Summary

Units Engineering Consultancy P Ltd.
Calculation Form
Project: Mai Beni Hydropower Project
Component: Surge tank
Subject: Equivalent length and diameter of pipe for combined waterways
Design discharge 8.4
Headrace Pipe
Length of the pipe 1956.0
Diameter of the pipe 2.1
Friction coefficient
For upsurge 0.01
For downsurge 0.015
C/s area of the pipe 3.46

Velocity of flow 2.43
Headloss
upsurge 2.79
downsurge 4.19
Headrace Tunnel
Length of the tunnel 2374.0
Diameter of the tunnel 2.8
Manning's roughness coefficient
For upsurge 0.02
For downsurge 0.03
C/s area of the tunnel 7.00

Wetted perimeter 10.00
Hydraulic radius 0.7
Headloss
upsurge 2.20
downsurge 4.95
Equivalent length of pipe for tunnel for upsurge

For upsurge 0.01
For downsurge 0.015
Headloss
upsurge 2.20
downsurge 3.30
Equivalent length of pipe for tunnel for downsurge

For upsurge 0.01
For downsurge 0.015

Headloss
upsurge 3.30
downsurge 4.95
Length of the pipe

for Upsurge 3497.1
for Downsurge 4267.7
Calculation Form

Subject: Hydraulic design - Requirement of surge tank
Requirement of the surge tank
Design discharge 8.40 m3/s
Diameter of the headrace pipe 2.10 m

Length of the headrace pipe 1956.00 m
Area of the headrace pipe 3.46 m2
Velocity of flow 2.43 m/s
Diameter of the headrace tunnel 2.80 m

Length of the headrace tunnel 2374.00 m
Area of the headrace tunnel 7.00 m2
Velocity of flow 1.20 m/s
Diameter of the penstock 1.50 m

Length of the penstock 317.00 m
Area of the penstock 1.77 m2
Velocity of flow in penstock 4.75 m/s
Gross head 147.50 m

Net head 140.39 m
Waterway constant Tw 4.78

Acceleration time of E/M uTa 5.00
Ratio Ta/Tw 1.04
The ratio is less than 5 hence for a stable operation

up to full load on an isolated grid, surge tank is required
Units Engineering Consultancy Pvt. Ltd.
Calculation Form
Subject: Hydraulic design - Summary
Assumptions
-Surge tank is simple, cylindrical type tank.
-10% increase in tunnel friction loss has been considered for other general and bend losses
- The waterways consist of combination of headrace pipe and tunnel. In The surge
analysis the tunnel length has been changed to equivalent pipe length.
References:
Water Power Development, Volume Two/A, High-head Power Plants, by Emil Mosonyi, Page: 160 onwards
Design Discharge 8.40 m3/s
Headrace Pipe
Length of pipe for load rejection 3497.13 m
Length of pipe for load acceptance 4267.70 m
Pide diameter 2.10 m
Darcy Weisbach friction coefficient
(maximum for load acceptance) 0.015
Darcy Weisbach friction coefficient
(minimum for load rejection) 0.010
Surge Tank
Diameter (For load rejection) 6.00 m
Diameter (For Load acceptance) 6.00 m
Penstock
Diameter 1.50 m
Turbine
Type Francis
No. of Units 3.00
Static water level 643.00 masl
Opening Downsurge Elevation
0-33.33% 6.01 m 636.99

33.33%-66.66% 7.70 m 635.30
66.66%-100% 11.80 m 631.20
0-66.66% 12.27 m 630.73
0-100% 18.85 m 624.15
Forchheimer relation for full opening 17.03 m 625.97
E. Braun relation for full opening 16.67 m 626.33
Calame and Gaden relation for full opening 16.71 m 626.29
Closure Upsurge Elevation
Total closure (100%-0%) 12.56 m 655.56

100%-66.66% 0.70 m 643.70
100%-33.33% 6.71 m 649.71
66.66%-0 9.11 m 652.11
Calame and Gaden relationship 12.57 m 655.57
Minimum Downsurge Elevation (MDE) 624.15 masl

Maximum Upsurge Elevation (MUE) 655.56 masl
Top level of surge tank 658.06 masl
Submergence for horizontal intakes
Gordon (1970)
S  kv d
S= submegence (ft.)
v= velocity of flow at intake (ft. /sec) 8.10 ft/s
d= height of intake (ft.) 7.01 ft
k= coefficient 0.3 for symmetrical approach 0.30
0.4 for unsymmetrical approach
Submergence (S) 6.44 ft

1.93 m
Prosser (1977)
S  1.5d
Submergence (S) 3.15 m
ITDG Manual
v2
S  1.5
2g
v2
S  1.5
2g
Submergence (S) 0.45 m
Considered submergence (S) 1.93 m
Crown elevation of the tunnel =MDE-S 622.22 masl

Floor level of the tunnel 620.12 masl
Surge tank floor level 620.00 masl
Surge tank roof level 658.00 masl
Height of the surge tank 38.00 m
nd bend losses
Mosonyi, Page: 160 onwards
Elevation
Elevation
Calculation Form
Subject: Hydraulic design
Stability Conditions
Headrace Tunnel
Length L 3497.13 m C/s Area Aht 3.46
Diameter D 2.10 m Wetted Perimeter Pht 6.60
Width W Hydraulic Radius Rht 0.53
Height to spring level m Flow velocity Vht 2.43
Manning's roughness coefficient 0.010 Frictional headloss hlt 4.86
Surge Shaft
Diameter Ds 6.00 m C/s Area As 28.27
Factor of Safety F 3.00
Approximating formula given by Ch. Jaeger
LAht Surge ymax 16.03

y max  V ht
gAs
hl t
Po 
y max Po 0.30
For maximum upsurge and downsurge, with friction taken into consideration
 2 1 2
y up  y max 1  Po  Po  yup 12.95
 3 9 
ydown ymax 12Po  ydown (6.31)
Time of Oscillation
LAs T 338.95
T  2
gAht
At any time t,
LAht t
y  V ht Sin 2
gAs T
LAht t
y  V ht Sin 2
gAs T
Cross Sectional Area of the Surge Tank (Stability Consideration)
2
V LAht
As min  F ht As,min 15.72
2g hlt  H  hlt  Diameter Ds 4.47
Considered diameter Ds 6.00
m2
m
m
m/s
m
m2
seconds
m2
m
Calculation Form
Opening Condition
Partial opening from 0 to 33.33% of the discharge
Design Discharge Qo 2.80 m3/s
Headrace Pipe
Length L 4267.70 m C/s Area Aht 3.46 m2
Diameter D 2.10 m Wetted Perimeter Pht 6.60 m
Width W m Hydraulic Radius Rht 0.53 m
Height to spring level m Hydraulic Radius Rht 0.53 m
Friction coefficient f 0.015 Flow velocity Vht 0.81 m/s
Frictional headloss hlt 1.02 m
Surge Shaft
Diameter 1 6.00 C/s Area As 28.27 m1
Diameter 2 Ds 6.00 m C/s Area As 28.27 m2
Static water elevation 643.00 m
Calculations
Resistance factor of the tunnel
1 . 1 fL
 
2 gD
1 . 1 fL
   1.71 s2/m
2 gD
Headloss in the tunnel
2
y o  Vht yo 1.12 m
y1 0.00
Damping factor
2 gAs
m  m 0.06 /m
LAht
Transient Analysis
Q  A  Initial discharge Q1 0.00 m3/s

Dy   o  Dt   ht Vi Dt Initial velocity V1 0.00 m/s
 As   As 
y i 1  y i  Dy Maximum downsurge
Minimum water elevation
6.01 m
636.99 masl
Dt  y i 1   V 2 
g
DV 
L
t Dt vi Dy yi yi+1 vi2 yi+1 - vi2 Dv WL
0 0 0.00 0 0.00 0.00 0 0.00 0 643.00

1 1 0.00 0.0990297 0.00 0.10 0 0.10 0.00023 643.00
2 1 0.00 0.0990019 0.10 0.20 8.856E-08 0.20 0.00046 642.90
3 1 0.00 0.0989461 0.20 0.30 7.969E-07 0.30 0.00068 642.80
4 1 0.00 0.0988625 0.30 0.40 3.187E-06 0.40 0.00091 642.70
5 1 0.00 0.098751 0.40 0.49 8.849E-06 0.49 0.00114 642.60
6 1 0.00 0.0986117 0.49 0.59 1.99E-05 0.59 0.00136 642.51
7 1 0.00 0.0984447 0.59 0.69 3.898E-05 0.69 0.00159 642.41
8 1 0.01 0.09825 0.69 0.79 6.925E-05 0.79 0.00182 642.31
9 1 0.01 0.0980276 0.79 0.89 0.0001144 0.89 0.00204 642.21
10 1 0.01 0.0977776 0.89 0.99 0.0001786 0.99 0.00227 642.11
11 1 0.01 0.0975 0.99 1.08 0.0002665 1.08 0.00249 642.01
12 1 0.01 0.0971951 1.08 1.18 0.0003833 1.18 0.00271 641.92
13 1 0.02 0.0968628 1.18 1.28 0.0005348 1.28 0.00293 641.82
14 1 0.02 0.0965033 1.28 1.37 0.0007269 1.37 0.00316 641.72
15 1 0.02 0.0961167 1.37 1.47 0.0009665 1.47 0.00338 641.63
16 1 0.03 0.0957031 1.47 1.57 0.0012604 1.56 0.0036 641.53
17 1 0.03 0.0952626 1.57 1.66 0.0016163 1.66 0.00381 641.43
18 1 0.03 0.0947954 1.66 1.76 0.0020421 1.75 0.00403 641.34
19 1 0.04 0.0943016 1.76 1.85 0.0025461 1.85 0.00425 641.24
20 1 0.04 0.0937814 1.85 1.94 0.0031372 1.94 0.00446 641.15
21 1 0.05 0.0932349 1.94 2.04 0.0038244 2.03 0.00467 641.06
22 1 0.05 0.0926624 2.04 2.13 0.0046174 2.13 0.00488 640.96
23 1 0.06 0.0920641 2.13 2.22 0.0055261 2.22 0.00509 640.87
24 1 0.06 0.09144 2.22 2.31 0.0065605 2.31 0.0053 640.78
25 1 0.07 0.0907905 2.31 2.40 0.0077314 2.40 0.00551 640.69
26 1 0.07 0.0901158 2.40 2.49 0.0090496 2.48 0.00571 640.60
27 1 0.08 0.089416 2.49 2.58 0.0105261 2.57 0.00591 640.51
28 1 0.08 0.0886915 2.58 2.67 0.0121724 2.66 0.00611 640.42
29 1 0.09 0.0879425 2.67 2.76 0.0140001 2.75 0.00631 640.33
30 1 0.10 0.0871693 2.76 2.85 0.016021 2.83 0.00651 640.24
31 1 0.10 0.086372 2.85 2.93 0.0182472 2.92 0.0067 640.15
32 1 0.11 0.0855511 2.93 3.02 0.0206909 3.00 0.00689 640.07
33 1 0.12 0.0847068 3.02 3.10 0.0233643 3.08 0.00708 639.98
34 1 0.12 0.0838393 3.10 3.19 0.02628 3.16 0.00727 639.90
35 1 0.13 0.0829491 3.19 3.27 0.0294505 3.24 0.00745 639.81
36 1 0.14 0.0820364 3.27 3.35 0.0328884 3.32 0.00763 639.73
37 1 0.15 0.0811016 3.35 3.43 0.0366063 3.40 0.00781 639.65
38 1 0.15 0.080145 3.43 3.51 0.040617 3.47 0.00798 639.57
39 1 0.16 0.079167 3.51 3.59 0.0449331 3.55 0.00816 639.49
40 1 0.17 0.0781679 3.59 3.67 0.0495672 3.62 0.00833 639.41
41 1 0.18 0.077148 3.67 3.75 0.0545318 3.69 0.00849 639.33
42 1 0.19 0.0761079 3.75 3.82 0.0598394 3.76 0.00865 639.25
43 1 0.20 0.0750478 3.82 3.90 0.0655023 3.83 0.00881 639.18
44 1 0.20 0.0739682 3.90 3.97 0.0715326 3.90 0.00897 639.10
45 1 0.21 0.0728694 3.97 4.05 0.0779424 3.97 0.00912 639.03
46 1 0.22 0.0717519 4.05 4.12 0.0847434 4.03 0.00927 638.95
47 1 0.23 0.0706162 4.12 4.19 0.0919473 4.10 0.00942 638.88
48 1 0.24 0.0694625 4.19 4.26 0.0995651 4.16 0.00956 638.81
49 1 0.25 0.0682915 4.26 4.33 0.107608 4.22 0.0097 638.74
50 1 0.26 0.0671035 4.33 4.39 0.1160866 4.28 0.00983 638.67
51 1 0.27 Opening
0.065899 (0-33.33%
4.39 discharge) 4.46 0.1250112 4.33 0.00996 638.61
52 1 0.28 0.0646785 4.46 4.52 0.1343918 4.39 0.01009 638.54
646.00 53 1 0.29 0.0634423 4.52 4.59 0.1442379 4.44 0.01021 638.48
54 1 0.30 0.0621911 4.59 4.65 0.1545587 4.50 0.01033 638.41
55 1 0.31 0.0609253 4.65 4.71 0.1653628 4.55 0.01045 638.35
Elevation
644.00
56 1 0.32 0.0596454 4.71 4.77 0.1766585 4.59 0.01056 638.29
57 1 0.33 0.0583518 4.77 4.83 0.1884534 4.64 0.01067 638.23
642.00 58 1 0.34 0.0570452 4.83 4.89 0.2007549 4.69 0.01077 638.17
59 1 0.35 0.0557259 4.89 4.94 0.2135695 4.73 0.01087 638.11
640.00 60 1 0.36 0.0543946 4.94 5.00 0.2269033 4.77 0.01096 638.06
61 1 0.38 0.0530517 5.00 5.05 0.240762 4.81 0.01105 638.00
638.00 62 1 0.39 0.0516978 5.05 5.10 0.2551505 4.85 0.01114 637.95
63 1 0.40 0.0503333 5.10 5.15 0.270073 4.88 0.01122 637.90
636.00 64 1 0.41 0.0489589 5.15 5.20 0.2855332 4.91 0.0113 637.85
65 1 0.42 0.0475751 5.20 5.25 0.3015343 4.95 0.01137 637.80
634.00 66 1 0.43 0.0461823 5.25 5.29 0.3180787 4.98 0.01144 637.75
67 1 0.44 0.0447812 5.29 5.34 0.3351679 5.00 0.0115 637.71
632.00 68 1 0.45 0.0433724 5.34 5.38 0.3528032 5.03 0.01156 637.66
0 69
100 1
200 0.47
300 0.0419562
400 500 5.38
600 700 800 5.429000.3709848
1000 11005.051200
0.01161 637.62
70 1 0.48 0.0405334 5.42 5.46 0.3897124 5.07 0.01166 637.58
71 1 0.49 Time (Sec)5.46
0.0391044 5.50 0.4089849 5.09 0.01171 637.54
72 1 0.50 0.0376699 5.50 5.54 0.4288006 5.11 0.01175 637.50
73 1 0.51 0.0362303 5.54 5.58 0.4491569 5.13 0.01179 637.46
74 1 0.52 0.0347863 5.58 5.61 0.4700508 5.14 0.01182 637.42
75 1 0.54 0.0333383 5.61 5.65 0.4914781 5.15 0.01185 637.39
76 1 0.55 0.031887 5.65 5.68 0.5134342 5.16 0.01187 637.35
77 1 0.56 0.0304329 5.68 5.71 0.5359139 5.17 0.01189 637.32
78 1 0.57 0.0289766 5.71 5.74 0.5589109 5.18 0.0119 637.29
Calculation Form
Opening Condition
Partial opening from 33.33% to 66.66% of the discharge
Headrace Tunnel
Length L 4267.70 m C/s Area
Diameter D 2.10 m Wetted Perimeter
Width W m Hydraulic Radius
Height to spring level m Hydraulic Radius
Manning's roughness coefficient 0.015 Flow velocity
Frictional headloss
Surge Shaft
Diameter 1 6.00 C/s Area
Diameter Ds 6.00 m C/s Area
Calculations
1 . 1 fL
 
2 gD
2
y o  Vht
Damping factor
2 gAs
m 
LAht
Transient Analysis
Initial discharge
Q  A 
Dy   o  Dt   ht Vi Dt Initial velocity
 As   As 
Q  A 
Dy   o  Dt   ht Vi Dt
 As   As 
Dt  y i 1   V 2 
g
DV 
L
t Dt vi Dy yi yi+1
0 0 0.81 0 1.12 1.12

1 1 0.81 0.09902974 1.12 1.22
2 1 0.81 0.09900186 1.22 1.31
3 1 0.81 0.09894627 1.31 1.41
4 1 0.81 0.09886318 1.41 1.51
5 1 0.81 0.09875277 1.51 1.61
6 1 0.81 0.09861526 1.61 1.71
7 1 0.81 0.09845086 1.71 1.81
8 1 0.81 0.09825979 1.81 1.91
9 1 0.82 0.09804227 1.91 2.00
10 1 0.82 0.09779853 2.00 2.10
11 1 0.82 0.09752882 2.10 2.20
12 1 0.82 0.09723339 2.20 2.30
13 1 0.83 0.09691248 2.30 2.39
14 1 0.83 0.09656637 2.39 2.49
15 1 0.83 0.09619531 2.49 2.59
16 1 0.83 0.09579958 2.59 2.68
17 1 0.84 0.09537947 2.68 2.78
18 1 0.84 0.09493526 2.78 2.87
19 1 0.85 0.09446725 2.87 2.97
20 1 0.85 0.09397575 2.97 3.06
21 1 0.85 0.09346105 3.06 3.16
22 1 0.86 0.09292348 3.16 3.25
23 1 0.86 0.09236337 3.25 3.34
24 1 0.87 0.09178103 3.34 3.43
25 1 0.87 0.0911768 3.43 3.52
26 1 0.88 0.09055103 3.52 3.61
27 1 0.88 0.08990407 3.61 3.70
28 1 0.89 0.08923626 3.70 3.79
29 1 0.89 0.08854798 3.79 3.88
30 1 0.90 0.08783958 3.88 3.97
31 1 0.91 0.08711143 3.97 4.06
32 1 0.91 0.08636393 4.06 4.14
33 1 0.92 0.08559744 4.14 4.23
34 1 0.92 0.08481235 4.23 4.31
35 1 0.93 0.08400907 4.31 4.40
36 1 0.94 0.08318799 4.40 4.48
37 1 0.94 0.08234951 4.48 4.56
38 1 0.95 0.08149404 4.56 4.64
39 1 0.96 0.080622 4.64 4.72
40 1 0.97 0.0797338 4.72 4.80
41 1 0.97 0.07882987 4.80 4.88
42 1 0.98 0.07791062 4.88 4.96
43 1 0.99 0.07697649 4.96 5.04
44 1 1.00 0.07602791 5.04 5.11
45 1 1.00 0.07506532 5.11 5.19
46 1 1.01 0.07408916 5.19 5.26
47 1 1.02 0.07309987 5.26 5.34
48 1 1.03 0.07209788 5.34 5.41
49 1 1.04 0.07108366 5.41 5.48
50 1 1.04 0.07005766 5.48 5.55
51 1 1.05 0.06902031 5.55 5.62
52 1 1.06 0.06797208 5.62 5.69
Opening 33.33%-66.66%
53 1 1.07 0.06691342 5.69 5.75
54 1 1.08 0.06584479 5.75 5.82
644.00 55 1 1.09 0.06476664 5.82 5.88
56 1 1.10 0.06367944 5.88 5.95
57 1 1.11 0.06258363 5.95 6.01
642.00 58 1 1.11 0.06147969 6.01 6.07
Elevation
59 1 1.12 0.06036807 6.07 6.13

60 1 1.13 0.05924922 6.13 6.19
640.00 61 1 1.14 0.05812362 6.19 6.25
62 1 1.15 0.05699171 6.25 6.31
63 1 1.16 0.05585395 6.31 6.36
638.00 64 1 1.17 0.0547108 6.36 6.42
65 1 1.18 0.05356271 6.42 6.47
66 1 1.19 0.05241014 6.47 6.52
636.00 67 1 1.20 0.05125353 6.52 6.57
68 1 1.21 0.05009334 6.57 6.62
69 1 1.22 0.04893002 6.62 6.67
634.00 70 1 1.23 0.047764 6.67 6.72
71 1 1.24 0.04659572 6.72 6.77
72 1 1.25 0.04542563 6.77 6.81
632.00 73 1 1.26 0.04425416 6.81 6.86
0 100 742001 300 1.27
4000.04308175
500 600 700 6.86 800 6.90 1100 1200 1300 1
900 1000
75 1 1.27 0.04190881 6.90 6.94
76 1 Time (Sec) 6.94
1.28 0.04073577 6.98
77 1 1.29 0.03956306 6.98 7.02
78 1 1.30 0.03839108 7.02 7.06
Aht 3.46 m2
Pht 6.60 m
Rht 0.53 m
Rht 0.53 m
Vht 1.62 m/s
hlt 4.06 m
As 28.27 m1
As 28.27 m2
 1.71 s2/m
yo 4.47 m
y1 1.12
m 0.06 /m
Q1 2.80 m3/s
V1 0.81 m/s
7.70 m
635.30 masl
vi2 yi+1 - vi2 Dv WL
1.1169 0.00 0 641.88

1.1169 0.10 0.00023 641.88
1.1175 0.20 0.00045 641.78
1.1188 0.30 0.00068 641.69
1.1207 0.39 0.0009 641.59
1.1232 0.49 0.00112 641.49
1.1263 0.58 0.00134 641.39
1.13 0.68 0.00156 641.29
1.1343 0.77 0.00178 641.19
1.1393 0.87 0.00199 641.09
1.1449 0.96 0.0022 641.00
1.151 1.05 0.00241 640.90
1.1578 1.14 0.00262 640.80
1.1652 1.23 0.00283 640.70
1.1732 1.32 0.00303 640.61
1.1818 1.41 0.00323 640.51
1.191 1.49 0.00343 640.41
1.2008 1.58 0.00363 640.32
1.2112 1.66 0.00382 640.22
1.2222 1.75 0.00401 640.13
1.2338 1.83 0.0042 640.03
1.2461 1.91 0.00439 639.94
1.2589 1.99 0.00457 639.84
1.2723 2.07 0.00475 639.75
1.2864 2.15 0.00493 639.66
1.3011 2.22 0.00511 639.57
1.3164 2.30 0.00528 639.48
1.3322 2.37 0.00545 639.39
1.3487 2.44 0.00562 639.30
1.3659 2.52 0.00578 639.21
1.3836 2.59 0.00594 639.12
1.4019 2.65 0.0061 639.03
1.4209 2.72 0.00626 638.94
1.4405 2.79 0.00641 638.86
1.4606 2.85 0.00656 638.77
1.4814 2.92 0.0067 638.69
1.5028 2.98 0.00684 638.60
1.5249 3.04 0.00698 638.52
1.5475 3.10 0.00712 638.44
1.5707 3.15 0.00725 638.36
1.5946 3.21 0.00738 638.28
1.619 3.26 0.0075 638.20
1.6441 3.32 0.00763 638.12
1.6698 3.37 0.00774 638.04
1.696 3.42 0.00786 637.96
1.7229 3.47 0.00797 637.89
1.7503 3.51 0.00808 637.81
1.7784 3.56 0.00818 637.74
1.807 3.60 0.00828 637.66
1.8362 3.64 0.00838 637.59
1.866 3.68 0.00847 637.52
1.8964 3.72 0.00856 637.45
1.9273 3.76 0.00864 637.38
%
1.9588 3.80 0.00872 637.31
1.9909 3.83 0.0088 637.25
2.0235 3.86 0.00888 637.18
2.0566 3.89 0.00895 637.12
2.0903 3.92 0.00901 637.05
2.1245 3.95 0.00907 636.99
2.1592 3.97 0.00913 636.93
2.1945 4.00 0.00919 636.87
2.2302 4.02 0.00924 636.81
2.2664 4.04 0.00929 636.75
2.3031 4.06 0.00933 636.69
2.3403 4.08 0.00937 636.64
2.378 4.09 0.00941 636.58
2.416 4.11 0.00944 636.53
2.4546 4.12 0.00947 636.48
2.4935 4.13 0.0095 636.43
2.5329 4.14 0.00952 636.38
2.5726 4.15 0.00954 636.33
2.6128 4.16 0.00955 636.28
2.6533 4.16 0.00956 636.23
2.6942 4.16 0.00957 636.19
0 2.73541200 1300
900 1000 1100 4.17 1400
0.00958 636.14
2.777 4.17 0.00958 636.10
2.8189 4.16 0.00957 636.06
2.8611 4.16 0.00957 636.02
2.9035 4.16 0.00956 635.98
Calculation Form
Opening Condition
Partial opening from 66.66% to 100% of the discharge
Headrace Tunnel
Length L 4267.70 m C/s Area Aht
Diameter D 2.10 m Wetted Perimeter Pht
Width W m Hydraulic Radius Rht
Height to spring level m Hydraulic Radius Rht
Manning's roughness coefficient 0.015 Flow velocity Vht
Frictional headloss hlt
Surge Shaft
Diameter 1 6.00 C/s Area As
Diameter Ds 6.00 m C/s Area As
Calculations
1 . 1 fL
  
2 gD
2
y o  Vht yo
y1
Damping factor
2 gAs
m  m
LAht
Transient Analysis
Q  A 
Dy   o  Dt   ht Vi Dt
 As   As 
Q  A  Initial discharge Q1
Dy   o  Dt   ht Vi Dt Initial velocity V1
 As   As 
Dt  y i 1   V 2 
g
DV 
L
t Dt vi Dy yi yi+1 vi2
0 0 1.62 0 4.47 4.47 4.4676

1 1 1.62 0.09902974 4.47 4.57 4.4676
2 1 1.62 0.09900186 4.57 4.67 4.4689
3 1 1.62 0.09894645 4.67 4.76 4.4714
4 1 1.62 0.09886388 4.76 4.86 4.4751
5 1 1.62 0.09875453 4.86 4.96 4.4801
6 1 1.62 0.09861875 4.96 5.06 4.4862
7 1 1.62 0.09845694 5.06 5.16 4.4935
8 1 1.62 0.09826946 5.16 5.26 4.502
9 1 1.62 0.0980567 5.26 5.36 4.5116
10 1 1.63 0.09781904 5.36 5.45 4.5224
11 1 1.63 0.09755688 5.45 5.55 4.5343
12 1 1.63 0.09727059 5.55 5.65 4.5474
13 1 1.63 0.09696059 5.65 5.75 4.5615
14 1 1.64 0.09662725 5.75 5.84 4.5767
15 1 1.64 0.09627099 5.84 5.94 4.593
16 1 1.64 0.09589221 5.94 6.03 4.6103
17 1 1.65 0.09549131 6.03 6.13 4.6287
18 1 1.65 0.09506869 6.13 6.22 4.6481
19 1 1.65 0.09462478 6.22 6.32 4.6686
20 1 1.66 0.09415998 6.32 6.41 4.69
21 1 1.66 0.09367471 6.41 6.51 4.7125
22 1 1.66 0.09316939 6.51 6.60 4.7359
23 1 1.67 0.09264443 6.60 6.69 4.7604
24 1 1.67 0.09210026 6.69 6.78 4.7857
25 1 1.68 0.0915373 6.78 6.88 4.812
26 1 1.68 0.09095598 6.88 6.97 4.8393
27 1 1.69 0.09035672 6.97 7.06 4.8675
28 1 1.69 0.08973995 7.06 7.15 4.8966
29 1 1.70 0.0891061 7.15 7.24 4.9266
30 1 1.70 0.0884556 7.24 7.33 4.9574
31 1 1.71 0.08778889 7.33 7.41 4.9892
32 1 1.71 0.08710639 7.41 7.50 5.0217
33 1 1.72 0.08640854 7.50 7.59 5.0552
34 1 1.73 0.08569578 7.59 7.67 5.0894
35 1 1.73 0.08496853 7.67 7.76 5.1245
36 1 1.74 0.08422723 7.76 7.84 5.1604
37 1 1.74 0.08347232 7.84 7.92 5.1971
38 1 1.75 0.08270423 7.92 8.01 5.2345
39 1 1.76 0.0819234 8.01 8.09 5.2727
40 1 1.76 0.08113025 8.09 8.17 5.3116
Opening 66.66%-100%
640.00
638.00
41 1 Opening 66.66%-100%
1.77 0.08032522 8.17 8.25 5.3513
42 1 1.78 0.07950875 8.25 8.33 5.3917
640.00 43 1 1.78 0.07868126 8.33 8.41 5.4328
44 1 1.79 0.07784319 8.41 8.49 5.4746
45 1 1.80 0.07699496 8.49 8.56 5.517
638.00 46 1 1.80 0.076137 8.56 8.64 5.5601
Elevation
47 1 1.81 0.07526973 8.64 8.72 5.6038

636.00 48 1 1.82 0.07439359 8.72 8.79 5.6482
49 1 1.83 0.07350898 8.79 8.86 5.6932
50 1 1.83 0.07261634 8.86 8.94 5.7387
634.00
51 1 1.84 0.07171608 8.94 9.01 5.7848
52 1 1.85 0.07080861 9.01 9.08 5.8315
632.00 53 1 1.85 0.06989435 9.08 9.15 5.8787
54 1 1.86 0.0689737 9.15 9.22 5.9265
630.00 55 1 1.87 0.06804707 9.22 9.29 5.9747
56 1 1.88 0.06711486 9.29 9.35 6.0235
57 1 1.88 0.06617748 9.35 9.42 6.0727
628.00 58 1 1.89 0.06523532 9.42 9.48 6.1223
59 1 1.90 0.06428878 9.48 9.55 6.1724
626.00 60 1 1.91 0.06333823 9.55 9.61 6.2229
0 100612001 300 1.92
400 0.06238408
500 600 700 9.61 9.67
800 900 1000 1100 12006.2738
1300 1400 1500 1600 170
62 1 1.92 0.06142669 9.67 9.74 6.3251
63 1 1.93 0.06046644Time (Sec)
9.74 9.80 6.3768
64 1 1.94 0.05950372 9.80 9.86 6.4288
65 1 1.95 0.05853888 9.86 9.91 6.4811
66 1 1.96 0.05757228 9.91 9.97 6.5337
67 1 1.96 0.0566043 9.97 10.03 6.5866
68 1 1.97 0.05563528 10.03 10.08 6.6398
69 1 1.98 0.05466557 10.08 10.14 6.6932
70 1 1.99 0.05369551 10.14 10.19 6.7469
71 1 1.99 0.05272545 10.19 10.24 6.8008
72 1 2.00 0.05175571 10.24 10.30 6.8549
73 1 2.01 0.05078663 10.30 10.35 6.9092
74 1 2.02 0.04981853 10.35 10.40 6.9636
3.46 m2
6.60 m
0.53 m
0.53 m
2.43 m/s
9.14 m
28.27 m1
28.27 m2
1.71 s2/m
10.05 m
4.47
0.06 /m
5.60 m3/s
1.62 m/s
11.80 m
631.20 masl
yi+1 - vi2 Dv WL
0.00 0 638.53
0.10 0.0002 638.53
0.20 0.0005 638.43
0.29 0.0007 638.33
0.39 0.0009 638.24
0.48 0.0011 638.14
0.57 0.0013 638.04
0.67 0.0015 637.94
0.76 0.0017 637.84
0.84 0.0019 637.74
0.93 0.0021 637.64
1.02 0.0023 637.55
1.10 0.0025 637.45
1.18 0.0027 637.35
1.27 0.0029 637.25
1.35 0.0031 637.16
1.42 0.0033 637.06
1.50 0.0034 636.97
1.58 0.0036 636.87
1.65 0.0038 636.78
1.72 0.004 636.68
1.79 0.0041 636.59
1.86 0.0043 636.49
1.93 0.0044 636.40
2.00 0.0046 636.31
2.06 0.0047 636.22
2.13 0.0049 636.12
2.19 0.005 636.03
2.25 0.0052 635.94
2.31 0.0053 635.85
2.37 0.0054 635.76
2.42 0.0056 635.67
2.48 0.0057 635.59
2.53 0.0058 635.50
2.58 0.0059 635.41
2.63 0.0061 635.33
2.68 0.0062 635.24
2.73 0.0063 635.16
2.77 0.0064 635.08
2.82 0.0065 634.99
2.86 0.0066 634.91
2.90 0.0067 634.83
2.94 0.0068 634.75
2.98 0.0068 634.67
3.01 0.0069 634.59
3.05 0.007 634.51
3.08 0.0071 634.44
3.11 0.0072 634.36
3.14 0.0072 634.28
3.17 0.0073 634.21
3.20 0.0073 634.14
3.22 0.0074 634.06
3.25 0.0075 633.99
3.27 0.0075 633.92
3.29 0.0076 633.85
3.31 0.0076 633.78
3.33 0.0077 633.71
3.35 0.0077 633.65
3.36 0.0077 633.58
3.38 0.0078 633.52
3.39 0.0078 633.45
3.401600
0 1200 1300 1400 1500 0.0078 633.39
1700 1800
3.41 0.0078 633.33
3.42 0.0079 633.26
3.43 0.0079 633.20
3.43 0.0079 633.14
3.44 0.0079 633.09
3.44 0.0079 633.03
3.44 0.0079 632.97
3.44 0.0079 632.92
3.44 0.0079 632.86
3.44 0.0079 632.81
3.44 0.0079 632.76
3.44 0.0079 632.70
3.43 0.0079 632.65
Calculation Form
Opening Condition
Partial opening from 0 to 66.66% of the opening
Headrace Tunnel
M 66.67 Frictional headloss hlt
Surge Shaft
Calculations
1 . 1 fL
  
2 gD
2
y o  Vht yo
y1
Damping factor
2 gAs
m  m
LAht
Transient Analysis
Q  A 
Dy   o  Dt   ht Vi Dt
 As   As 
Q  A  Initial discharge Q1
Dy   o  Dt   ht Vi Dt Initial velocity V1
 As   As 
Dt  y i 1   V 2 
g
DV 
L
0 0 0.00 0 0.00 0.00 0

1 1 0.00 0.19805948 0.00 0.20 0
2 1 0.00 0.19800371 0.20 0.40 4E-07
3 1 0.00 0.19789219 0.40 0.59 3E-06
4 1 0.00 0.19772494 0.59 0.79 1E-05
5 1 0.00 0.19750202 0.79 0.99 4E-05
6 1 0.01 0.19722349 0.99 1.19 8E-05
7 1 0.01 0.19688943 1.19 1.38 0.0002
8 1 0.01 0.19649996 1.38 1.58 0.0003
9 1 0.02 0.19605519 1.58 1.78 0.0005
10 1 0.02 0.19555526 1.78 1.97 0.0007
11 1 0.02 0.19500034 1.97 2.17 0.0011
12 1 0.03 0.19439061 2.17 2.36 0.0015
13 1 0.04 0.19372628 2.36 2.55 0.0021
14 1 0.04 0.19300756 2.55 2.75 0.0029
15 1 0.05 0.19223471 2.75 2.94 0.0039
16 1 0.05 0.191408 2.94 3.13 0.005
17 1 0.06 0.19052772 3.13 3.32 0.0065
18 1 0.07 0.1895942 3.32 3.51 0.0082
19 1 0.08 0.18860776 3.51 3.70 0.0102
20 1 0.09 0.18756878 3.70 3.89 0.0125
21 1 0.09 0.18647765 3.89 4.07 0.0153
22 1 0.10 0.18533479 4.07 4.26 0.0184
23 1 0.11 0.18414062 4.26 4.44 0.0221
24 1 0.12 0.18289563 4.44 4.63 0.0262
25 1 0.13 0.18160029 4.63 4.81 0.0309
26 1 0.15 0.18025514 4.81 4.99 0.0361
27 1 0.16 0.1788607 4.99 5.17 0.042
28 1 0.17 0.17741755 5.17 5.34 0.0485
29 1 0.18 0.17592629 5.34 5.52 0.0558
30 1 0.19 0.17438754 5.52 5.69 0.0638
31 1 0.21 0.17280194 5.69 5.87 0.0727
32 1 0.22 0.17117017 5.87 6.04 0.0823
33 1 0.23 0.16949293 6.04 6.21 0.0929
34 1 0.25 0.16777095 6.21 6.38 0.1045
35 1 0.26 0.16600497 6.38 6.54 0.117
36 1 0.28 0.16419579 6.54 6.71 0.1306
37 1 0.29 0.16234419 6.71 6.87 0.1453
38 1 0.31 0.160451 6.87 7.03 0.1611
39 1 0.32 0.15851709 7.03 7.19 0.1781
40 1 0.34 0.15654333 7.19 7.34 0.1963
41 1 0.36 0.15453062 7.34 7.50 0.2158
42 1 0.37 0.15247988 7.50 7.65 0.2366
43 1 0.39 0.15039207 7.65 7.80 0.2588
44 1 0.41 0.14826815 7.80 7.95 0.2824
45 1 0.42 0.14610912 7.95 8.10 0.3074
46 1 0.44 0.143916 8.10 8.24 0.3339
47 1 0.46 0.14168981 8.24 8.38 0.3619
48 1 0.48 0.13943161 8.38 8.52 0.3915
49 1 0.50 0.13714248 8.52
Partial opening 0-66.66% 8.66 0.4226
Water Elevation
50 1 0.52 0.13482351 8.66 8.79 0.4554

51 1 0.54 0.1324758 8.79 8.93 0.4899
644.00 52 1 0.55 0.13010049 8.93 9.06 0.526
53 1 0.57 0.12769872 9.06 9.18 0.5638
642.00
54 1 0.59 0.12527165 9.18 9.31 0.6034
640.00 55 1 0.61 0.12282044 9.31 9.43 0.6447
638.00 56 1 0.63 0.12034629 9.43 9.55 0.6878
57 1 0.65 0.11785038 9.55 9.67 0.7327
636.00 58 1 0.68 0.11533393 9.67 9.78 0.7794
634.00 59 1 0.70 0.11279815 9.78 9.90 0.8279
60 1 0.72 0.11024427 9.90 10.01 0.8783
632.00 61 1 0.74 0.10767352 10.01 10.12 0.9304
630.00 62 1 0.76 0.10508714 10.12 10.22 0.9845
63 1 0.78 0.10248639 10.22 10.32 1.0403
628.00 64 1 0.80 0.0998725 10.32 10.42 1.098
626.00 65 1 0.82 0.09724672 10.42 10.52 1.1575
66 1 0.84 0.09461033 10.52 10.61 1.2188
624.00 67 1 0.87 0.09196456 10.61 10.71 1.282
0 68 100
1 200
0.89 0.08931067 300
10.71 400
10.80 1.3469500 6
69 1 0.91 0.08664993 Time
10.80
(Sec) 10.88 1.4136
70 1 0.93 0.08398357 10.88 10.97 1.4821
71 1 0.95 0.08131284 10.97 11.05 1.5523
72 1 0.97 0.07863898 11.05 11.13 1.6242
73 1 1.00 0.07596324 11.13 11.20 1.6978
3.46 m2
6.60 m
0.53 m
0.53 m
1.62 m/s
4.06 m
28.27
28.27 m2
1.71 s2/m
4.47 m
0.00
0.06 /m
0.00 m3/s
0.00 m/s
12.27 m
630.73 masl
yi+1 - vi2 Dv WL
0.00 0 643.00
0.20 0.0005 643.00
0.40 0.0009 642.80
0.59 0.0014 642.60
0.79 0.0018 642.41
0.99 0.0023 642.21
1.19 0.0027 642.01
1.38 0.0032 641.81
1.58 0.0036 641.62
1.78 0.0041 641.42
1.97 0.0045 641.22
2.17 0.005 641.03
2.36 0.0054 640.83
2.55 0.0059 640.64
2.74 0.0063 640.45
2.94 0.0067 640.25
3.13 0.0072 640.06
3.32 0.0076 639.87
3.50 0.0081 639.68
3.69 0.0085 639.49
3.87 0.0089 639.30
4.06 0.0093 639.11
4.24 0.0097 638.93
4.42 0.0102 638.74
4.60 0.0106 638.56
4.78 0.011 638.37
4.95 0.0114 638.19
5.13 0.0118 638.01
5.30 0.0122 637.83
5.46 0.0126 637.66
5.63 0.0129 637.48
5.79 0.0133 637.31
5.96 0.0137 637.13
6.12 0.0141 636.96
6.27 0.0144 636.79
6.42 0.0148 636.62
6.58 0.0151 636.46
6.72 0.0155 636.29
6.87 0.0158 636.13
7.01 0.0161 635.97
7.15 0.0164 635.81
7.28 0.0167 635.66
7.41 0.017 635.50
7.54 0.0173 635.35
7.67 0.0176 635.20
7.79 0.0179 635.05
7.91 0.0182 634.90
8.02 0.0184 634.76
8.13 0.0187 634.62
8.24 0.0189 634.48
8.34 0.0192 634.34
8.44 0.0194 634.21
8.53 0.0196 634.07
8.62 0.0198 633.94
8.70 0.02 633.82
8.79 0.0202 633.69
8.86 0.0204 633.57
8.94 0.0205 633.45
9.01 0.0207 633.33
9.07 0.0208 633.22
9.13 0.021 633.10
9.19 0.0211 632.99
9.24 0.0212 632.88
9.28 0.0213 632.78
9.32 0.0214 632.68
9.36 0.0215 632.58
9.40 0.0216 632.48
9.42 0.0217 632.39
500 9.45 600
0.0217 632.29
9.47 0.0218 632.20
9.48 0.0218 632.12
9.50 0.0218 632.03
9.50 0.0218 631.95
9.50 0.0218 631.87
Calculation Form
Opening Condition
Complete opening from 0 to 100%
Headrace Tunnel
Surge Shaft
Height Hs 18.00 m
Calculations
1 . 1 fL
  
2 gD
2
y o  Vht yo
y1
Damping factor
2 gAs
m  m
LAht
Transient Analysis
Initial discharge Q1
Q  A  Initial velocity V1
Dy   o  Dt   ht Vi Dt
 As   As 
Maximum downsurge
y i 1  y i  Dy Minimum water elevation
Dt  y i 1   V 2 
g
DV 
L
0 0 0.00 0 0.00 0.00 0

1 1 0.00 0.29708923 0.00 0.30 0
2 1 0.00 0.29700557 0.30 0.59 8E-07
3 1 0.00 0.29683828 0.59 0.89 7E-06
4 1 0.00 0.29658741 0.89 1.19 3E-05
5 1 0.01 0.29625303 1.19 1.48 8E-05
6 1 0.01 0.29583524 1.48 1.78 0.0002
7 1 0.01 0.29533418 1.78 2.07 0.0004
8 1 0.02 0.29475 2.07 2.37 0.0006
9 1 0.02 0.2940829 2.37 2.66 0.001
10 1 0.03 0.29333311 2.66 2.96 0.0016
11 1 0.04 0.29250088 2.96 3.25 0.0024
12 1 0.04 0.29158651 3.25 3.54 0.0034
13 1 0.05 0.29059033 3.54 3.83 0.0048
14 1 0.06 0.2895127 3.83 4.12 0.0065
15 1 0.07 0.28835404 4.12 4.41 0.0087
16 1 0.08 0.28711479 4.41 4.70 0.0113
17 1 0.09 0.28579543 4.70 4.98 0.0145
18 1 0.10 0.2843965 4.98 5.27 0.0183
19 1 0.12 0.28291857 5.27 5.55 0.0229
20 1 0.13 0.28136223 5.55 5.83 0.0282
21 1 0.14 0.27972817 5.83 6.11 0.0343
22 1 0.16 0.27801707 6.11 6.39 0.0414
23 1 0.17 0.27622968 6.39 6.67 0.0496
24 1 0.19 0.2743668 6.67 6.94 0.0588
25 1 0.20 0.27242927 6.94 7.21 0.0693
26 1 0.22 0.27041797 7.21 7.48 0.081
27 1 0.23 0.26833383 7.48 7.75 0.0942
28 1 0.25 0.26617784 7.75 8.02 0.1088
29 1 0.27 0.26395102 8.02 8.28 0.1251
30 1 0.29 0.26165445 8.28 8.54 0.143
31 1 0.31 0.25928925 8.54 8.80 0.1627
32 1 0.33 0.2568566 8.80 9.06 0.1844
33 1 0.35 0.2543577 9.06 9.31 0.208
34 1 0.37 0.25179383 9.31 9.56 0.2337
35 1 0.39 0.2491663 9.56 9.81 0.2616
36 1 0.41 0.24647646 9.81 10.06 0.2917
37 1 0.44 0.24372572 10.06 10.30 0.3243
38 1 0.46 0.24091552 10.30 10.55 0.3594
39 1 0.48 0.23804735 10.55 10.78 0.397
40 1 0.51 0.23512274 10.78 11.02 0.4373
41 1 0.53 0.23214329 11.02 11.25 0.4804
42 1 0.55 0.22911058 11.25 11.48 0.5263
43 1 0.58 0.2260263 11.48 11.71 0.5751
44 1 0.61 0.22289212 11.71 11.93 0.627
45 1 0.63 0.21970977 11.93 12.15 0.6819
46 1 0.66 0.21648103 12.15 12.36 0.74
47 1 0.68 0.21320769 12.36 12.58 0.8013
48 1 0.71 0.20989158 12.58 12.79 0.866
49 1 0.74 0.20653457 12.79 12.99 0.9339
50 1 0.77 0.20313853 12.99 13.20 1.0053
51 1 0.79 0.19970538 13.20 13.40 1.0801
Opening 0-100%
Water Elevation
52 1 0.82 0.19623707 13.40 13.59 1.1584

53 1 0.85 0.19273555 13.59 13.79 1.2402
645.00 54 1 0.88 0.1892028 13.79 13.98 1.3256
55 1 0.91 0.18564082 13.98 14.16 1.4146
640.00 56 1 0.94 0.18205162 14.16 14.34 1.5072
57 1 0.97 0.17843722 14.34 14.52 1.6034
635.00
630.00
625.00
Water Elevatio
645.00
640.00
635.00 58 1 1.00 0.17479967 14.52 14.70 1.7032

59 1 1.03 0.17114101 14.70 14.87 1.8066
630.00 60 1 1.06 0.16746328 14.87 15.03 1.9137
61 1 1.09 0.16376854 15.03 15.20 2.0243
625.00 62 1 1.12 0.16005884 15.20 15.36 2.1386
63 1 1.15 0.15633623 15.36 15.52 2.2563
620.00 64 1 1.18 0.15260277 15.52 15.67 2.3776
65 1 1.21 0.14886049 15.67 15.82 2.5024
66 1 1.24 0.14511141 15.82 15.96 2.6306
615.00
67 1 1.27 0.14135758 15.96 16.10 2.7621
68 1 1.30 0.13760098 16.10 16.24 2.897
610.00
69 1 1.33 0.13384361 16.24 16.37 3.0351
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
70 1 1.36 0.13008744 16.37 16.50 3.1764
71 1 1.39 0.12633442 16.50
Time (Sec) 16.63 3.3207
72 1 1.42 0.12258648 16.63 16.75 3.4681
73 1 1.46 0.11884553 16.75 16.87 3.6184
74 1 1.49 0.11511342 16.87 16.99 3.7715
75 1 1.52 0.11139201 16.99 17.10 3.9273
76 1 1.55 0.10768312 17.10 17.21 4.0858
77 1 1.58 0.10398853 17.21 17.31 4.2467
78 1 1.61 0.10030997 17.31 17.41 4.4101
79 1 1.64 0.09664916 17.41 17.51 4.5757
3.46 m2
6.60 m
0.53 m
0.53 m
2.43 m/s
9.14 m
28.27
28.27 m2
1.71 s2/m
10.05 m
0.00
0.06 /m
0.00 m3/s
0.00 m/s
18.85 m
624.15 masl
yi+1 - vi2 Dv WL
0.00 0 643.00
0.30 0.00068 643.00
0.59 0.00137 642.70
0.89 0.00205 642.41
1.19 0.00273 642.11
1.48 0.00341 641.81
1.78 0.00409 641.52
2.07 0.00477 641.22
2.37 0.00545 640.93
2.66 0.00612 640.63
2.96 0.00679 640.34
3.25 0.00746 640.04
3.54 0.00813 639.75
3.83 0.0088 639.46
4.11 0.00946 639.17
4.40 0.01012 638.88
4.69 0.01077 638.59
4.97 0.01142 638.30
5.25 0.01206 638.02
5.53 0.0127 637.73
5.80 0.01334 637.45
6.08 0.01397 637.17
6.35 0.01459 636.89
6.62 0.01521 636.61
6.88 0.01582 636.33
7.14 0.01642 636.06
7.40 0.01701 635.79
7.66 0.0176 635.52
7.91 0.01818 635.25
8.16 0.01875 634.98
8.40 0.01931 634.72
8.64 0.01986 634.46
8.87 0.0204 634.20
9.11 0.02093 633.94
9.33 0.02145 633.69
9.55 0.02196 633.44
9.77 0.02246 633.19
9.98 0.02294 632.94
10.19 0.02341 632.70
10.39 0.02387 632.45
10.58 0.02432 632.22
10.77 0.02476 631.98
10.95 0.02518 631.75
11.13 0.02559 631.52
11.30 0.02598 631.29
11.47 0.02636 631.07
11.62 0.02672 630.85
11.78 0.02707 630.64
11.92 0.0274 630.42
12.06 0.02772 630.21
12.19 0.02803 630.01
12.32 0.02831 629.80
12.43 0.02858 629.60
12.55 0.02884 629.41
12.65 0.02908 629.21
12.75 0.0293 629.02
12.84 0.02951 628.84
12.92 0.02969 628.66
12.99 0.02987 628.48
13.06 0.03002 628.30
13.12 0.03016 628.13
13.17 0.03028 627.97
13.22 0.03039 627.80
13.26 0.03048 627.64
13.29 0.03055 627.48
13.31 0.0306 627.33
13.33 0.03064 627.18
13.34 0.03067 627.04
13.34 0.03067 626.90
13.34 0.03066 626.76
800 900 1000 1100
13.33 0.03064 626.63
13.31 0.0306 626.50
13.29 0.03054 626.37
13.25 0.03047 626.25
13.22 0.03038 626.13
13.17 0.03028 626.01
13.12 0.03016 625.90
13.06 0.03003 625.79
13.00 0.02988 625.69
12.93 0.02973 625.59
Calculation Form
Different Methods
Headrace Tunnel
Surge Shaft
Calculations
1 . 1 fL
  
2 gD
Headloss in the tunnel and headrace pipe yo
Mises Relation
Damping factor
2 gAs
m  m
LAht
1 A 0.6736 Y1 38.5166767 Equation

A 0.6736 Y2 38.5166626 Equation
Maximum upsurge elevation

Surge limit defined by Pattantyus
LAht Y
Y
2 gAst
Calame and Gaden Relation

yo
Ymax
po
First surge Y1
Downsurge for opening case

yo
Absolute maximum amplitude of undamped oscillation Ymax
Amplitude of the downsurge Y
Check by the relation by E. Braun Y
Check by Calame and Gaden Y
Minimum downsurge elevation

3.46 m2
6.60 m
0.53 m
0.53 m
2.43 m/s
4.99 m
28.27
28.27 m2
0.93 s2/m
5.49 m
0.0428 /m
0.6736
0.6736
681.52 masl
23.39 m
5.49
16.03
0.34
(12.57) m
655.57 masl
5.49
16.03
17.03
16.67
16.71
625.97 masl
Calculation Form
Closure Condition
Total closure from 100% to 0
Headrace Tunnel
Length Lt 3497.13 m C/s Area Aht
Diameter Dt 2.10 m Wetted Perimeter Pht
Surge Shaft
Calculations
1 . 1 fL
  
2 gD
Headloss in the tunnel and headrace pipe
2
y o  Vht yo
Damping factor
2 gAs
m  m
LAht
Transient Analysis
Q  A 
Dy   1  Dt   ht Vi Dt
 As   As 
Q  A 
Dy   1  Dt   ht Vi Dt Final discharge Q1
 As   As 
y i 1  y i  Dy
Maximum upsurge
DV  Dt  y i 1   V 2 
g Maximum upsurge elevation
L
(1.64)
Negative surge or upsurge (rising water surface)
0 0 2.425 0.000 5.491 5.491 5.491

1 1 2.425 (0.297) 5.491 5.194 5.491
2 1 2.424 (0.297) 5.194 4.897 5.488
3 1 2.423 (0.297) 4.897 4.601 5.480
4 1 2.420 (0.296) 4.601 4.304 5.469
5 1 2.417 (0.296) 4.304 4.008 5.454
6 1 2.413 (0.296) 4.008 3.712 5.436
7 1 2.408 (0.295) 3.712 3.417 5.414
8 1 2.403 (0.294) 3.417 3.123 5.389
9 1 2.396 (0.294) 3.123 2.830 5.361
10 1 2.389 (0.293) 2.830 2.537 5.329
11 1 2.381 (0.292) 2.537 2.245 5.294
12 1 2.373 (0.291) 2.245 1.955 5.256
13 1 2.363 (0.290) 1.955 1.665 5.215
14 1 2.353 (0.288) 1.665 1.377 5.171
15 1 2.343 (0.287) 1.377 1.090 5.125
16 1 2.331 (0.286) 1.090 0.804 5.075
17 1 2.319 (0.284) 0.804 0.520 5.023
18 1 2.307 (0.283) 0.520 0.237 4.969
19 1 2.294 (0.281) 0.237 (0.043) 4.912
20 1 2.280 (0.279) (0.043) (0.323) 4.852
21 1 2.265 (0.277) (0.323) (0.600) 4.791
22 1 2.250 (0.276) (0.600) (0.876) 4.727
23 1 2.234 (0.274) (0.876) (1.150) 4.661
24 1 2.218 (0.272) (1.150) (1.421) 4.593
25 1 2.201 (0.270) (1.421) (1.691) 4.524
26 1 2.184 (0.268) (1.691) (1.958) 4.452
27 1 2.166 (0.265) (1.958) (2.224) 4.379
28 1 2.147 (0.263) (2.224) (2.487) 4.305
29 1 2.128 (0.261) (2.487) (2.747) 4.229
30 1 2.109 (0.258) (2.747) (3.006) 4.151
31 1 2.089 (0.256) (3.006) (3.262) 4.073
32 1 2.068 (0.253) (3.262) (3.515) 3.993
33 1 2.047 (0.251) (3.515) (3.766) 3.912
34 1 2.025 (0.248) (3.766) (4.014) 3.830
35 1 2.003 (0.245) (4.014) (4.259) 3.747
36 1 1.981 (0.243) (4.259) (4.502) 3.664
37 1 1.958 (0.240) (4.502) (4.742) 3.579
38 1 1.935 (0.237) (4.742) (4.979) 3.495
39 1 1.911 (0.234) (4.979) (5.213) 3.409
40 1 1.887 (0.231) (5.213) (5.444) 3.323
41 1 1.862 (0.228) (5.444) (5.672) 3.237
42 1 1.837 (0.225) (5.672) (5.897) 3.151
43 1 1.812 (0.222) (5.897) (6.119) 3.065
44 1 1.786 (0.219) (6.119) (6.338) 2.978
45 1 1.760 (0.216) (6.338) (6.553) 2.892
46 1 1.733 (0.212) (6.553) (6.766) 2.805
47 1 1.706 (0.209) (6.766) (6.975) 2.719
48 1 1.679 (0.206) (6.975) (7.180) 2.633
49 1 1.652 (0.202) (7.180) (7.383) 2.547
50 1 1.624 (0.199) (7.383) (7.582) 2.462
51 1 1.596 (0.195) (7.582) (7.777) 2.377
52 1 1.567 (0.192) (7.777) (7.969) 2.293
53 1 1.538 (0.188) (7.969) (8.158) 2.210
54 1 Total
1.509 Closure
(0.185)100%-0
(8.158) (8.343) 2.127
Water Elevation
55 1 1.480 (0.181) (8.343) (8.524) 2.045

660.00 56 1 1.450 (0.178) (8.524) (8.702) 1.964
57 1 1.420 (0.174) (8.702) (8.876) 1.884
655.00 58 1 1.390 (0.170) (8.876) (9.046) 1.805
59 1 1.360 (0.167) (9.046) (9.212) 1.726
650.00 60 1 1.329 (0.163) (9.212) (9.375) 1.649
61 1 1.298 (0.159) (9.375) (9.534) 1.574
645.00 62 1 1.267 (0.155) (9.534) (9.690) 1.499
63 1 1.236 (0.151) (9.690) (9.841) 1.426
640.00 64 1 1.204 (0.147) (9.841) (9.988) 1.354
65 1 1.172 (0.144) (9.988) (10.132) 1.283
635.00
66 1 1.140 (0.140) (10.132) (10.272) 1.214
630.00 67 1 1.108 (0.136) (10.272) (10.407) 1.146
68 1 1.076 (0.132) (10.407) (10.539) 1.080
625.00 69 1 1.043 (0.128) (10.539) (10.667) 1.016
70 1 1.010 (0.124) (10.667) (10.791) 0.953
620.00 71 1 0.977 (0.120) (10.791) (10.910) 0.892
0 10072 1 200 0.944
300 (0.116)
400 (10.910)
500 600 (11.026)
700 0.832
800 900 100
73 1 0.911 (0.112) (11.026) (11.138) 0.775
74 1 0.878 (0.107) Time (Sec)
(11.138) (11.245) 0.719
75 1 0.844 (0.103) (11.245) (11.349) 0.665
76 1 0.810 (0.099) (11.349) (11.448) 0.613
77 1 0.776 (0.095) (11.448) (11.543) 0.563
78 1 0.742 (0.091) (11.543) (11.634) 0.515
79 1 0.708 (0.087) (11.634) (11.721) 0.469
80 1 0.674 (0.083) (11.721) (11.803) 0.424
81 1 0.640 (0.078) (11.803) (11.882) 0.382
82 1 0.605 (0.074) (11.882) (11.956) 0.342
83 1 0.571 (0.070) (11.956) (12.026) 0.304
84 1 0.536 (0.066) (12.026) (12.091) 0.269
85 1 0.502 (0.061) (12.091) (12.153) 0.235
86 1 0.467 (0.057) (12.153) (12.210) 0.204
87 1 0.432 (0.053) (12.210) (12.263) 0.174
88 1 0.397 (0.049) (12.263) (12.312) 0.147
89 1 0.362 (0.044) (12.312) (12.356) 0.123
90 1 0.327 (0.040) (12.356) (12.396) 0.100
91 1 0.292 (0.036) (12.396) (12.432) 0.080
92 1 0.257 (0.032) (12.432) (12.463) 0.062
93 1 0.222 (0.027) (12.463) (12.491) 0.046
94 1 0.187 (0.023) (12.491) (12.514) 0.033
95 1 0.152 (0.019) (12.514) (12.532) 0.021
96 1 0.116 (0.014) (12.532) (12.546) 0.013
97 1 0.081 (0.010) (12.546) (12.556) 0.006
98 1 0.046 (0.006) (12.556) (12.562) 0.002
99 1 0.011 (0.001) (12.562) (12.563) 0.000
100 1 (0.025) 0.003 (12.563) (12.560) 0.001
101 1 (0.060) 0.007 (12.560) (12.553) 0.003
102 1 (0.095) 0.012 (12.553) (12.541) 0.008
103 1 (0.130) 0.016 (12.541) (12.525) 0.016
104 1 (0.165) 0.020 (12.525) (12.505) 0.025
105 1 (0.200) 0.025 (12.505) (12.481) 0.037
106 1 (0.235) 0.029 (12.481) (12.452) 0.052
107 1 (0.270) 0.033 (12.452) (12.419) 0.068
108 1 (0.305) 0.037 (12.419) (12.381) 0.087
109 1 (0.339) 0.042 (12.381) (12.340) 0.107
110 1 (0.373) 0.046 (12.340) (12.294) 0.130
111 1 (0.407) 0.050 (12.294) (12.244) 0.155
112 1 (0.441) 0.054 (12.244) (12.190) 0.182
113 1 (0.475) 0.058 (12.190) (12.132) 0.211
114 1 (0.508) 0.062 (12.132) (12.070) 0.241
115 1 (0.542) 0.066 (12.070) (12.003) 0.274
116 1 (0.575) 0.070 (12.003) (11.933) 0.308
3.46 m2
6.60 m
0.53 m
0.53 m
2.43 m/s
4.99 m
28.27
28.27 m2
0.93 s2/m
5.49 m
0.043 /m
0.00 m3/s
(12.56) m
655.56 masl
633.78 masl
yi+1 - vi2 Dv WL
0.000 0.000 637.51

(0.297) (0.001) 637.51
(0.590) (0.002) 637.81
(0.880) (0.002) 638.10
(1.165) (0.003) 638.40
(1.446) (0.004) 638.70
(1.724) (0.005) 638.99
(1.997) (0.006) 639.29
(2.266) (0.006) 639.58
(2.531) (0.007) 639.88
(2.792) (0.008) 640.17
(3.049) (0.009) 640.46
(3.301) (0.009) 640.75
(3.550) (0.010) 641.05
(3.794) (0.011) 641.33
(4.035) (0.011) 641.62
(4.271) (0.012) 641.91
(4.503) (0.013) 642.20
(4.731) (0.013) 642.48
(4.955) (0.014) 642.76
(5.175) (0.015) 643.04
(5.391) (0.015) 643.32
(5.603) (0.016) 643.60
(5.811) (0.016) 643.88
(6.015) (0.017) 644.15
(6.215) (0.017) 644.42
(6.411) (0.018) 644.69
(6.603) (0.019) 644.96
(6.791) (0.019) 645.22
(6.976) (0.020) 645.49
(7.157) (0.020) 645.75
(7.334) (0.021) 646.01
(7.508) (0.021) 646.26
(7.678) (0.022) 646.51
(7.844) (0.022) 646.77
(8.006) (0.022) 647.01
(8.166) (0.023) 647.26
(8.321) (0.023) 647.50
(8.473) (0.024) 647.74
(8.622) (0.024) 647.98
(8.767) (0.025) 648.21
(8.909) (0.025) 648.44
(9.048) (0.025) 648.67
(9.184) (0.026) 648.90
(9.316) (0.026) 649.12
(9.445) (0.026) 649.34
(9.571) (0.027) 649.55
(9.694) (0.027) 649.77
(9.813) (0.028) 649.97
(9.930) (0.028) 650.18
(10.044) (0.028) 650.38
(10.155) (0.028) 650.58
(10.263) (0.029) 650.78
(10.368) (0.029) 650.97
(10.470) (0.029) 651.16
(10.569) (0.030) 651.34
(10.666) (0.030) 651.52
(10.759) (0.030) 651.70
(10.850) (0.030) 651.88
(10.939) (0.031) 652.05
(11.025) (0.031) 652.21
(11.108) (0.031) 652.38
(11.188) (0.031) 652.53
(11.266) (0.032) 652.69
(11.342) (0.032) 652.84
(11.415) (0.032) 652.99
(11.486) (0.032) 653.13
(11.554) (0.032) 653.27
(11.619) (0.033) 653.41
(11.683) (0.033) 653.54
(11.744) (0.033) 653.67
(11.802) (0.033) 653.79
800 (11.858)1000
900 (0.033) 653.91
(11.912) (0.033) 654.03
(11.964) (0.034) 654.14
(12.014) (0.034) 654.25
(12.061) (0.034) 654.35
(12.106) (0.034) 654.45
(12.149) (0.034) 654.54
(12.189) (0.034) 654.63
(12.228) (0.034) 654.72
(12.264) (0.034) 654.80
(12.298) (0.034) 654.88
(12.330) (0.035) 654.96
(12.360) (0.035) 655.03
(12.388) (0.035) 655.09
(12.414) (0.035) 655.15
(12.437) (0.035) 655.21
(12.459) (0.035) 655.26
(12.479) (0.035) 655.31
(12.496) (0.035) 655.36
(12.512) (0.035) 655.40
(12.525) (0.035) 655.43
(12.537) (0.035) 655.46
(12.546) (0.035) 655.49
(12.554) (0.035) 655.51
(12.559) (0.035) 655.53
(12.563) (0.035) 655.55
(12.564) (0.035) 655.56
(12.563) (0.035) 655.56
(12.560) (0.035) 655.56
(12.550) (0.035) 655.56
(12.533) (0.035) 655.55
(12.510) (0.035) 655.54
(12.480) (0.035) 655.53
(12.443) (0.035) 655.51
(12.400) (0.035) 655.48
(12.351) (0.035) 655.45
(12.295) (0.034) 655.42
(12.233) (0.034) 655.38
(12.164) (0.034) 655.34
(12.089) (0.034) 655.29
(12.008) (0.034) 655.24
(11.921) (0.033) 655.19
(11.828) (0.033) 655.13
(11.729) (0.033) 655.07
(11.625) (0.033) 655.00
Calculation Form
Closure Condition
Partial closure from 100% to 66.66%
Headrace Tunnel
Surge Shaft
Calculations
1 . 1 fL
  
2 gD
2
y o  Vht yo
Damping factor
2 gAs
m  m
LAht
Transient Analysis
Q  A  Final discharge Q1
Dy   1  Dt   ht Vi Dt
 As   As 
Q  A 
Dy   1  Dt   ht Vi Dt
 As   As 
y i 1  y i  Dy Maximum upsurge
Dt  y i 1   V 2 
g Minimum downsurge elevation
DV 
L
0 0 2.425 0.000 5.491 5.491 5.491

1 1 2.425 (0.099) 5.491 5.392 5.491
2 1 2.425 (0.099) 5.392 5.293 5.490
3 1 2.424 (0.099) 5.293 5.195 5.488
4 1 2.424 (0.099) 5.195 5.096 5.484
5 1 2.422 (0.099) 5.096 4.997 5.479
6 1 2.421 (0.099) 4.997 4.898 5.473
7 1 2.420 (0.098) 4.898 4.800 5.466
8 1 2.418 (0.098) 4.800 4.702 5.457
9 1 2.416 (0.098) 4.702 4.604 5.448
10 1 2.413 (0.098) 4.604 4.507 5.437
11 1 2.411 (0.097) 4.507 4.409 5.425
12 1 2.408 (0.097) 4.409 4.313 5.412
13 1 2.405 (0.097) 4.313 4.216 5.399
14 1 2.401 (0.096) 4.216 4.120 5.384
15 1 2.398 (0.096) 4.120 4.024 5.368
16 1 2.394 (0.095) 4.024 3.929 5.351
17 1 2.390 (0.095) 3.929 3.834 5.333
18 1 2.386 (0.094) 3.834 3.740 5.314
19 1 2.381 (0.094) 3.740 3.646 5.295
20 1 2.377 (0.093) 3.646 3.553 5.274
21 1 2.372 (0.093) 3.553 3.461 5.253
22 1 2.367 (0.092) 3.461 3.369 5.231
23 1 2.362 (0.091) 3.369 3.278 5.207
24 1 2.356 (0.091) 3.278 3.187 5.184
25 1 2.351 (0.090) 3.187 3.097 5.159
26 1 2.345 (0.089) 3.097 3.008 5.134
27 1 2.339 (0.088) 3.008 2.920 5.108
28 1 2.333 (0.088) 2.920 2.832 5.081
29 1 2.326 (0.087) 2.832 2.745 5.053
30 1 2.320 (0.086) 2.745 2.659 5.025
31 1 2.313 (0.085) 2.659 2.574 4.997
32 1 2.307 (0.084) 2.574 2.489 4.967
33 1 2.300 (0.084) 2.489 2.405 4.937
34 1 2.293 (0.083) 2.405 2.323 4.907
35 1 2.285 (0.082) 2.323 2.241 4.876
36 1 2.278 (0.081) 2.241 2.160 4.844
37 1 2.270 (0.080) 2.160 2.080 4.812
38 1 2.263 (0.079) 2.080 2.001 4.780
39 1 2.255 (0.078) 2.001 1.922 4.747
40 1 2.247 (0.077) 1.922 1.845 4.714
41 1 2.239 (0.076) 1.845 1.769 4.680
42 1 2.231 (0.075) 1.769 1.694 4.646
43 1 2.222 (0.074) 1.694 1.620 4.612
44 1 2.214 (0.073) 1.620 1.546 4.577
45 1 2.206 (0.072) 1.546 1.474 4.542
46 1 2.197 (0.071) 1.474 1.403 4.506
47 1 2.188 (0.070) 1.403 1.333 4.471
48 1 2.179 (0.069) 1.333 1.264 4.435
49 1 2.171 (0.068) 1.264 1.196 4.399
50 1 2.162 (0.067) 1.196 1.130 4.362
51 1 2.153 (0.066) 1.130 1.064 4.326
52 1 2.143 (0.065) 1.064 1.000 4.289
53 1 2.134 (0.063) 1.000 0.936 4.252
54 1 2.125 (0.062) 0.936 0.874 4.215
55 1
Partial
2.115
closure
(0.061)
100%-66.66%
0.874 0.813 4.178
Water Elevation
56 1 2.106 (0.060) 0.813 0.753 4.141

646.00 57 1 2.097 (0.059) 0.753 0.694 4.104
58 1 2.087 (0.058) 0.694 0.637 4.066
59 1 2.077 (0.056) 0.637 0.580 4.029
644.00 60 1 2.068 (0.055) 0.580 0.525 3.992
61 1 2.058 (0.054) 0.525 0.471 3.954
642.00 62 1 2.048 (0.053) 0.471 0.418 3.917
63 1 2.038 (0.052) 0.418 0.367 3.879
64 1 2.028 (0.050) 0.367 0.316 3.842
640.00
65 1 2.019 (0.049) 0.316 0.267 3.804
66 1 2.009 (0.048) 0.267 0.219 3.767
638.00 67 1 1.999 (0.047) 0.219 0.172 3.730
68 1 1.989 (0.046) 0.172 0.127 3.693
69 1 1.979 (0.044) 0.127 0.082 3.656
636.00
70 1 1.969 (0.043) 0.082 0.039 3.619
71 1 1.959 (0.042) 0.039 (0.003) 3.582
634.00 72 1 1.949 (0.041) (0.003) (0.043) 3.545
0 73 1 500 1.9391000 (0.039) 1500
(0.043) 2000 (0.083) 2500
3.509 3000
74 1 1.928 (0.038) (0.083) (0.121) 3.472
Time (Sec)
75 1 1.918 (0.037) (0.121) (0.158) 3.436
76 1 1.908 (0.036) (0.158) (0.194) 3.400
77 1 1.898 (0.034) (0.194) (0.228) 3.364
3.46 m2
6.60 m
0.53 m
0.53 m
2.43 m/s
4.99 m
28.27
28.27 m2
0.93 s2/m
5.49 m
0.043 /m
5.60 m3/s
(0.70) masl
643.70 masl
637.51 masl
yi+1 - vi2 Dv WL
0.000 0.000 637.51

(0.099) (0.000) 637.51
(0.197) (0.001) 637.61
(0.293) (0.001) 637.71
(0.388) (0.001) 637.81
(0.482) (0.001) 637.90
(0.574) (0.002) 638.00
(0.666) (0.002) 638.10
(0.755) (0.002) 638.20
(0.843) (0.002) 638.30
(0.930) (0.003) 638.40
(1.016) (0.003) 638.49
(1.100) (0.003) 638.59
(1.183) (0.003) 638.69
(1.264) (0.004) 638.78
(1.344) (0.004) 638.88
(1.422) (0.004) 638.98
(1.499) (0.004) 639.07
(1.574) (0.004) 639.17
(1.648) (0.005) 639.26
(1.721) (0.005) 639.35
(1.792) (0.005) 639.45
(1.862) (0.005) 639.54
(1.930) (0.005) 639.63
(1.996) (0.006) 639.72
(2.062) (0.006) 639.81
(2.126) (0.006) 639.90
(2.188) (0.006) 639.99
(2.249) (0.006) 640.08
(2.308) (0.006) 640.17
(2.366) (0.007) 640.26
(2.423) (0.007) 640.34
(2.478) (0.007) 640.43
(2.532) (0.007) 640.51
(2.584) (0.007) 640.59
(2.635) (0.007) 640.68
(2.685) (0.008) 640.76
(2.733) (0.008) 640.84
(2.779) (0.008) 640.92
(2.825) (0.008) 641.00
(2.869) (0.008) 641.08
(2.911) (0.008) 641.15
(2.952) (0.008) 641.23
(2.992) (0.008) 641.31
(3.030) (0.009) 641.38
(3.067) (0.009) 641.45
(3.103) (0.009) 641.53
(3.137) (0.009) 641.60
(3.171) (0.009) 641.67
(3.202) (0.009) 641.74
(3.233) (0.009) 641.80
(3.262) (0.009) 641.87
(3.290) (0.009) 641.94
(3.316) (0.009) 642.00
(3.341) (0.009) 642.06
(3.365) (0.009) 642.13
(3.388) (0.010) 642.19
(3.409) (0.010) 642.25
(3.430) (0.010) 642.31
(3.449) (0.010) 642.36
(3.467) (0.010) 642.42
(3.483) (0.010) 642.47
(3.498) (0.010) 642.53
(3.513) (0.010) 642.58
(3.526) (0.010) 642.63
(3.538) (0.010) 642.68
(3.548) (0.010) 642.73
(3.558) (0.010) 642.78
(3.566) (0.010) 642.83
(3.573) (0.010) 642.87
(3.580) (0.010) 642.92
(3.585) (0.010) 642.96
(3.589) (0.010) 643.00
2500 3000
(3.592) (0.010) 643.04
(3.593) (0.010) 643.08
(3.594) (0.010) 643.12
(3.594) (0.010) 643.16
(3.592) (0.010) 643.19
Calculation Form
Closure Condition
Partial closure from 100% to 33.33%
Headrace Tunnel
Surge Shaft
Calculations
1 . 1 fL
  
2 gD
2
y o  Vht yo
Damping factor
2 gAs
m  m
LAht
Transient Analysis
Q  A  Final discharge Q1
Dy   1  Dt   ht Vi Dt
 As   As 
Q  A 
Dy   1  Dt   ht Vi Dt
 As   As 
y i 1  y i  Dy
Maximum upsurge
DV  Dt  y i 1   V 2 
g Maximum upsurge elevation
L
0 0 2.425 0.000 5.491 5.491 5.491

1 1 2.425 (0.198) 5.491 5.293 5.491
2 1 2.425 (0.198) 5.293 5.095 5.489
3 1 2.424 (0.198) 5.095 4.898 5.484
4 1 2.422 (0.198) 4.898 4.700 5.477
5 1 2.420 (0.197) 4.700 4.503 5.467
6 1 2.417 (0.197) 4.503 4.305 5.454
7 1 2.414 (0.197) 4.305 4.109 5.440
8 1 2.410 (0.196) 4.109 3.913 5.423
9 1 2.406 (0.196) 3.913 3.717 5.404
10 1 2.401 (0.195) 3.717 3.522 5.383
11 1 2.396 (0.194) 3.522 3.327 5.359
12 1 2.390 (0.194) 3.327 3.134 5.334
13 1 2.384 (0.193) 3.134 2.941 5.306
14 1 2.377 (0.192) 2.941 2.748 5.277
15 1 2.370 (0.191) 2.748 2.557 5.245
16 1 2.363 (0.190) 2.557 2.367 5.212
17 1 2.355 (0.189) 2.367 2.177 5.177
18 1 2.346 (0.188) 2.177 1.989 5.140
19 1 2.338 (0.187) 1.989 1.801 5.101
20 1 2.328 (0.186) 1.801 1.615 5.061
21 1 2.319 (0.185) 1.615 1.430 5.019
22 1 2.309 (0.184) 1.430 1.247 4.976
23 1 2.298 (0.182) 1.247 1.064 4.931
24 1 2.287 (0.181) 1.064 0.883 4.884
25 1 2.276 (0.180) 0.883 0.703 4.836
26 1 2.264 (0.178) 0.703 0.525 4.787
27 1 2.252 (0.177) 0.525 0.348 4.737
28 1 2.240 (0.175) 0.348 0.172 4.685
29 1 2.227 (0.174) 0.172 (0.001) 4.632
30 1 2.214 (0.172) (0.001) (0.174) 4.578
31 1 2.201 (0.171) (0.174) (0.344) 4.524
32 1 2.187 (0.169) (0.344) (0.513) 4.468
33 1 2.174 (0.167) (0.513) (0.680) 4.411
34 1 2.159 (0.165) (0.680) (0.846) 4.353
35 1 2.145 (0.164) (0.846) (1.010) 4.294
36 1 2.130 (0.162) (1.010) (1.171) 4.235
37 1 2.115 (0.160) (1.171) (1.331) 4.175
38 1 2.099 (0.158) (1.331) (1.490) 4.114
39 1 2.083 (0.156) (1.490) (1.646) 4.053
40 1 2.067 (0.154) (1.646) (1.800) 3.991
41 1 2.051 (0.152) (1.800) (1.952) 3.928
42 1 2.035 (0.150) (1.952) (2.102) 3.865
43 1 2.018 (0.148) (2.102) (2.251) 3.802
44 1 2.001 (0.146) (2.251) (2.397) 3.738
45 1 1.984 (0.144) (2.397) (2.541) 3.674
46 1 1.966 (0.142) (2.541) (2.682) 3.610
47 1 1.949 (0.140) (2.682) (2.822) 3.545
48 1 1.931 (0.137) (2.822) (2.960) 3.481
49 1 1.913 (0.135) (2.960) (3.095) 3.416
50 1 1.894 (0.133) (3.095) (3.228) 3.351
51 1 1.876 (0.131) (3.228) (3.359) 3.286
52 1 1.857 (0.129) (3.359) (3.487) 3.221
53 1 1.839 (0.126) (3.487) (3.613) 3.156
54 1 1.820 (0.124) (3.613) (3.737) 3.091
55 1 1.800 (0.122) (3.737) (3.859) 3.027
56 1 1.781 (0.119) (3.859) (3.978) 2.962
57 1 1.762 (0.117) (3.978) (4.095) 2.898
58 1 1.742 (0.114) (4.095) (4.209) 2.833
59 1 1.722 (0.112) (4.209)
Partial Closure 100%-33.33% (4.321) 2.769
Water Elevation
60 1 1.702 (0.110) (4.321) (4.431) 2.706

61 1 1.682 (0.107) (4.431) (4.538) 2.643
655.00 62 1 1.662 (0.105) (4.538) (4.642) 2.580
63 1 1.642 (0.102) (4.642) (4.744) 2.517
650.00 64 1 1.622 (0.100) (4.744) (4.844) 2.455
65 1 1.601 (0.097) (4.844) (4.941) 2.394
66 1 1.581 (0.095) (4.941) (5.036) 2.332
645.00 67 1 1.560 (0.092) (5.036) (5.128) 2.272
68 1 1.539 (0.090) (5.128) (5.217) 2.212
640.00 69 1 1.518 (0.087) (5.217) (5.304) 2.152
70 1 1.497 (0.084) (5.304) (5.389) 2.093
71 1 1.476 (0.082) (5.389) (5.470) 2.035
635.00 72 1 1.455 (0.079) (5.470) (5.550) 1.977
73 1 1.434 (0.077) (5.550) (5.626) 1.921
630.00 74 1 1.413 (0.074) (5.626) (5.700) 1.864
75 1 1.392 (0.071) (5.700) (5.772) 1.809
76 1 1.371 (0.069) (5.772) (5.841) 1.754
625.00
77 1 1.349 (0.066) (5.841) (5.907) 1.700
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 90
78 1 1.328 (0.064) (5.907) (5.971) 1.646
79 1 1.307 (0.061) Time(5.971)
(Sec) (6.032) 1.594
80 1 1.285 (0.058) (6.032) (6.090) 1.542
81 1 1.264 (0.056) (6.090) (6.146) 1.491
82 1 1.242 (0.053) (6.146) (6.199) 1.441
3.46 m2
6.60 m
0.53 m
0.53 m
2.43 m/s
4.99 m
28.27
28.27 m2
0.93 s2/m
5.49 m
0.043 /m
2.80 m3/s
(6.71) m
649.71 masl
636.38 masl
yi+1 - vi2 Dv WL
0.000 0.000 637.51

(0.198) (0.001) 637.51
(0.394) (0.001) 637.71
(0.586) (0.002) 637.90
(0.777) (0.002) 638.10
(0.964) (0.003) 638.30
(1.149) (0.003) 638.50
(1.331) (0.004) 638.69
(1.511) (0.004) 638.89
(1.687) (0.005) 639.09
(1.861) (0.005) 639.28
(2.032) (0.006) 639.48
(2.200) (0.006) 639.67
(2.366) (0.007) 639.87
(2.529) (0.007) 640.06
(2.688) (0.008) 640.25
(2.846) (0.008) 640.44
(3.000) (0.008) 640.63
(3.151) (0.009) 640.82
(3.300) (0.009) 641.01
(3.446) (0.010) 641.20
(3.589) (0.010) 641.38
(3.729) (0.010) 641.57
(3.867) (0.011) 641.75
(4.001) (0.011) 641.94
(4.133) (0.012) 642.12
(4.262) (0.012) 642.30
(4.389) (0.012) 642.48
(4.513) (0.013) 642.65
(4.634) (0.013) 642.83
(4.752) (0.013) 643.00
(4.868) (0.014) 643.17
(4.981) (0.014) 643.34
(5.091) (0.014) 643.51
(5.199) (0.015) 643.68
(5.304) (0.015) 643.85
(5.406) (0.015) 644.01
(5.506) (0.015) 644.17
(5.604) (0.016) 644.33
(5.698) (0.016) 644.49
(5.791) (0.016) 644.65
(5.880) (0.016) 644.80
(5.968) (0.017) 644.95
(6.053) (0.017) 645.10
(6.135) (0.017) 645.25
(6.215) (0.017) 645.40
(6.292) (0.018) 645.54
(6.368) (0.018) 645.68
(6.440) (0.018) 645.82
(6.511) (0.018) 645.96
(6.579) (0.018) 646.09
(6.645) (0.019) 646.23
(6.708) (0.019) 646.36
(6.770) (0.019) 646.49
(6.829) (0.019) 646.61
(6.885) (0.019) 646.74
(6.940) (0.019) 646.86
(6.992) (0.020) 646.98
(7.043) (0.020) 647.09
(7.091) (0.020) 647.21
(7.137) (0.020) 647.32
(7.180) (0.020) 647.43
(7.222) (0.020) 647.54
(7.262) (0.020) 647.64
(7.299) (0.020) 647.74
(7.335) (0.021) 647.84
(7.368) (0.021) 647.94
(7.400) (0.021) 648.04
(7.429) (0.021) 648.13
(7.457) (0.021) 648.22
(7.482) (0.021) 648.30
(7.506) (0.021) 648.39
(7.527) (0.021) 648.47
(7.547) (0.021) 648.55
(7.565) (0.021) 648.63
(7.581) (0.021) 648.70
(7.595) (0.021) 648.77
(7.607) (0.021) 648.84
700 800 900
(7.617) (0.021) 648.91
(7.626) (0.021) 648.97
(7.632) (0.021) 649.03
(7.637) (0.021) 649.09
(7.640) (0.021) 649.15
Calculation Form
Closure Condition
Partial closure from 66.66% to 0
Headrace Tunnel
Surge Shaft
Calculations
1 . 1 fL
  
2 gD
2
y o  Vht yo
Damping factor
2 gAs
m  m
LAht
Transient Analysis
Q  A  Q1
Dy   1  Dt   ht Vi Dt
 As   As 
Q  A 
Dy   1  Dt   ht Vi Dt
 As   As 
y i 1  y i  Dy Maximum upsurge
Dt  y i 1   V 2 
g Minimum downsurge elevation
DV 
L
0 0 1.617 0.000 2.441 2.441 2.441

1 1 1.617 (0.198) 2.441 2.243 2.441
2 1 1.616 (0.198) 2.243 2.045 2.439
3 1 1.615 (0.198) 2.045 1.847 2.436
4 1 1.613 (0.198) 1.847 1.649 2.431
5 1 1.611 (0.197) 1.649 1.452 2.424
6 1 1.609 (0.197) 1.452 1.255 2.416
7 1 1.605 (0.197) 1.255 1.058 2.406
8 1 1.602 (0.196) 1.058 0.862 2.395
9 1 1.597 (0.196) 0.862 0.666 2.382
10 1 1.592 (0.195) 0.666 0.471 2.368
11 1 1.587 (0.194) 0.471 0.277 2.352
12 1 1.581 (0.194) 0.277 0.083 2.335
13 1 1.575 (0.193) 0.083 (0.110) 2.316
14 1 1.568 (0.192) (0.110) (0.302) 2.296
15 1 1.561 (0.191) (0.302) (0.493) 2.275
16 1 1.553 (0.190) (0.493) (0.684) 2.252
17 1 1.545 (0.189) (0.684) (0.873) 2.228
18 1 1.536 (0.188) (0.873) (1.061) 2.203
19 1 1.527 (0.187) (1.061) (1.248) 2.177
20 1 1.517 (0.186) (1.248) (1.434) 2.150
21 1 1.507 (0.185) (1.434) (1.619) 2.121
22 1 1.497 (0.183) (1.619) (1.802) 2.092
23 1 1.486 (0.182) (1.802) (1.984) 2.062
24 1 1.475 (0.181) (1.984) (2.165) 2.030
25 1 1.463 (0.179) (2.165) (2.344) 1.998
26 1 1.451 (0.178) (2.344) (2.522) 1.965
27 1 1.438 (0.176) (2.522) (2.698) 1.931
28 1 1.425 (0.175) (2.698) (2.872) 1.896
29 1 1.412 (0.173) (2.872) (3.045) 1.861
30 1 1.398 (0.171) (3.045) (3.216) 1.825
31 1 1.384 (0.170) (3.216) (3.386) 1.788
32 1 1.369 (0.168) (3.386) (3.554) 1.751
33 1 1.354 (0.166) (3.554) (3.720) 1.713
34 1 1.339 (0.164) (3.720) (3.884) 1.674
35 1 1.324 (0.162) (3.884) (4.046) 1.636
36 1 1.308 (0.160) (4.046) (4.206) 1.596
37 1 1.291 (0.158) (4.206) (4.364) 1.557
38 1 1.275 (0.156) (4.364) (4.520) 1.517
39 1 1.258 (0.154) (4.520) (4.674) 1.477
40 1 1.241 (0.152) (4.674) (4.826) 1.437
41 1 1.223 (0.150) (4.826) (4.976) 1.396
42 1 1.205 (0.148) (4.976) (5.124) 1.356
43 1 1.187 (0.145) (5.124) (5.269) 1.315
44 1 1.168 (0.143) (5.269) (5.412) 1.275
45 1 1.150 (0.141) (5.412) (5.553) 1.234
46 1 1.131 (0.139) (5.553) (5.692) 1.194
47 1 1.111 (0.136) (5.692) (5.828) 1.153
48 1 1.092 (0.134) (5.828) (5.962) 1.113
49 1 1.072 (0.131) (5.962) (6.093) 1.073
50 1 1.052 (0.129) (6.093) (6.222) 1.033
51 1 1.031 (0.126) (6.222) (6.348) 0.993
52 1 1.011 (0.124) (6.348) (6.472) 0.954
53 1 0.990 (0.121) (6.472) (6.593) 0.915
54 1 0.969 (0.119) (6.593) (6.712) 0.877
55 1 0.948 (0.116) (6.712) (6.828) 0.839
56 1 Closure(0.113)
0.926 66.66% (6.828)
-0 (6.941) 0.801
Water Elevation
57 1 0.904 (0.111) (6.941) (7.052) 0.764

58 1 0.883 (0.108) (7.052) (7.160) 0.727
655.00
59 1 0.860 (0.105) (7.160) (7.266) 0.691
60 1 0.838 (0.103) (7.266) (7.368) 0.656
650.00 61 1 0.816 (0.100) (7.368) (7.468) 0.621
62 1 0.793 (0.097) (7.468) (7.565) 0.587
63 1 0.770 (0.094) (7.565) (7.660) 0.554
645.00
64 1 0.747 (0.092) (7.660) (7.751) 0.521
65 1 0.724 (0.089) (7.751) (7.840) 0.489
640.00 66 1 0.700 (0.086) (7.840) (7.926) 0.458
67 1 0.677 (0.083) (7.926) (8.009) 0.428
68 1 0.653 (0.080) (8.009) (8.089) 0.398
635.00
69 1 0.629 (0.077) (8.089) (8.166) 0.370
70 1 0.605 (0.074) (8.166) (8.240) 0.342
630.00 71 1 0.581 (0.071) (8.240) (8.311) 0.316
72 1 0.557 (0.068) (8.311) (8.380) 0.290
73 1 0.533 (0.065) (8.380) (8.445) 0.265
625.00 74 1 0.508 (0.062) (8.445) (8.507) 0.241
0 100
75 1 200 0.484
300 (0.059)
400 500
(8.507) 600 700
(8.566) 800
0.219 900 10
76 1 0.459 (0.056) Time
(8.566)
(Sec) (8.623) 0.197
77 1 0.435 (0.053) (8.623) (8.676) 0.176
78 1 0.410 (0.050) (8.676) (8.726) 0.157
79 1 0.385 (0.047) (8.726) (8.773) 0.138
3.46 m2
6.60 m
0.53 m
0.53 m
1.62 m/s
2.22 m
28.27
28.27 m2
0.93 s2/m
2.44 m
0.043 /m
0.00 m3/s
(9.11) m
652.11 masl
635.78 masl
yi+1 - vi2 Dv WL
0.000 0.000 640.56

(0.198) (0.001) 640.56
(0.394) (0.001) 640.76
(0.589) (0.002) 640.96
(0.782) (0.002) 641.15
(0.972) (0.003) 641.35
(1.161) (0.003) 641.55
(1.348) (0.004) 641.75
(1.533) (0.004) 641.94
(1.716) (0.005) 642.14
(1.897) (0.005) 642.33
(2.075) (0.006) 642.53
(2.252) (0.006) 642.72
(2.426) (0.007) 642.92
(2.598) (0.007) 643.11
(2.768) (0.008) 643.30
(2.936) (0.008) 643.49
(3.101) (0.009) 643.68
(3.264) (0.009) 643.87
(3.425) (0.010) 644.06
(3.584) (0.010) 644.25
(3.740) (0.010) 644.43
(3.894) (0.011) 644.62
(4.046) (0.011) 644.80
(4.195) (0.012) 644.98
(4.342) (0.012) 645.16
(4.486) (0.013) 645.34
(4.628) (0.013) 645.52
(4.768) (0.013) 645.70
(4.906) (0.014) 645.87
(5.041) (0.014) 646.05
(5.174) (0.015) 646.22
(5.304) (0.015) 646.39
(5.432) (0.015) 646.55
(5.558) (0.016) 646.72
(5.681) (0.016) 646.88
(5.802) (0.016) 647.05
(5.921) (0.017) 647.21
(6.038) (0.017) 647.36
(6.152) (0.017) 647.52
(6.263) (0.018) 647.67
(6.373) (0.018) 647.83
(6.480) (0.018) 647.98
(6.585) (0.018) 648.12
(6.687) (0.019) 648.27
(6.787) (0.019) 648.41
(6.885) (0.019) 648.55
(6.981) (0.020) 648.69
(7.074) (0.020) 648.83
(7.166) (0.020) 648.96
(7.255) (0.020) 649.09
(7.341) (0.021) 649.22
(7.426) (0.021) 649.35
(7.508) (0.021) 649.47
(7.589) (0.021) 649.59
(7.667) (0.022) 649.71
(7.742) (0.022) 649.83
(7.816) (0.022) 649.94
(7.888) (0.022) 650.05
(7.957) (0.022) 650.16
(8.024) (0.023) 650.27
(8.089) (0.023) 650.37
(8.152) (0.023) 650.47
(8.213) (0.023) 650.57
(8.272) (0.023) 650.66
(8.329) (0.023) 650.75
(8.384) (0.024) 650.84
(8.437) (0.024) 650.93
(8.487) (0.024) 651.01
(8.536) (0.024) 651.09
(8.582) (0.024) 651.17
(8.627) (0.024) 651.24
(8.669) (0.024) 651.31
(8.710) (0.024) 651.38
(8.748) (0.025) 651.44
00 800 900
(8.785) 1000
(0.025) 651.51
(8.820) (0.025) 651.57
(8.852) (0.025) 651.62
(8.883) (0.025) 651.68
(8.911) (0.025) 651.73
CALCULATION FORM
Date: 2016.07.20 Calc. by
Job: Likhu 2 Hydroelectric Project Job no. 930063 Chkd.
Subject: Water hammer pressure in penstock pipe Drg. No.
Reference: Mosonyi, Vol. 2A, Chapter 91 (Page 341)
Parameters:
Design discharge Qd 10.30 m3/s
Static water elevation 643.00 masl
Turbine elevation 812.00 masl
Gross head hs (169.00) m
Acceleration due to gravity g 9.81 m/s2
Sp. Wt. of water g 9810.00 N/m3
Turbine
Type Francis
No. of units 3.00
No. of jets -
Penstock
Material Mild steel
Internal Diameter Dp 2.20 m
Modulus of Elasticity Est 2.00E+11 N/m2
length and thickness l (m) t (mm) t (m)

685.00 18 0.018
0 10 0.01
0 12 0.012
0 14 0.014
0 16 0.016
0 18 0.018
0 20 0.02
Page 73 of 95
0 22 0.022
0 25 0.025
0 28 0.028
0 32 0.032 685.00
0.848 0 25 0.025
Total length L 685.00
Page 74 of 95
Modulus of Elasticity of water Ew 2.07E+09 N/m2
[For 10oC and 500 m water column]
C/s area of the penstock Ap 3.80 m2

D
Velocity of flow
Dp  li i
ti
vp 2.71 m/s
Equivalent value of Dp/t  Dp/t 122.22
t L
Propagation velocity of water hammer wave a 955.98 m/s
g
Time required for the wave to complete a cycle g T 2.87 s
a  T/2 1.43 s
1 1 Dp

Ew E st t
Condition of total closure 4L av
T ha 
Let the time of closure be Tc a g
When Tc<T/2
Case of instantaneous closure
Time of closure Tc 3.00 s
overpressure ha 264.05 m
distance to constant overpressure from penstock inlet xo 1433.98 m
When Tc=T/2
overpressure ha 264.05 m
When Tc>T/2
Case of slow closure
overpressure ha 264.05 m ha 2 L
hmax
h max 
maximum pressure developed at the valve 37.84 m aT c
Page 75 of 95
ha 2 L
h max 
aT c
time to reach the pressure value of hmax t 1.43 s
Page 76 of 95
When Tc<T/2 When Tc=T/2
Surge
Penstock center Penstock soffit Static pressure Length of
Horizontal distance Overpressure pressure Overpressure
level level elevation penstock
elevation
L h h
0.00 1615.15 1616.25 643.00 0.00 0.00 643.00 0.00

38.80 1614.76 1615.86 643.00 38.80 7.15 650.15 5.58
106.01 1614.09 1615.19 643.00 106.02 19.52 662.52 15.25
169.01 1613.46 1614.56 643.00 169.02 31.12 674.12 24.32
215.71 1612.99 1614.09 643.00 215.72 39.72 682.72 31.04
262.21 1612.53 1613.63 643.00 262.22 48.28 691.28 37.73
322.07 1611.93 1613.03 643.00 322.09 59.31 702.31 46.34
398.86 1611.16 1612.26 643.00 398.88 73.45 716.45 57.39
500.83 1610.14 1611.24 643.00 500.85 92.23 735.23 72.06
556.03 1609.59 1610.69 643.00 556.06 102.39 745.39 80.00
598.95 1609.16 1610.26 643.00 598.98 110.29 753.29 86.18
682.88 1608.32 1609.42 643.00 682.91 125.75 768.75 98.26
745.06 1591.97 1593.07 643.00 747.21 137.59 780.59 264.05
790.18 1573.02 1574.12 643.00 796.15 146.60 789.60 264.05
828.54 1558.01 1559.11 643.00 837.34 154.19 797.19 264.05
884.64 1541.33 1542.43 643.00 895.87 164.96 807.96 264.05
940.74 1524.65 1525.75 643.00 954.39 175.74 818.74 264.05
963.12 1511.25 1512.35 643.00 980.48 180.54 823.54 264.05
1010.57 1498.10 1499.20 643.00 1029.71 189.61 832.61 264.05
1042.30 1480.64 1481.74 643.00 1065.93 196.28 839.28 264.05
1105.90 1460.00 1461.10 643.00 1132.79 208.59 851.59 264.05
1135.90 1445.54 1446.64 643.00 1166.10 214.72 857.72 264.05
1165.89 1434.40 1435.50 643.00 1198.09 220.61 863.61 264.05
1242.76 1396.43 1397.53 643.00 1283.83 236.40 879.40 264.05
1319.64 1358.47 1359.57 643.00 1369.57 252.19 895.19 264.05
1382.37 1342.60 1343.70 643.00 1434.27 264.05 907.05 264.05
1444.48 1315.18 1316.28 643.00 1502.17 264.05 907.05 264.05
1477.57 1296.45 1297.55 643.00 1540.19 264.05 907.05 264.05
1523.78 1292.59 1293.69 643.00 1586.56 264.05 907.05 264.05
1603.44 1282.51 1283.76 1722.50 1666.86 520.81 2243.31 520.81
Page 77 of 95
1672.70 1262.18 1263.28 643.00 1739.04 264.05 907.05 264.05
1728.15 1261.68 1262.78 643.00 1794.49 264.05 907.05 264.05
1763.32 1241.11 1242.21 643.00 1835.23 264.05 907.05 264.05
Page 78 of 95
Condition of total opening
Let the time of opening be To
 2H o 
()
hmax  ho   1  1
 ho 
When To<T/2
a 2v 2
Case of rapid opening ho 
2g 2 H o
When To>T/2
2v 2 L2
Case of slow opening ho 
g 2To2 H o To 10.00
When To<T/2
Static pressure Penstock centre Penstock soffit Static pressure

Horizontal distance Penstock length
elevation level level head
L Ho ho hmax(-)
0.00 643.00 1615.15 1616.25 0.00 (973.25) (35.82) (230.65)
38.80 643.00 1614.76 1615.86 38.80 (972.86) (35.83) (230.64)
106.01 643.00 1614.09 1615.19 106.02 (972.19) (35.86) (230.61)
169.01 643.00 1613.46 1614.56 169.02 (971.56) (35.88) (230.59)
215.71 643.00 1612.99 1614.09 215.72 (971.09) (35.90) (230.58)
262.21 643.00 1612.53 1613.63 262.22 (970.63) (35.92) (230.56)
322.07 643.00 1611.93 1613.03 322.09 (970.03) (35.94) (230.55)
398.86 643.00 1611.16 1612.26 398.88 (969.26) (35.97) (230.52)
500.83 643.00 1610.14 1611.24 500.85 (968.24) (36.00) (230.49)
556.03 643.00 1609.59 1610.69 556.06 (967.69) (36.02) (230.47)
598.95 643.00 1609.16 1610.26 598.98 (967.26) (36.04) (230.46)
682.88 643.00 1608.32 1609.42 682.91 (966.42) (36.07) (230.43)
745.06 643.00 1591.97 1593.07 747.21 (950.07) (36.69) (229.89)
790.18 643.00 1573.02 1574.12 796.15 (931.12) (37.44) (229.25)
828.54 643.00 1558.01 1559.11 837.34 (916.11) (38.05) (228.72)
884.64 643.00 1541.33 1542.43 895.87 (899.43) (38.76) (228.12)
940.74 643.00 1524.65 1525.75 954.39 (882.75) (39.49) (227.49)
963.12 643.00 1511.25 1512.35 980.48 (869.35) (40.10) (226.98)
1010.57 643.00 1498.10 1499.20 1029.71 (856.20) (40.72) (226.45)
Page 79 of 95
1042.30 643.00 1480.64 1481.74 1065.93 (838.74) (41.56) (225.74)
1105.90 643.00 1460.00 1461.10 1132.79 (818.10) (42.61) (224.85)
1135.90 643.00 1445.54 1446.64 1166.10 (803.64) (43.38) (224.21)
1165.89 643.00 1434.40 1435.50 1198.09 (792.50) (43.99) (223.70)
1242.76 643.00 1396.43 1397.53 1283.83 (754.53) (46.20) (221.86)
1319.64 643.00 1358.47 1359.57 1369.57 (716.57) (48.65) (219.84)
1382.37 643.00 1342.60 1343.70 1434.27 (700.70) (49.75) (218.94)
1444.48 643.00 1315.18 1316.28 1502.17 (673.28) (51.78) (217.30)
1477.57 643.00 1296.45 1297.55 1540.19 (654.55) (53.26) (216.11)
1523.78 643.00 1292.59 1293.69 1586.56 (650.69) (53.58) (215.85)
1603.44 643.00 1282.51 1283.61 1666.86 (640.61) (54.42) (215.18)
1672.70 643.00 1262.18 1263.28 1739.04 (620.28) (56.20) (213.76)
1728.15 643.00 1261.68 1262.78 1794.49 (619.78) (56.25) (213.73)
1763.32 643.00 1241.11 1242.21 1835.23 (599.21) (58.18) (212.20)
Page 80 of 95
ha 2 L

aT c -22.4%
Page 81 of 95
ha 2 L

aT c
Page 82 of 95
When Tc=T/2 When Tc>T/2
Surge Surge
pressure Overpressure pressure
elevation elevation
h
643.00 0.00 643.00

648.58 1.10 644.10
658.25 3.01 646.01
667.32 4.79 647.79
674.04 6.12 649.12
680.73 7.44 650.44
689.34 9.14 652.14
700.39 11.31 654.31
715.06 14.21 657.21
723.00 15.77 658.77
729.18 16.99 659.99
741.26 19.37 662.37
907.05 21.19 664.19
907.05 22.58 665.58
907.05 23.75 666.75
907.05 25.41 668.41
907.05 27.07 670.07
907.05 27.81 670.81
907.05 29.21 672.21
907.05 30.23 673.23
907.05 32.13 675.13
907.05 33.07 676.07
907.05 33.98 676.98
907.05 36.41 679.41
907.05 37.84 680.84
907.05 37.84 680.84
907.05 37.84 680.84
907.05 37.84 680.84
907.05 37.84 680.84
2243.31 4.22 1726.72
Page 83 of 95
907.05 37.84 680.84
907.05 37.84 680.84
907.05 37.84 680.84
Page 84 of 95
en To<T/2 When To>T/2
Surge Surge
pressure pressure
elevation elevation
ho hmax(-)
873.65 (5.28) (96.24) 739.24
873.64 (5.28) (96.24) 739.24
873.61 (5.29) (96.23) 739.23
873.59 (5.29) (96.23) 739.23
873.58 (5.29) (96.23) 739.23
873.56 (5.29) (96.22) 739.22
873.55 (5.30) (96.22) 739.22
873.52 (5.30) (96.22) 739.22
873.49 (5.31) (96.21) 739.21
873.47 (5.31) (96.21) 739.21
873.46 (5.31) (96.21) 739.21
873.43 (5.32) (96.20) 739.20
872.89 (5.41) (96.12) 739.12
872.25 (5.52) (96.01) 739.01
871.72 (5.61) (95.93) 738.93
871.12 (5.71) (95.83) 738.83
870.49 (5.82) (95.73) 738.73
869.98 (5.91) (95.64) 738.64
869.45 (6.00) (95.56) 738.56
Page 85 of 95
868.74 (6.13) (95.44) 738.44
867.85 (6.28) (95.29) 738.29
867.21 (6.39) (95.19) 738.19
866.70 (6.48) (95.10) 738.10
864.86 (6.81) (94.80) 737.80
862.84 (7.17) (94.46) 737.46
861.94 (7.33) (94.31) 737.31
860.30 (7.63) (94.03) 737.03
859.11 (7.85) (93.83) 736.83
858.85 (7.90) (93.79) 736.79
858.18 (8.02) (93.68) 736.68
856.76 (8.28) (93.43) 736.43
856.73 (8.29) (93.43) 736.43
855.20 (8.58) (93.17) 736.17
Page 86 of 95
3.73 6
14.92 28.27433
7.48372 43.98705
Water hammer pressure in closing
2400.00
Tc<T/2
2200.00
Elevation
Tc=T/2
2000.00
Tc>T/2
1800.00
Static line
1600.00
Penstock
center
1400.00
1200.00
0 0 8 0 0 1 0 1 7 1 2 1 0 7 8 6 8 3 0 3 9 5 8 8 0 6 1 8 5 4 6 4 7 4 1 2 5 7 30 9 0 9 0 89 76 6 4 37 4 8 5 7 7 8 44 7 0 1 5 32
0. 38. 0 6. 6 9. 15. 62. 2 2. 9 8. 00. 56. 9 8. 82. 45. 9 0. 28 . 84. 4 0. 6 3. 10. 42. 05. 35. 65. 42. 19. 82. 44. 77. 2 3. 03. 72. 28. 63 .
1 1 2 2 3 3 5 5 5 6 7 7 8 8 9 9 10 10 11 11 11 12 13 13 14 14 15 16 16 17 17
Chainage
Water hammer pressure in Opening
1650.00
1600.00
1550.00
Elevation
1500.00
1450.00
1400.00
1350.00
1300.00
1250.00
1200.00
00 80 01 01 71 21 07 86 83 03 95 88 06 18 54 64 74 12 57 30 90 90 89 76 64 37 48 57 78 44 70 15 32
0. 38. 06. 69. 15. 62. 22. 98. 00. 56. 98. 82. 45. 90. 28. 84. 40. 63. 10. 42. 05. 35. 65. 42. 19. 82. 44. 77. 23. 03. 72. 28. 63.
1 1 2 2 3 3 5 5 5 6 7 7 8 8 9 9 10 10 11 11 11 12 13 13 14 14 15 16 16 17 17
To<T/2
To>T/2
penstock center Chainage
static head
Sabha Khola A Hydropower Project
Hydraulic analysis of Surge tank
Primary Dimensioning of Orifice
Diameter of Surge Tank 8.00 m

Area of Surge Tank 50.27 m2
Design Discharge(Q)= 8.40 m3/s
Diameter of Tunnel/Pipe 2.10 m
Area of Tunnel/Pipe 3.46 m2
Length of the Tunnel/Pipe 3497.13 m
Velocity in the tunnel/pipe 2.43 m/s
Taking orifice diameter as 20% of surge shaft diamter
do= 1.50 ≈ 1.5 m 18.75%
area of orifice,
Fo= 1.77 m2
Calame and Garden

According to IS: 7396(part 1)-1985, Clause 5.5.3 & 5.5.3.1 should be chosen so as to satisfy
the following condition given by Calame and Garden for maximum flow :
Z* 1 Z* 3
 hf  hor   hf
2 4 2 4
l f
Z *  vo 
g F
2
Qo
h or  2 2
C d F0  2 g
Where,
hor= Head loss in orifice for restricted orifice surge tank
z*= Surge height corresponding to change in discharge neglecting friction and orifice loss
Ao= Area of Orifice
Cd= Coefficient of Discharge of Orifice=0.6 to 0.9 = 0.72
hf= Steady State Loss upto Surge Tank
hor= 2.22 m
Z*= 12.02 m
Z* 1
 hf 
2 4 11.22 m
not ok
Z* 3
 hf 
2 4 16.68 m
Trial Diameter Taken Value

Diameter of Orifice(Φd)= 1.30 1.50
Area of Orifice(Fo)= 1.327 m2
hor= 3.94 m not ok
Sabha Khola A Hydropower Project
Hydraulic analysis of Surge tank
Upsurge according to IS Code
β= 0.93
Head loss coefficient of orifice, η= 0.72
 0.5646

 
v= 2.42522 m/s
l f
Z*  Vo   12.02
g F
(   )v 2
 0.81
Z*
Where Z* = Surge height corresponding to change in discharge neglecting friction and orifice losses
From Graph, for the value of D22
Z max
 
Z*
0.46 for  0.6
 
Z max


0.48 for  0.4
Z*  
Z max


0.475  0.5646007081
Z*  
Maximum surge shaft, Zmax= 5.70946 m

944
0 939.618
166.85 166.85 925.67 18.33
25.55 192.4 925.67 18.33
88.95 281.35 931.3 12.7
343.13 624.48 923.02 20.98
493.25 1117.73 923.02 20.98
25.58 1143.31 925.76 18.24
36 1179.31 925.76 18.24
12 1191.31 922.96 21.04
2247 3438.31 918.89 25.11
60.15 3498.46 887.94
47.5 3545.96 867.94
93.6 3639.56 847.94
59.6 3699.16 827.94
4.1 3703.26 824.58

14.11 3717.37 824.58

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Units Engineering Consultancy P Ltd.

Design discharge 8.4

C/s area of the pipe 3.46

C/s area of the tunnel 7.00

Equivalent length of pipe for tunnel for upsurge

Length of the pipe 1541.1

Equivalent length of pipe for tunnel for downsurge

Length of the pipe 2311.7

C/s area of the pipe 3.46

Length of the pipe

Project: Mai Beni Hydropower Project

Requirement of the surge tank

Design discharge 8.40 m3/s

Diameter of the headrace pipe 2.10 m

Diameter of the headrace tunnel 2.80 m

Diameter of the penstock 1.50 m

Gross head 147.50 m

Waterway constant Tw 4.78

Ratio Ta/Tw 1.04

The ratio is less than 5 hence for a stable operation

Design Discharge 8.40 m3/s

Static water level 643.00 masl

Opening Downsurge Elevation

0-33.33% 6.01 m 636.99

Closure Upsurge Elevation

Total closure (100%-0%) 12.56 m 655.56

Minimum Downsurge Elevation (MDE) 624.15 masl

Top level of surge tank 658.06 masl

Submergence for horizontal intakes

Submergence (S) 6.44 ft

Considered submergence (S) 1.93 m

Crown elevation of the tunnel =MDE-S 622.22 masl

Mosonyi, Page: 160 onwards

Design Discharge 8.40 m3/s

Approximating formula given by Ch. Jaeger

LAht Surge ymax 16.03

ydown ymax 12Po  ydown (6.31)

Design Discharge Qo 2.80 m3/s

Resistance factor of the tunnel

Q  A  Initial discharge Q1 0.00 m3/s

t Dt vi Dy yi yi+1 vi2 yi+1 - vi2 Dv WL

0 0 0.00 0 0.00 0.00 0 0.00 0 643.00

Design Discharge Qo 5.60 m3/s

Resistance factor of the tunnel

0 0 0.81 0 1.12 1.12

59 1 1.12 0.06036807 6.07 6.13

vi2 yi+1 - vi2 Dv WL

1.1169 0.00 0 641.88

Design Discharge Qo 8.40 m3/s

Resistance factor of the tunnel

0 0 1.62 0 4.47 4.47 4.4676

47 1 1.81 0.07526973 8.64 8.72 5.6038

Design Discharge Qo 5.60 m3/s

Resistance factor of the tunnel

0 0 0.00 0 0.00 0.00 0

50 1 0.52 0.13482351 8.66 8.79 0.4554

Design Discharge Qo 8.40 m3/s

Resistance factor of the tunnel

0 0 0.00 0 0.00 0.00 0

52 1 0.82 0.19623707 13.40 13.59 1.1584

635.00 58 1 1.00 0.17479967 14.52 14.70 1.7032

Design Discharge 8.40 m3/s

Resistance factor of the tunnel

1 A 0.6736 Y1 38.5166767 Equation