul so when he entered the room I
_____________ (leave).
5. Unfortunately when I arrived Ann just _____________ (leave), so
we only had time for a few words.
6. He _____________ (watch) TV when the phone rang. Very
unwillingly he _____________ (turn) down the sound and
_____________ (go) to answer it.
7. He was very polite. Whenever his wife entered the room he
_____________ (stand} up.
8. The admiral _____________ (play) bowls when he received news
of the invasion. He _____________ (insist) on finishing the game.
9. My dog _____________ (walk) along quietly when Mr Pitt's
Pekinese _____________ (attack) him.
10 When I arrived she _____________ (have) lunch. She
_____________ (apologize) for starting without me but said that
she always _____________ (have) lunch at 12.30.
_____________ (carry) an umbrella when he walked to the
office.
12. What you _____________ (think) of his last book? — I
_____________ (like) it very much.
13. I _____________ (share) a flat with him when we were
students. He always _____________ (complain) about my
14. He suddenly _____________ (realize) that he _____________
(travel) in the wrong direction.
15. He _____________ (play) the guitar outside her house when
someone opened the window and _____________ (throw) out
a bucket of water.
16. I just _____________ (open) the letter when the wind
_____________ (blow) it out of my hand.
17. The burglar _____________ (open) the safe when he
_____________ (hear) footsteps. He immediately
_____________ (put) out his torch and _____________ (crawl)
under the bed.
18. When I _____________ (look) for my passport I _____________
(find) this old photograph.
19. You looked very busy when I _____________ (see) you last
night. What you _____________ (do)?
20. The boys _____________ (play) cards when they
_____________ (hear) their father's step. They immediately
_____________ (hide) the cards and (take) out their lesson
books.
MEETING 3
TENSE REVIEW 2
Present Perfect Tense - Present Perfect Continuous Tense
Future Tense - Past Perfect Tense
Present perfect simple
We use the present perfect simple
- for a completed action with just, already and yet:
- We've just finished.
- We've cleaned all the parts. (result: The engine looks like new.)
ever and never:
- You have never repaired a car before.
Present perfect continuous
We use the present perfect continuous
- for an action that begins in the past and continues up to the
present. The action may be finished or unfinished:
- The car has been making strange noises.
- with for and since and how long to emphasize how long an action
has been happening:
- We have been working on it for hours.
- often with the long action verbs play, learn, do, wait, live, rain,
work, sleep etc.:
- It has been raining all day.
Talking about the future
English doesn't have a future tense. We can use several forms to
express different ideas about the future.
We use will:
- to make predictions based on intuition, beliefs, opinions or
experience
- He'll make a good doctor. (this is my personal opinion)
- I think Indonesia will become a rich country one day.
- Janice won't win the 100 metres medal this year.
- Will he be here soon? Yes, he will./No, he won't.
- Who do you think will win the match?
can be making an offer, a promise or describing an intention):
- All right, I'll help you with the housework.
- I think I'll go for a walk, I have a slight headache.
- I won't go to the party after all.
- I'll always be your friend.
- I promise I won't be late.
- to make a request or invitation:
- Will you wait for me?
- Will you come to my party on Saturday?
We use be going to:
- to make a prediction about a future event because of something
we can see now:
- Look at those clouds; it's going to rain.
- He isn't going to pass the test. (we can see that he doesn't study
much)
- to express our intention to do something:
- I'm going to change my lifestyle radically.
- I'm going to study medicine.
- My parents are going to move to the country.
- Are you going to take up the new post? Yes, I am. /No, I'm not.
We use the Present Continuous
- to talk about future events that we have fixed or arranged:
- I'm starting a new job in June. (the arrangements have already
been made)
- We're going to the theatre tonight. (we've got the tickets)
We use the Present Simple
- to talk about future official events and timetables which we cannot
change:
- The conference begins on the 23rd of January.
- My plane leaves at 3.30 p.m. tomorrow.
- When does the concert start tomorrow?
Past Perfect Tense
The past perfect expresses an activity that was complete before
another activity or time in the past.
Sam arrived at 10:00. Ann left at 9:30.
- Ann had already left when Sam arrived.
Adverb clauses with by the time are frequently used with the past
perfect in the main clause.
- By the time Sam got there, Ann had already left.
If either before or after is used in the sentence, the past perfect is
often not necessary because the time relationship is already clear.
The simple past may be used.
- Sam had left before Ann got there. = Sam left before Ann got
there.
- After the guests had left, I went to bed. = After the guests left, I
went to bed.
PRACTICE 1
Complete the sentences with the verbs from the box in the correct
form: present perfect or past simple.
be - break - earn - forget - give - go - have - offer - open - speak - tell
1. Bill _____________ away from school all this week.
2. Glenda _____________ to the cinema every weekend when she
was a student.
3. Pippa _____________ very quiet recently. Is she OK?
4. Eric _____________ the door before I rang the bell.
5. How long ______ Neil _____________ his present job?
6. ______ Tina _____________ to her parents since she left home?
7. Ow, that hurt! I think I _____________ my toe.
8. Jack _____________ me about his problems last night.
9. I _____________ Sue's mobile number. Do you have it?
10. Jane _____________ more money in her last job, but she enjoys
this one more.
11. ______ Brian _____________ you his new address before he
moved house?
12. My brother _____________ to lend me his car tomorrow, so I
needn't get the bus.
PRACTICE 2 1. Samir (be) __________________ a newspaper reporter before he
Choose ten of the pictures and write true sentences about
yourself. Use the present perfect or past simple.
1. I _______________________ since last month
2. Yesterday I _______________________ Passive : The boy will not be helped by Marry.
3. In the past six months I _______________________
4. Since my last birthday I _______________________ PASSIVE VOICE ALL TENSES
5. I recently.
6. Last year I _______________________ Passive : The boy is not going to be helped by Marry.
7. Six months ago I _______________________ Study the following ative and passive sentences
8. I _______________________ when I was a child.
9. I _______________________ yesterday evening.
10. This week I _______________________
PRACTICE 3 Passive : The boy is helped by Marry.
Complete the sentences with the verbs from the box and will or
going to.
read - work - not watch - travel - live
remain - not rain - have - watch - use - not be
1. What do I think about phones in the future?
There _______________ phones in houses, everyone
mobile phones and your phone number _______________ the
same all your life.
2. My sister _______________ a baby in December.
3. In my opinion, we _______________ e-books rather than paper
books in the future.
4. We _______________ films on TV in ten years time,
we _______________ DVDs instead, I believe.
5. You don't need an umbrella. Look at the sky, it's blue and there
aren't any clouds — it _______________ today.
6. Do you think that people _______________ to other
planets in the future?
7. Intelligent houses already exist and scientists are developing new
ideas all the time. It's clear everyone _______________ in
intelligent houses in the next 20 years.
8. I think I _______________ in a school in the future. I want to be
a teacher.
PRACTICE 4 (h) be going to
Use the simple past or the past perfect form of the verbs in
parentheses to complete the sentences. In some cases, either
tense is correct.
(become) __________________ a businessman.
2. I (feel) __________________ a little better after I (take)
__________________ the medicine.
3. I was late. The teacher (give, already) __________________ a
quiz when I (get) __________________ to class.
4. It was raining hard, but by the time class (be)
__________________ over, the rain (stop)
__________________ Active : Mary hasn’t helped the boy.
5. Millions of years ago, dinosaurs (roam) __________________ the
earth, but they (become) __________________ extinct by the
time people first (appear)
6. I (see, never) any of Picasso's paintings before I (visit)
__________________ the art museum.
7. After work, I went to Rosa's office to give her a ride hone, but I
couldn't find her. She (leave) __________________ with someone
else.
8. I got ready to pay the bill, but when I (look) __________________
in my pocket, I discovered that I (leave) __________________
my wallet at home. With some embarrassment, I told my friend
that I ( forget) __________________ my wallet. She kindly (offer)
__________________ to pay my part of the bill for me.
MEETING 5
PASSIVE VOICE 1
AFFIRMATIVE
(a) simple present Active : Does Mary help the boy?
Active : Mary helps the boy.
(b) present progressive Active : Is Mary helping the boy?
Active : Mary is helping the boy.
Passive : The boy is being helped by Marry.
(c) present perfect
Active : Mary has helped the boy.
Passive : The boy has been helped by Marry.
(d) simple past Active : Did Mary help the boy?
Active : Mary helped the boy.
Passive : The boy was helped by Marry.
(e) past progressive Active : Was Mary helping the boy?
Active : Mary was helping the boy.
Passive : The boy was being helped by Marry.
(f) past perfect
Active : Mary had helped the boy.
Passive : The boy had been helped by Marry.
(g) simple future Active : Will Mary help the boy?
Active : Mary will help the boy.
Passive : The boy will be helped by Marry.
Active : Mary is going to help the boy.
Passive : The boy is going to be helped by Marry.
NEGATIVE
(a) simple present
Active : Mary doesn’t help the boy.
Passive : The boy isn’t helped by Marry.
(b) present progressive 3. The teacher is going to explain the lesson.
Active : Mary isn’t helping the boy.
Passive : The boy isn’t being helped by Marry.
(c) present perfect
Passive : The boy hasn’t been helped by Marry.
(d) simple past 11. Does Prof. Shapiro teach that course? No, he doesn't teach it.
Active : Mary didn’t help the boy.
Passive : The boy wasn’t helped by Marry.
(e) past progressive 13. The speech was given by Anwar.
Active : Mary wasn’t helping the boy.
Passive : The boy wasn’t being helped by Marry.
(f) past perfect
Active : Mary hadn’t helped the boy.
Passive : The boy hadn’t been helped by Marry.
(g) simple future
Active : Mary will not help the boy.
(h) be going to 1. A strange thing happened yesterday. (no change)
Active : Mary is not going to help the boy.
INTERROGATIVE
(a) simple present
Passive : Is the boy helped by Marry?
(b) present progressive
Passive : Is The boy being helped by Marry?
(c) present perfect
Active : Has Mary helped the boy?
Passive : Has the boy been helped by Marry?
(d) simple past
Passive : Was the boy helped by Marry?
(e) past progressive
Passive : Was the boy being helped by Marry?
(f) past perfect
Active : Had Mary helped the boy?
Passive : Had the boy been helped by Marry?
(g) simple future
Passive : Will the be helped by Marry?
(h) be going to
Active : Is Mary going to help the boy?
Passive : Is the boy going to be helped by Marry?
PRACTICE 1
Change the active to passive.
1. Shakespeare wrote that play.
2. Do waitresses and waiters serve customers?
4. Two horses were pulling the farmer's wagon.
5. Toshi will not invite Yoko to the party.
6. Alex is not preparing that report.
7. Had Kathy returned the book to the library?
8. Miriam has designed several public buildings.
9. His tricks won't fool me.
10. I didn't write that note. Did Jim write it?
12. Mrs. Andrews hasn't signed those papers yet. Has Mr. Andrews
signed them yet?
Change the passive to active.
14. Our assignments are going to be corrected by the teaching
assistant.
15. Was the electric light bulb invented by Thomas Edison? ,16. The
speed limit on Highway 5 isn't obeyed by most drivers.
17. Have you been informed of the rent increase by the building
manager?
PRACTICE 2
Change the active verbs to passive if possible. Some verbs are
intransitive and cannot be changed.
2. Jackie scored the winning goal. ---> The winning goal was scored
by Jackie.
3. I agree with Dr. Ikeda's theory.
4. Dr. Ikeda developed that theory.
5. A hurricane destroyed the small fishing village.
6. A large vase stands in the corner of our front hallway.
7. The children seemed happy when they went to the zoo.
8. After class, one of the students always erases the board.
9. The solution to my problem appeared to one in a dream.
10. Our plan succeeded at last.
11. Barbara traveled to Uganda last year.
12. A special committee is going to seal the dispute.
13. Did the police catch the thief?
14. This room is a mess. What happened?
USING THE PASSIVE
(a) Rice is grown in Usually the passive is used without a
India. by-phrase. The passive is most frequently
(b) Our house was used when it is not known or not important
built in 1980. to know exactly who performs an action.
(c) This olive oil was In (a): Rice is grown in India by people, by
imported from farmers, by someone. It is not known or
Crete. important to know exactly who grows rice in
India.
Examples (a), (b), and (c) illustrate the most
common use of the passive, i.e., without the
by-phrase.
(d) My aunt made If the speaker knows who performs an
this rug. (active) action, usually the active is used, as in (d).
(e) This rug was made by Sometimes, even when the speaker (d) I locked the door five When the passive form is used 9. I'm sorry. You _____________ not _____________ for the job. 10. I got an invitation. _______ you ________________________
my aunt. knows who performs an action, he/ minutes ago. to describe an existing situation We need someone with a degree in electrical engineci ng. to the party too?
That rug was made by she chooses to use the passive with (e) The door was locked by me or state, as in (c), (f), and (i), it is 10. I love my wife. I _____________ to a wonderful woman. 11 . I ________________________ on Fridays. I’ll give you the
my mother. the by-phrase in order to focus five minutes ago. called the "non-progressive 11. We can't eat this fruit. It _____________. We'll have to throw it money I owe you next Friday. Okay?
(f) Life on the attention on the subject of a (f) Now the door is locked. passive." In the non-progressive: out. 12. After Ed graduated, he ________________________ by an
Mississippi was sentence. (g) Ann broke the window • no action is taking place; the 12. We'd better call a plumber. The water won't go down the drain. engineering firm.
written by Mark In (e): The focus of attention is on yesterday. action happened earlier. The drain _____________ with food. 13. But later, he ________________________ because he didn’t do
Twain. two rugs. In (f): The focus is on the (h) The window was broken by • there is no by-phrase. 13. Vietnam _____________ in Southeast Asia. his work.
book, but the by-phrase is Ann. • the past participle functions as 14. A: How old is Juan? 14. Ben and Sara have had an interesting relationship. First, they
included because it contains (i) Now the window is broken. an adjective. B: He _____________ in 1980. _____________________ Then, they ____________________.
important information. 15. A: The TV set isn't working. Later, they ________________________ Finally, they
( j ) I am interested in Chinese Prepositions other than by can B: Are you sure? _____________ it _____________. ________________________. Today they are a happily married
art. follow non-progressive passive couple.
PRACTICE 3 ( k ) He is satisfied with his job. verbs.
Discuss why passive was chosen for these sentences instead of ( I ) Ann is married to Alex. Get + Adjective MEETING 10
active. (m) I don't know where I am. I Sentences (m) through (p) are (a) I 'm getting hungry. Let's eat (a) I 'm getting hungry. Let's eat
1. My sweater was made in England. am lost. examples of idiomatic usage of the soon. soon. GERUND & INFINITIVE
Reason: (n) I can't find my purse. It is passive form in common, everyday (b) I stopped working because I (b) I stopped working because I got THE USING OF GERUND & THE VERBS THAT ARE FOLOWED
The speaker or writer probably uses the passive here because gone. English. These sentences have no got sleepy. sleepy. BY GERUND OR INFINITIVE
he or she doesn't know who made the sweater. Using an active (o) I am finished with my work. equivalent active sentences.
sentence (Someone made my sweater in England) wouldn't add ( p) I am done with my work. Get + Past Participle COMPARE the uses of the -ing form of verbs:
any important information. (1) Walking is good exercise.
2. The new highway will be completed sometime next month. (c) I stopped working because - Get may also be followed by a
- walking = a gerund used as the subject of the sentence.
3. The World Cup soccer games are being televised all over the I got tired. past participle. The past
world this year. PRACTICE 1 (d) They are getting married participle functions as an
(2) Bob and Ann are playing tennis.
Complete the sentences with the non-progressive passive of the next month. adjective; it describes the - playing = a present participle used as part of the present
4. This composition was written by Ali. That one was written by
Mariko. verbs in parentheses. Use the simple present or the simple past. subject. progressive tense.
5. The Washington Monument is visited by hundreds of people 1. Olga is wearing a blouse. It (make) _____________ made of - The passive with get is common (3) I heard some surprising news.
every day. cotton. in spoken English, but not in - surprising = a present participle used as an adjective.
6. Bananas originated in Asia but now are grown in the tropics of 2. The door to this room _____________ (shut) formal writing.
both hemispheres of the world. They were introduced to the 3. The lights in this room (turn) _____________ on. A gerund is the -ing form of a verb used as a noun. A gerund is used
Americas in 1516. 4. This room _____________ (crowd, not) Common past participles with get in the same ways as a noun, i.e., as a subject or as an object.
5. We can leave now because class _____________ (finish) a. Playing tennis is fun.
6. It is hot in this room because the window _____________ get dressed (in) get invited (to) get done (with) b. We enjoy playing tennis.
PRACTICE 4 (close) get drunk (on) get accepted (for, into) get involved (in, with) c. He’s excited about playing tennis.
7. Yesterday it was hot in this room because the window get elected (to) get accustomed to get killed (by, with)
Make complete sentences with the given words. Use the simple In (a): playing is a gerund. It is used as the subject of the
_____________ (close) get engaged (to) get acquainted (with) get lost (in)
past. Some are active, and some are passive. sentence.
8. We are ready to sit down and eat dinner. The table get excited (about) get arrested (for) get married (to)
1. We \ allow, not \ to go to the park alone when we were young get prepared (for) Playing tennis is a gerund phrase.
_____________ (set) the meat and rice _____________ (do) get finished (with) get bored (with)
2. A package \ deliver \ to our apartment yesterday
get confused (about) get scared (of) In (b): playing is a gerund used as the object of the verb enjoy.
3. Maria \ teach \ her son to read when he was three and the candles _____________ (light) get fixed (by)
get hurt (by) get crowded (with) get sunburned In (c): playing is a gerund used as the object of the
4. When I was in elementary school, we \ require \ to wear uniform 9. Where's my wallet? It (go) _____________ Did you take it?
10. Hmmm. My dress (tear) _____________. I wonder how that get interested (in) get divorced (from) get worried (about) preposition about.
5. As we watched, the airplane \ disappear \ into the clouds
6. I \ agree \ with your decision yesterday happened.
A gerund is frequently used as the object of a preposition.
7. Timmy \ drop \ a plate after dinner last night
PRACTICE 2 PRACTICE 3 (a) We talked about going to Canada for our vacation.
8. The plate \ fall \ to the floor with a crash
Complete the sentences with any appropriate tense of get and the (b) Sue is in charge of organizing the meeting.
9. What \ happen \ yesterday
Complete each sentence with an appropriate form of the words in given adjectives. (c) I'm interested in learning more about your work.
10. Something very sad \ happen \ yesterday
11. My cat \ hit \ by a speeding truck the list. accustom do hungry pay better engage invite
remarry dark fire marry well depress hire In (d) through (g): to is a preposition, not part o an infinitive
12. She \ kill \ instantly
bear crowd locate plug in spoil nervous wet divorce form, so a gerund follows.
block divorce lose qualify stick 1. What time are we going to eat? I ________________________ (d) I am used to sleeping with the window open.
MEETING 6 confuse exhaust marry schedule turn off 2. I didn't have an umbrella, so I ________________________ while (e) I am accustomed to sleeping with the window open.
I was waiting for the bus yesterday. (f) I look forward to going home next month.
1. Excuse me, sir. Could you give me some directions? I 3. Every time I have to give a speech, I __________________ (g) They object to changing their plans at this late date.
PASSIVE VOICE 2 ____________ lost 4. Would you mind turning on the light? It
NON PROGRESSIVE PASSIVE & THE PASSIVE WITH GET 2. Let's find another restaurant. This one ____________ too ________________________ in here. Negative form: not precedes a gerund.
____________. We would have to wait at least an hour for a 5. Maria's English is improving. It ________________________ (h) We talked about not going to the meeting, but finally decided
table. 6. My friend was sick, so I sent him a card. It said, " we should go.
Non Progressive Passive
3. The meeting ____________ for tomorrow at nine. ________________________ soon."
(a) The door is old. In (a) and (b): old and green are 4. That's hard work! I ____________. I need to rest for a while. 7. How long did it take you to ________________________ to living PRACTICE 1
(b) The door is green. adjectives. They describe the door. 5. You told me one thing, and John told me another. I don't know here? Directions: Without referring a source, see how many of the
(c) The door is locked. In (c): locked is a past participle. It what to think. I ____________ 8. We can leave as soon as I ________________________ with this preposition combination you already know by completing
is used as an adjective. It describes 6. Annie can't close the window. It ____________ work. these sentences with an appropriate preposition and verb
the door. 7. Louise is probably sleeping. The lights in her room ____________ 9. Chris ________________________ when she lost her job, so I form.
8. Carolyn and Joe were married to each other for five years, tried to cheer her up. 1. Alice isn't interested in (look) looking for a new job.
but now they ____________
2. Henry is excited _________ (leave)_________ for India.
3. You are capable _________ (do) _________ better work. insist on doing it These verbs are followed immediately by an infinitive when 13. Before I went away to college, my mother reminded me
4. I have no excuse _________ (be) _________ late. be accustomed they are used in the passive, as in (f) and (g). _____________ her a letter at least once a week.
5. I'm accustomed _________ (have) _________ a big break in addition 14. Paulo intends _____________ his friend a letter.
fast. be committed (f) I was told to be here at ten o’clock. 15. Residents are not allowed _____________ pets in my
6. The rain prevent us _________ (complete) _________ the be devoted (g) The driver was ordered to stop. apartment building.
work. look forward 16. All applicants are required _____________ an entrance
7. Fred is always complaining _________ (have) _________ a object Ask, expect, would like, want, and need may or may not be examination.
headache. be opposed followed by a (pro)noun object. 17. Someone asked me _____________ this package.
8. Instead _________ (study) _________, Margaret went to a be used COMPARE 18. I was asked _____________ this package.
ballgame with some of her friends. In (h): I think I will pass the test. (I expect to pass the test.) 19. Jack advised me _____________ a new apartment.
9. Thank you _________ (help) _________ me carry my PRACTICE 2 In (i): I think Mary will pass the test. ((i) I expect Mary to pass
the test.)
20. I was advised _____________ a new apartment.
suitcases. 21. Jack advised _____________ a new apartment.
10. Mrs. Grant insisted _________ (know) _________ the Using the words in parentheses, complete the sentences. 22. Jack suggested _____________ a new apartment.
whole truth. 1. Kostas went to bed instead of finishing his work (finish) VERB + INFINITIVE 23. Ann advised her sister _____________ the plane instead
11. I believe _________ (be) _________ honest at all times. 2. I thanked my friend __________________ (lend) GROUP A: VERB + INFINITIVE of driving to Oregon.
12. You should take advantage _________ (live) _________ 3. I'm excited __________________ (go) 24. Ann advised _____________ the plane instead of driving
4. I'm not accustomed __________________ (live) hope to (do something) seem to
here. to Oregon.
5. Omar didn't feel good. He complained plan to appear to
13. Fatima had a good reason _________ (go, not) _________
__________________ (have) intend to pretend to
to class yesterday.
6. I don't blame you __________________ (want, not) decide to ask to
14. Everyone in the neighborhood participated _________
7. I have a good reason __________________ (be) promise to expect to
(search) _________ for the lost child.
8. It's getting late. I'm worried __________________ (miss) agree to would like to
15. I apologized to Yoko _________ (make) _________ her
9. I'm interested __________________ (find out about) offer to want to
wait for me.
10. I'm thinking __________________ (go) refuse to need to
Common preposition combinations followed by gerunds 11. I apologized to my friend __________________ (be)
GROUP B: VERB + (PRO)NOUN + INFINITIVE
be excited about doing it 12. I am/am not used __________________ (drive)
13. Nothing can stop me __________________ (go) force someone to advise someone to
be worried about doing it
14. In that office, who is responsible __________________ ask someone to allow someone to
(take care of) expect someone to encourage someone to
complain about/of doing it
15. I look forward __________________ (go) would like someone to warn someone to
dream about/of doing it
16. The thief was guilty __________________ (steal) want someone to remind someone to
talk about/of doing it
17. Sonya has two jobs. In addition __________________ need someone to require someone to 25. Mrs. Jackson had warned her young son _____________
think about/of doing it
(work) tell someone to invite someone to the hot stove.
18. Please forgive me __________________ (write, not) permit someone to order someone to 26. I don't mind _____________ alone.
apologize for doing it
19. Sarah is an honest person. She's not capable 27. The teacher seems _____________ in a good mood today,
blame (someone) for doing it
forgive (someone) for doing it __________________ (tell) don't you think?
have an excuse for doing it 20. His poor health keeps my grandfather PRACTICE 3 28. Lucy pretended _____________ the answer to my
have a reason for doing it __________________ (travel) Use a gerund or an infinitive to complete each sentence. question.
be responsible for doing it 1. We're going out for dinner. Would you like _____________
thank (someone) for doing it us? Common verbs followed by either infinitives or gerunds
2. Jack avoided _____________ me. Some verbs can be followed by either an infinitive or a
Common verbs followed by infinitives 3. Fred didn't have any money, so he decided _____________
keep (someone) from doing it gerund, sometimes with no difference in meaning, as in
prevent (someone) from doing it An infinitive = to + the simple form of a verb (to see, to be, to a job. Group A below, and sometimes with a difference in meaning,
prohibit (someone) from doing it go, etc.). 4. The teacher reminded the students _____________ their as in Group B below.
stop (someone) from doing it Some verbs are followed immediately by an infinitive, as in (a) assignments.
and (b). 5. Do you enjoy _____________ soccer? GROUP A: VERB + INFINITIVE OR GERUND, WITH NO
VERB + INFINITIVE 6. I was broke, so Jenny offered _____________ me a little DIFFERENCE IN MEANING
believe in doing it
be interested in doing it
(a) I hope to see you again soon. money.
(b) He promised to be here by ten. 7. Mrs. Allen promised _____________ tomorrow. begin like hate start love can't stand
participate in doing it
8. My boss expects me _____________ this work ASAP.* continue prefer can't bear
succeed in doing it
Negative form: not precedes the infinitive, as in (c). 9. Would you mind _____________ the door for me?
(c) He promised not to be late. (a) It began to rain. It began raining.
be accused of doing it 10. Even though I asked the people in front of me at
(b) I started to work. I started working.
be capable of doing it the movie _____________ quiet, they
Some verbs are followed by a (pro)noun and then an (c) It was beginning to rain.
for the purpose of doing it kept _____________
infinitive, as in (d) and (e). 11. Joan and David were considering _____________ married The verbs in Group A may be followed by either an infinitive
be guilty of doing it VERB + (PRO)NOUN + INFINITIVE in June, but they finally decided _____________ until or a gerund with little or no difference in meaning.
instead of doing it (d) Mr. Lee told me to be here at ten o’clock. August. In (a): There is no difference between began to rain and
take advantage of doing it (e) The police ordered the driver to stop.
12. Our teacher encourages us _____________ a dictionary began raining.
take care of doing it
whenever we are uncertain of the spelling of a word. If the main verb is progressive, an infinitive (not a gerund) is
be tired of doing it
usually used, as in (c).


GROUP B: VERB + INFINITIVE OR GERUND, WITH A
DIFFERENCE IN MEANING
remember regret forget try
(d) Judy always remember to lock the door.
(e) Sam often forgets to lock the door.
(f) I remember seeing the Alps for the first time. The sight was
impressive.
(g) I'll never forget seeing the Alps for the first time.
(h) I regret to tell you that you failed the test.
(i) I regret lending him some money. He never paid me back.
(j) I am trying to learn English.
(k) The room was hot. I tried opening the window, but that didn't
help. So I tried turning on the fan, but I was still hot. Finally, I
turned on the air conditioner.
The verbs in Group B may be followed by either an
infinitive or a gerund, but the meaning is different.
- Remember + infinitive = remember to perform
responsibility, duty, or task, as in (d).
- Forget + infinitive = forget to perform a responsibility, duty,
or task, as in (c).
- Remember + gerund = remember (recall) something that
happened in the past, as in (f).
- Forget + gerund = forget something that happened in the
past, as in (g).
- Regret + infinitive = regret to say, to tell someone, to inform
someone of some bad news, as in (h).
- Regret + gerund = regret something that happened in the
past, as in (i).
- Try + infinitive = make an effort (j).
- Try + gerund = experiment with a new or different approach
to see if it works, as in (k).
Notice the patterns with prefer:
prefer + gerund: I prefer staying home to going to the concert.
prefer + infinitive: I'd prefer to stay home (rather) than (to) go to the
concert.
**Forget followed by a gerund usually occurs in a negative sentence
or in a question: e.g., I’ll never forget, I can’t forget, Have you ever
forgotten?, and Can you ever forget? are often followed by a gerund
phrase.
PRACTICE
Complete the following sentences wtih the correct form(s)
of the verbs in parentheses.
1. I like (go) _____________ to the zoo.
2. The play wasn't very good. The audience started
_____________ (leave) before it was over.
3. After a brief interruption, the professor continued
_____________ (lecture) - He noticed that she was nervous. (noun clause)
4. The children love (swim) _____________ in the ocean.
5. I hate (see) _____________ any living being suffer. I can't
bear it.
6. I'm afraid of flying. When a plane begins (move)
_____________ down the runway, my heart starts (race)
_____________ . Oh-oh! The plane is beginning (move)
_____________ , and my heart is starting _____________
(race) a noun is used can occur anywhere in the sentence that a
7. When I travel, I prefer (drive) _____________ to (take)
_____________ a plane.
8. I prefer (drive) _____________ rather than (take)
_____________ a plane.
9. I always remember (turn) _____________ off all the lights
before I leave my house.
10. I can remember (be) _____________ very proud and
happy when I graduated.
11. Did you remember (give) _____________ Jake my
message?
12. I remember (play) _____________ with dolls when I was
a child.
13. What do you remember (do) _____________ when you
were a child?
14. What do you remember (do) _____________ before you
leave for class every day?
15. What did you forget (do) _____________ before you left
for class this morning?
16. I'll never forget (carry) _____________ my wife over the
threshold when we moved into our first home.
17. I can't ever forget (watch) _____________ our team score
the winning goal in the last seconds of the championship
game.
18. Don’t forget (do) _____________ your homework tonight!
19. I regret (inform) _____________ you that your loan
application has not been approved.
20. I regret (listen, not) _____________ to my father’s advice.
He was right.
21. When a student asks a question, the teacher always tries
(explain) _____________ the problem as clearly as
possible.
22. I tried everything, but the baby still wouldn’t stop
crying. I tried (hold) _____________ him, but that didn’t
help. I tried (feed) _____________ him, but he refused the
food and continued to cry. I tried (burp) _____________
him. I tried (change) _____________ his diapers. Nothing
worked. The baby wouldn’t stop crying.
4 Subordinators in the Noun Clause
PRACTICE
Supply an appropriate form, gerund or infinitive, of the
verbs in parentheses.
1. Mary reminded me (be, not) _____________ late for the
meeting. The club will give the winner a prize.
2. We went for a walk after we finished (clean)
_____________ up the kitchen.
3. I forgot (take) _____________ a book back to the library, so
I had to pay a fine.
4. When do you expect (leave) _____________ on your trip?
5. The baby started (talk) _____________ when she was
about eighteen months old.
6. I don't mind (wait) _____________ for you. Go ahead and
finish (do) your work.
7. I've decided (stay) _____________ here over vacation and
(paint) my room.
8. We discussed (quit) _____________ our jobs and (open) She will name him John.
_____________ our own business.
9. I'm getting tired. I need (take) _____________ a break.
10. Sometimes students avoid (look) _____________ at the
teacher if they don't want (answer) _____________
a question.
11. The club members discussed (postpone) _____________
the next meeting until March.
12. Most children prefer (watch) _____________ television to
(listen) _____________ to the radio.
13. My grandfather prefers (read) _____________ with.
14. Did Carol agree (go) _____________ (camp)
_____________ with you?
15. As the storm approached, the birds quit (sing)
_____________ Remembering what she said, I was careful to be on time.
16. The taxi driver refused (take) _____________ a check. He
wanted the passenger (pay) _____________ cash.
17. The soldiers were ordered (stand) _____________ at
attention.
18. The travel agent advised us (wait, not) _____________
until August.
MEETING 11
NOUN CLAUSE & ADVERBIAL CLAUSE
THE DEFINITIONS AND THE USES OF NOUN CLAUSE
AND ADVERBIAL CLAUSE
Definition of the Noun Clause
A noun clause is a subordinate clause used as a noun. It
functions as a noun in the sentence.
- He noticed her nervousness. (noun)
The noun clauses may be introduced by subordinate
conjunctions or relative pronouns. Refer to the list in the
Illustration section:
Position of the Noun Clause
Since the noun clause may be used in the same way in which
noun can occur.
Subject of the sentence:
5 His destination is a secret.
Where he is going is a secret.
Indirect object:
The club will give whoever wins a prize.
Direct object:
I know his name.
I know what his name is.
Subjective complement:
This is my opinion.
This is what I think.
Objective complement:
She will name him whatever she wants to.
Object of a preposition:
She worried about his health.
She worried about how ill he was.
Appositive:
One problem, his incompetence, will be hard to deal with.
One problem, that he is incompetent, will be hard to deal
Object of a participle:
Remembering her remark, I was careful to be on time.
Object of an infinitive:
John asked her to read the manuscript.
John asked her to read what he had written.
Object of a gerund:
Knowing English is very useful to him.
Knowing what people from different countries use to
communicate is useful to him.
Subordinators which introduce noun clauses can be either
relative pronouns or subordinate conjunctions. See the list in
the Illustration section.
When a pronoun is used as a subordinator, it takes one of
the noun positions in the clause it introduces, or it acts as a
determiner before one of the nouns in the clause.
We know who wrote the letter. (subject)
who(m) you saw. (direct object)
whose work was best. (determiner)
of whom he was speaking. (object of a preposition)
which way they went. (determiner)
what time it was. (determiner)
What they needed. (direct object)
what happened. (subject)
They will welcome whoever is there. (subject)
Give them whatever they need. (direct object)
 PRACTICE
Use one of the pronoun or conjunction subordinators in the
Illustration section to introduce a clause and complete the
meaning of each sentence.
I don't know how much it costs.
I . Do you know _____________ suggested that?
2. He asked me _____________ I did not tell the truth.
3. They should listen to _____________ he is saying.
4. John has forgotten _____________ he left his new book.
5. Do you know _____________ they expect their cousin?
6. The hostess asked John _____________ he would like his (It was not satisfactory.)
coffee.
7. Did Susan tell you _____________ the plane tickets would
cost?
8. I wonder _____________ of gift Mr. Santana would like.
9. He doesn't remember _____________ he got lost.
10. He asked _____________ Mrs. Santana called him - He even read while he was conducting cabinet meetings.
PRACTICE
Change the underlined noun into noun clause.
1. I don’t understand the question.
2. The new smartphone is not too expensive.
3. His successful needs hard work.
4. Sue’s mother is thinking of her failure.
5. One thing that I don’t like from Wayne, his arrogance.
6. Understanding his position in the company, Mr. Uncal
couldn’t say anything else to argue what Mr. Kobam said.
7. The teacher asked the students to give their homework on
time.
8. Letting his behavior will make him become a bad person.
9. Life will always give good lesson for us.
10. The best in my life is my hometown.
PRACTICE
Change the underlined noun clause into a a suitable noun.
1. What he said is very important.
2. I don’t understand why she left her company.
3. Where John stayed is a secret.
4. Right now, I am thinking of how I can gain much money in my life.
5. Drinking what people think very good for our health is a
necessary.
6. The director of the company order his employess to use
what many people use to come to their work and destination.
7. The classic problem in our country is where we can stay
comfortably.
8. How Mr. Brando delivers the lesson is excellent.
9. Everybody needs what people use to pay their needs.
10. What we are watching now is not interesting.
Adverbial Clauses
An adverbial clause is a dependent clause used as an adverb; it
therefore can modify a verb, an adjective, a verbal, another adverb,
or a sentence.
- John went home early.
- John Went home as soon as he could.
Subordinating Words in Adverbial Clauses
A subordinate conjunction introduces the adverbial clause and
connects it with a word in the main clause. The following are
frequently used subordinate conjunctions:
1 after
even
so . . . that
when
no matter if
than
if as if wherever
since if because - His skill was such that he solved the problem very rapidly.
until such . . . that/. . . such that on condition that
although whenever though 7. Condition: if, whether, unless, provided (that), on condition. that,
eventhough as/ so long as
whether
so that in order that before
whatever supposing (that) provided (that) satisfactory.)
as where unless - He would sign the contract if it were satisfactory. (It is not
for fear that as soon as while
The following are examples of adverbial clauses arranged according
to the meaning of the subordinate conjunction.
I. Time: when, whenever, while, since, after, before, until, as - He will consider it, provided that all his conditions are met.
- Abraham Lincoln maintained great interest in legal studies when
he was president.
- He read law books whenever he had the chance.
- He had wanted to be a lawyer since he was a young boy.
- He worked as a lawyer after he finished his education.
1 - He was a member of the legislature of his state before he became
president.
- He maintained his interest in law until he was assassinated.
- We will better appreciate Lincoln the lawyer when we study his
legal opinions.
2. Place: where, wherever
- I have always lived where I was oorn.
- We will meet wherever the committee decides.
3. Manner: as, as if
- I will do as I have been instructed. He acted as if he owned the
place.
4. Comparison: as, than
- I don’t swim as well as he does.
- However, I swim better than she does.
2 5. Reason, cause, purpose: as, because, so that, in order that, for
fear that, since
- As/ Since you have already studied that chapter, it will not be
necessary to read it again.
- It will not be necessary to study that chapter because you have
already read it.
- The instructions are to read that chapter so that we will be
prepared to take the examination.
- The instructions were to read that chapter so that we would be
prepared to take the examination.
- I will study the chapter so that I can pass the examination.
- I studied the chapter so that I could pass the examination.
- I read that chapter in order that I might be prepared to take the
examination.
- I read that chapter several timesforfear that I might not be
prepared for the examination.
Notice the sequence of tenses in clauses introduced. by so that
and in order that. If the verb of the main clause is in the present or
future tense and the subordinate clause refers to the future; the
simple form of the verb, either alone or with will, may, or can, is
used in the subordinate clause. If the verb of the main clause is in
the past, the subordinate clause contains would, could, or might
and the simple form of the principal verb.
6. Result: so . . . that, such . . . that/ . . . such that
- The book was so interesting that I read it in one evening.
Clauses of Comparison
1. I have written this composition. as well as __________________
- It was such an interesting book that I read it in one evening. 2. Writing is harder than __________________
3. Faulkner’s Intruder in the Dust was more difficult to read than
__________________
4. I’ll never know as much as __________________
as/so long as, supposing (that) 5. He needs more help than __________________
- He will sign the contract if it is satisfactory. (Perhaps it will be
Clauses of Reason, Cause, Purpose
1. He studied law so that __________________
satisfactory.) 2. The parade was canceled because __________________
- He would have signed the contract if it had been satisfactory. 3. As __________________, you will not have to write it again.
4. We should take our bags with us, since ________________
- He will sign the contract whether it is satisfactory or not. 5. Write your letter so that __________________
- He will not sign the contract unless it is satisfactory.
Clauses of Result
- He will sign the contract on condition that he be allowed to 1. The book I was reading yesterday was so interesting that
consult his wife. __________________
- He will sign the contract as long as his wife has no objections. 2. Such was his talent that __________________
- Supposing he signs the contract, will it take effect immediately? 3. My working hours are such that __________________
4. I was so hungry when I got home that _________________
8. Contrast, concession: although, though, even though, no matter
if, while, even if, wherever, whenever,
5. He walked so far that __________________
whatever, as much as, whereas Clauses of Condition
- Although I had a slight handicap, I was an ambitious student. I. I am afraid I will fail this course if __________________
- My grades were always excellent, even though I was often absent. 2. Supposing __________________, what will happen then?
- I wanted to excel in everything, no matter if it cost me extra effort. 3. My father wrote me that I could continue in the university on
- While I made many friends in the class, I had to learn on my own. condition that __________________
- I always passed all the tests, even if I needed more time than the
others.
- Wherever I sat in class, my teachers always made sure I could hear.
- Whenever I spoke, they always listened patiently.
- Whatever Imay achieve, my fellow students and teachers deserve
a lot of credit.
- As much as I needed special attention, people were always helpful
- Whereas a handicap can be an obstacle, to me it was a reason for
trying harder.
PRACTICE 3
A. Complete the following sentences with adverbial clauses.
Remember that your clause must have a subject and a verb.
Until I finish studying, I won't have time for TV.
Clauses of Time
I. I want to finish this course before __________________
2. I am very busy. I often have to study while
__________________
3. Whenever __________________, I studyin the library.
4. I often study there after __________________
5. Before __________________, I knew nothing at all about the
subject.
Clauses of Place
1. He agreed to meet us wherever __________________
2. We saw her where __________________
3. Let’s go wherever __________________
4. Did you find the package where __________________
5. Stay where __________________
Clauses of Manner
1. I have corrected my composition as __________________
2. My uncle always spends money as if __________________
3. You must act as if __________________
4. We come and go as __________________
5. I will treat you as __________________