luaurdrnbo 6ur1sa1 uolletleuad ouoc orlels gl.e .

6lj

NY'1d
ru00z-ru0g

,\

l_

replS
SSJ0ASUe{
ru s'l
utz I J0qJuts

,Ad,CJ3S
.

I,-L/

we q11

-<

NOLTYAS'1A

redaels uepoo
auru{ essg

t.

uorysod pcsrel rrr Ieeq.\

aAI�^ IorluoS \

, OAIBA [O]]uoJ
luorudrnbo Surmseep.l

olpuut{ SuJ.rs,lnsusur H11

olpuuq SuFo,rneuuru g1 --'" .&oq eprnc

Jelotuoupw smssord,rol --

Joloruouerrl emsserd qiurullloc oprnc __=

uesq uoddns :edd6

rus

repurl{c paieredo

dllecrperp,(g

_t
'uot1D34satur

1to,s a.toqs.lJb ro; alqesucdsrpur sr le

orrlce[e eqJ 'a3ueuelur?uI Jej]eq pue s.loiuredo pollpls se:rnber 3ur1se1 auoc
.JluoJlcol:
'pe1e:ieued s:e,{e1 lros aqlJC ornteu.rql rolteq slcauei sllnssr uor1er1eued.qt.10
pro.ri
1r pooS .(ra,l sr lsej suor aq130 firirqeluede.r eq.1. seSeluu,rpe ,(ueu seq
l:1eruo;leuecl crrl:
'qldep srrs'-ra,r eJuelsrr^oJJr sqder8 r^ecnpoJrl {{crq,\\ eJelrns eql lu
lueurdrnbe Burp:o:
:oleruotlaued e qt lcouuoo (eqnt cltuuru) spo: qsnd aqi q8norql paursur olqeO
crrjmle uv
oq ot sJros :r1l uo Surpuociap 'uorlor:; apls roJ f,pl t t ol g.L pue ffurrecq pua
roJ NtI 0(,{ltcedur Jeruou u a^eri sgJ3 peor eqJ-'slJo3 peol eqr roJ pei-n {1rr-our
r:ese8nr8 uru.rlg .uor1l
Surreoq.uo3 Jrll ,{1aie-iude"^ plo3!l luql sJlec peoJ ur llrnq suq reieruollouecl
or11 adXl yecru
SSOr{l 'ce 0urcs Jrll ururuar roloeIuoriru.] e q]Jo u3J� a3e.Jlns 3ql prrE euoJ
eql.Jo e3_re IEuorl3a aqu o csuq J[{i J,\OQE ]r^ni ).\.1-rls uo ri JljJ J ql
{[il,\1 :e leuorlauscl 3rl?1_s-3rJ133lo uE r-.no{s ! | .

99 uo4etaldxS ltog
56 Advanced Foundation Engineering

-l

Sounding rod

-]-bl
a+b

t -L

Bottom mantle fube

T-

bl

----r-

alI

f Frictionjacket

Position I

Position 2

Cone assembly
Position 3

Position 4
Fig. 3.14 Four positions of the sounding apparatus with friction jacket

To surface

UJ

o\

Piezo<

4 63 7251 8

L Load cell 5. Strain gases

2. Friction sleeve

6. Connection with rods

3. Waterproof bushing 7. Inclinometer

4. Cable 8. Porous stone (piezometer)
Fig. 3.15 An-electric-static cone penetrometer
Operation of penetrometer

The electric penetrometer is pushed continuously at a standard rate of 20 r1rm per

second. A contin

record ofthe bearing resistance q" and frictional resistance{ against depth is
produced in theofa graph at the surface in the recording unit.
)h

(ct l s) J"/
:ra

se Pesserdxa 51:;r ': -r-

Ju'olleH *

'1e1celuor1cr:3 eqlJo paJe eceJrns

= :

'leleurorleued Ip crueq3aur
u Jo esec eql ur ;aqle8o1 lelcel uorlcl{ pue euoc eql qsnd ol perrnbe: ecroJ letot
aqr :

-=

'1a1ce[ uorlcr4 eqt qsnd o1 perrnbe; ecrcy : ) fi ' A = :

/u

Y sr

(qr l E)

'o
sr'/uor1cr4 eprs Iucol eql ',{e.r:=:i

tv
(eu'il _ : "t)

'a

'ouoc0r{1fc';
eq1,(q euoc eql uo Surlce 2fi actol Ielol oql Surpra.rp,{q peurelqo sr'D ecuelslser
uoriE;::i.

',1 uol1cl,r3 apls tecol puecb acuelsrsat

'puoces red uur 97 su peldeccu .(lereue8 ueaq seq -i:

Jo oler prepuels or{J'puoces red tuur 0t pue 0I uoa.4 loq speeds.rog luecgru8rsur
sr :::;
leql sr uorsnlcuoc yu;eue8 oql 'seler re,r\ols roJ eseoroop ol puol senlu^ eql
qSnoqtly 'uorl:;
Suueeq euoc uo uorlu4euedSo ater oqlJo lceJJe eql euruuolop oI epuur ueeq o^eq
srrp::

uollerlauad lo olEH lc

auocozerd zrxc O L /oog lo spelaq g t'g '6lJ 'c1e 'seur1 edrd euueu 3uo1e 's1ue1
p:'

r{luouoq 'seceurry lsplq repun '1sor;eu.r:::

e13ue xedy

uooq o^Br{ sluerueJnseoru ernle;edue1 r::;:

(uorgod re.,ro,of dr1 crrloolo oql ur Josues erruureduel e 3ur1e::,;

elqrssod sr 143 Surrnp e;nleredurel aqt.]o 1u:::
1u0luel0 snoJod 'pos eqtSo ,&rlrlcnpuoc lueq eq1 olelnclpc ot s::
reggo ,(utu qtdep qtr.rt luerpur8 e,rn1u::;'
(uorgod reddn) drl 'se8ueqc IsluatuuoJrlua lnoqe uorleuuoJur ;:
sorlriscol urugec 1u pernber sr lros EJo oJnl�r:.

3ursno11 auoS oJnlEJ

JeurEl0u
'srusos pues eql urqlr,r,r, ,(e1c 3 ur soleJ uorlr
rocnpsue4 emsseJd

Sururrurelep ur luugodur fua,r. eq plnoc sui

IIos urql lcolop ol sueeru o^rlrsues eJotu r{cnru E

eruB+ urEru oqord

procer ornsserd erod eq1 143 eq13o uorleredo :

ernsserd e.rod eql solnseotu JecnpsueJl oJnssa-r

uy'dp er{l retuo ol rele,tt erod 3ur,r,r.o11e dr1 euoc oql Suole fe,uprru ,(lyeuuou
potunoul s;
snorod oqJ 'euoc eqlgo sdrl eq1 1p soJnsserd e:od Surrnsueu rog euocozerd eqlSo esn
3ur.ni
sr orerlJ '(St'E '8tD auocozatde pelluc sr releuro;1eued osoc eql ul popnlcur
luetuelo raiar

euo

t9 uotptoldxl pog
58 Advanced Foundation Engineering

3_t:-4 and q, are measured a1 the same depth. RTis expressed as a percentage.
Friction ratrmponant parameter for classifring soil (Fig. 3.19).

Relationship between go, Rerative Density DrandFriction Angre Q for t

Research carried out by many indicates that a unique relationship between cone
resistance, rdensity and friction angle valid for all sands does not exist.
Robertson and campanella (1gg3i

provided a set of curves (Fig. 3.17) which may.be used to estimate D, based on q,
and efoverburden pressure' These curves are supposed to be applicable for-n'ormally
consolidate<

sand. Figure 3. r 8 gives the rerationship between q" and $(Rob..tron and
campanelra,

r 9g3

Cone beanng.4" MN/m:

t020 30, 40 50

\, \\..

50 N\

100

Pi

{ r5o \

200

!()
a

{)

E
E
2so
()

\
E 300 \ \\

()

350

nrI\\l \ \

=40 50 60 70 80 90%
I

400

D, expressed in percent

Fig' 3'17 Flelationship

relative density Drandpenetration resistance q" for uncemer

letw.een

quartz sands (Flobertson and Campanella, 19g3a)

Relationship between gc and undrained shear strength, cu of cray

The cone penetration resistance q, and cumay be related as

Q": Nrcu* po or ,',: 4" -Po

(3

No
where, l/6 : cone factor,

po : "{z: overburden pressure.

Lune and Kelven ( I 98 I ), investigated the value of the cone factor 1y'7, for
both normally consolid;and overconsolidated crays. The values ofNo as obtained

are given f.lo*,

'slsal Jo
,{q peuuguoc uaeq e^sq s8urpug Jreql 'spuus ro s.{e1c o1 serldde ll rer{teq.rvr uo
Surpueda
ser:r't )b 1)t oller eql ')b 13t ortttt uor\cttt aqt uo peseq sr uorlucllrsselc
orlJ 'roloruo'r1o
uorlcrrJ-crrlcele ue Sursn (tSOt) ueslo pue sulSnog Xq padoya,r.ep uaeq s�q ure1s.
(g u
sd,{1 rnor,r.uqag IIoS-IdC V 'sllos ,,$tsselc pue .frluept ot sl Jdl Jo sesn crseq
aq:

uollec!l!ssE

'onle^ elqr8rlSeuyo sr uorlcarroc uoprnqrono ue oror{,r\ ses�c II� JoJ enl�^ orups
eql spu;
'QIAD 1ere18ueg 'tuo1ce3sr1zs eq ,(uru s,(e1c go sed,! qloq nJ tN roJ OZ 3o an1u.t
u .(1<

(qggOt 'e;;euedue3 pue uosyaqog) spues zltenb paluarueoun

rol Q uorlcrr; leuralur ;o a;6ue pue 'b ecuelsrsal lurod auoc uaamlaq drqsuorgelag
g 1'1

0n 8E 9E\ n :.zt,0t 00t

T,' \
\
\
\\r 0st

00�

(D

\\ 0sz4

x
x
o

FI

.D'

\ 007, o

CD

\\ o

0sl (D
\ ev

9n
7(
\ 001

"8? = ,0

0s

N\ 0
0s 0n0t OZ OI

zrulNl4tr'D'Suueeq ouo3

8l o1 zl sqldap deep te

0z ol EI sqtdep lrolluqs 1u

pelupr Iosuo3l3^o
6l o1 tl peteprlosuoc,(11un.uo51

totcol auoS ,tu1c lo adtl

69 uotptoldx31og
6A Advanced Foundation Engineering

For clay soils, it has been found that the friction ratio decreases with increasing
liquidity indTherefore, the friction ratio is an indicator of the soir.rype
penetrated. It permit. uppro*i,

identification of soil type though no samples are recovered.

Douglas (1984), presented a simplified classification chart shown in Fig.3.19. His

chartcone resistance normalize d (q r) for overburden pressure using the equation

Qcn: Qc (1 -1.25 toep) (3

where,pL: effective overburden pressure in tsf, and qc= co\eresistance in tsf,

103
800

Heavily over

600

consolidated or
cemented soils

400

lH

102 Silty sand

s'r to sandy silt

80

tr 60
q Sandy silt to

40

0)clayey silt

C)

i,)
N
(g l0r Clay to
tr organic

tr
zo
68
clay

t:23456

Friction ratio (yo)

Fig.3.19 A simplified classification chart (Douglas, 1984)

In conclusion, CPT data provide a repeatable index ofthe aggregate behavior of in-
situsoil. TCPT classification method provides a betterpicture of overall .rurr.ru""
conditions than is availalwith most other methods of exploration.

A gpical sounding log is given in Fig. 3.20.

The friction ratio RTvaries.greatly

with the type of soil. The variation ofrqTfor the various t1p

of soils is geneially of the order given in fablei.6.

6o1 burpunos qecqdft V OZ'e '6!l

11s dpues pue pues ,!pg

slps i(e.{t1c pue sllls

Yt a

(e1c puu OI o
,(u1c,$pg o

3lc Allrs pus sllls

oAu\Jy 'or1er uorlcug

ZT

(?

vL!

->

9Ic

,wc!>lut passoJdxo "b puel

(
OSZ

OsI 00r

,b

'cla 's1eed's,(e13 s<

stlls pue serntxrur pues ,{u13 !L
s1a,re;3 Jo spups 0z s.
11g ls.ner8 asool 9 0 -,-,
pos lo ad,(1 /ac

(726 1. '1era16ues)lU oller uorlgul uo paseq uotle3l1lsselc llos 9'e aHeI

uouercldxS ttos
62 Advanced Foundation Engineering
Correlation between SpT and CpT
)vleyerhof (1965), presented comparative data between Spr and cpr. For fine or
silty mediurrloose to medium dense sands, he presents the correlation as
q, = 0.4 i/MN/m2

(3.20)

His findings are as given in Table 3.7.

The lowest values of the angle of internal friction given in Tabre 3 .j are
conservative estimates

for uniform' clean sand and they should be reduced by at least 5o for clayey sand.
These values, aswell as the upper values of the angles of internal friction *hi.h
up;i;to r,"rr graded sand, may be

increased by 5o for gravelly sand.

Table 3.7 Approximate rerationship between rerative density of fine sand,

the SPT, the static

cone resistance and the angle of internal fracti"on (Meyerhof,

1 965)
State o/sand

D,

q, (MPa)

0"

Very loose

< 0.2 <4

< 2.0 <30

Loose

0.2-0.4

4-10 2-4 30-35

Medium /ense

0.4-0.6

l0-30

4-12 35-40

Dense

0.6-0,8
30-50 t2-20 40-45

Very dense

0.8-1.0 >50

>20

45

Figure3'21showsacorrelationpresentedbyRobertsonandcampanella(19g3)betweentheratioof

qrl N and mean grain size, Drq. It can be seen from the figure that the ratio
varies from I at

D5s:0'001 mm to a maxi*u-,rilrr" of 8 atD5s: 1.0 mm. rne s-oit fype also varies
from clayto sand.
l0

9
q"inkg'cm2; Ir blows/foot

tI

ti 6 l./

*\5 ^^*' A

3+ {ffi l.

4^J {tI
{t

--4

0.001 0.01

0.1

1.0
Me4n grain size Dro, mm

Fig. 3.21 Relati.orship between g"iN and mean grain size Duo (mm)
(Flobertson and Campanella, 1 9g3a)

It is clear from the above discussions that the value of n (: qr lN)is not a
constant for anyparticularsoil Designers must use their own judgement while
selecting a value for n for a particular rype of soil.
llec 6utJnseau
luapuadeput qltM ajlaLlraJnssord (c) 'sllac luapuodaput aotLll r-lltM arlauaJnssal
'ollauarnssald aql to saldrcuud crsPE (E) :lalaulernssetd pJeuaw lo stuauodtuoc

(e)

eqnr IIoc pJ?nD

J?4uo3

11ec Eurmseol4l

1ac pren8 eqor4

relsl[

weeqS

3qqn1
seD

oloq arog

se0

IIec pr�nc

eqq Ie4uoJ
rolelA

11ec Surmsesyq

IIoc prsnc

sec

lIm IoIuoS

s8en8 emsser6

'3urqru oqt pue lrun Iorluoceq1 ,(1eueu 'sged eerql Jo slsrsuoc relsruornsserd. eq1
.aqoq eql pellec sr reqle8ol
or{1 qlL&\ Jeqrueqc elpplw oql'silac pnnS se u^\oDI are eseql pue ,sryeredde

aqt Jo rll
eqt .(q pesnuc slcoge pue eql ruo4 roqrrreqc elpprru egl lcelord sJoqrueqc uollog
pu'ortuoc oql lu oqru ,$olloq pr8u u r{t!r scsrp 1ee1s .,(q urolloq puu do1 te
reqle8ot plsq s
Josn olqplsuur rJlr.&\ G7t 'Ag) rer{lo eql eloqu ouo pe{cpls sroqrueqc
luapuedepuslsrsuoc preual4l ,{q penrecuoc se lueurrulsul aq1-.61Lt uorleu8rseq tsoJ
htrJSV se pel
suq lse1 preuow orlJ 'suorlBpuno;30 uSrsep er{l roJ ,{1lceJlpur ro (I1ce:rp roqlre
posn

lsel or.lJ'LS6I ocuts osn ur ueog seq,acuerCJo (rS6I) pruuol4l ,,(q pesn pue
polcrutsuoc
'pe,lrecuoc lsrg se,& qcrq,u 1e1eua;nssard eq1 ',(11urper potugur eq u,c luqt aqo,d

e Sursn aloq o,oq uJo sllu,&\ eqr uo pouuoJred lsel uru,rs-ssars nils-ul ve sr lsor
Joleu.

u3l3t/lt3Hnss3E

l9 uorptoldxS 1og
70 Advanced Foundation Engineering

Drilling and positioning of probe

Menard pressure test is canied out in a hole drilled in advance. The drilling of
hole is done
use of a suitable drilling rig which disturbs the soil the least. Drilling mud may
be used if rt
for stabilising the sides of the hole. The diameter of the bore hole, D1,, in which
the test i
conducted shall satisff the condition.

1.03 Dp. Dn< 1.20 Dp

where, D, is the diameter of the probe under deflated condition.

Typical sizes of probe and bore hole are given in Table 3.g.

Table 3.8 Typical sizes ol probe and bore hole for pressuremeter test

Bore hole dia

Hole dia Probe dia

lo I Nominal
Designation (mm) cm

cnl mm

AX 44 3666

46
BX 582t

42 60
NX 70 2550 72

l{ote: ls: length of measuring cell; /: length of probe. See Fig. 3.2 (b).

The probe is lowered down the hole soon after boring to the desired elevation and
held in pr
by a clamping device. Pressuremeter tests are usually carried out at I m intervals
in all th
holes.

Conducting the test

With the probe in position in the bore hole, the test is started by opening the
valves in the contr
for admitting water and gas (or water) to the measuring cell and the guard cells
respectivel
pressure in the guard cells is normally kept equal to the pressure in the measuring
cell. The pre
to the soil through the measuring cell is applied by any one of the following
methods:

l. Equal pressure increment method.

2. Equal volume increment method.

If pressure is applied by the first method, each equal increment of pressure is
held constan
fixed length of time, usually one minute. Volume readings are made after one minute
elapsec
Normally, ten equal increments of pressure are applied for soil to reach the limit
pressure,pl

If pressure is applied by the second method, the volume ofthe probe shall be
increased in incre

equal to 5 percent of the nominal volume of the probe (in the deflated condition)
and held co
for 30 seconds. Pressure readings are taken after 30 seconds ofelapsed time.

Steps in both the methods are continued until the maximum probe volume to be used
in the

reached. The test may last at each position from l0 to I 5 minutes. This means that
the test is esser
an undrained test in clay soils and drained test in a freely draining material.

Typicaltest result

First a typical curve based on the observed readings in the field may be plotted.
The plot is mi
the volume of the water read at the volumeter in the control unit, v, as abscissa
for each increm
pressure, p, as ordinate. The curve is a result ofthe test conducted on the basis
ofequal incre
Gzz'il 'd *^d +td : d

:a,to1eq ue,tr8
oqt red se peurElqo eq,(eur o^rnc oql uo 1urod,(uu ro3 'a'otunloA pue ,d,:rnsse;d
pe1cefi

.^d,sso1

'puoq lurluoJeJlrp ol onp arnssr

'',t 'sso1 eurn;

''d'sso1 ernssl

JoJ pelcauoc 0q ol sBq o^rnc plor

o^rnc ounlon -oJnssard Jo lold pa:

'Jolu,r Jo lq8re,lr ltun aql st

(ezz't)

^H^L:^d

sr 'ed'uorlceuoc arnssord crlulsorp,{q eql'orogereql .lrun

loruoc oq1 ur e8nz8 eql ,(q

lou sr aJnsserd srql'[os eql uo ornssord luuorlrppu uu suoxe qcrq,m 8u1qnr eql ur
lole,t\J
Jo lr{8loq eql sr lq8req ur acueJoJrp srqJ'lrun loJluo, eql ur e8nu8 arnsserd oql
pue oloq a.
11ec Surrnsuoru eqlJo oJluao oql uoo,Neq p8oq ur ocuarotrItp or{1 sl ? ,@)

VZ.t.Brg ur ueas

nd'uollcarJoc oJnssald cltel

'ornsserdgo e8uls Xue JoJ o^Jnc aql uo{ poutulqo ,r,r ,sso1 elunlo^ aql sr u
ounlo^ oqJ 'e^Jnc Surpeer ounlo^.etl s./a^ ornssordSo .ua{�l

1o1d s se,\r8 (e) sz.ternSr4 oJ�

rolounloA eql puu sluoruaJcut ur ruals,(s oql u Jolu,r\ eq ol perldde uoql sr
oJnssoJd .rols1{ qltl

oqord eq1 puu Surqnl aql t11er1ru1 '3urqn1 eqlJo slle,r\ oql ol oJnssoJd re1e,vr3o
uorlucrldde e

puedxe lou xuur eqord eql lgrlr os eqnl Iools rcrql e ur Burgg-esolc ur ,{11ecrpen
rq-d

"q,

,(q ouop sr ssol aunlo^ JoJ uorreJqrle3 'prnbrl eql pue eqord eql Burpnlcur
lueudrnba Burlr
gud xueSo ,{llllqrsserdruoc aql puu ruels,(s Burqnl eq1;o uorsuudxe oq1 ol onp
srncco ,r^ .sso

crt 'sso; �
'(e) gz' t'3rg ur uarroqs su ssol e;nsserd oqr JoJ o^Jnc uorluJqrluc e se,,rr8 a,
snstat d
3o 1o1d v'pernsBoru are eqo;d oql olu pelcalur ',r le1e,tt;o ounlo^ Burpuodsarroc
oql pue (
puudxe o1 perrnber dernssa.td aqJ'oloq aql oprslno ornsso.rd cueqdsoulu repun eqord
eql
,(q euop sl slqJ 'sernsserd poleuur luaJerlp lE sossol oql ou*ruolop ol pol,Jqrlu3
eq oJoJaler
aqord eq1'[os aql uo pouoxe ernsserd lenlcE or{1 ul?lqo 01 polJnpop eq lsnu qrrq/,\
seuuJq
puedxe o1 polnber sernssard sopnlcur slsol ploll Buunp Iun loJluo, aql uo poululqo
s8urpuaroqJ'euerqureu raqqru sqlJo ocu�lstsoJ eql euocro^o o1,{russecou sr
srnssatdJo lunou
e 'palegur sr eqord aql sv'sauerqueur aqord aqlgo ,{lrpr8u oql or anp sJnoco
,rd;ssoJ

e;ns

ed'sso;ott

'',t 'sso1 eurnlo

''d'sso1 oJnssoJ

toJ polsJqrlec aq ol seq JoloruoJl

ad'uollcaJroc oJnssa,d cllelso,p^H pue rerauaJnssard Jo uorrE

'u8rsl
pasn sl 11 oJoJeq poleJqlIEc sq ol 'oJoJeroql 'suq releruernsserd oqJ 'suorlcortoc
euos setrnbt
a^rnc u sr o^Jns s[IJ'olnuru euo30 porred e JoJ luelsuoc plaq ornssord qcee puu oJn

^\�J

ll uorptoldx3ltog
72 Advanced Foundation Engineering

where,p, is the actual pressure reading ofthe gauge in the control unit.

v: vr-vc (,

where, v" is the actual volume reading of the volumeter in the control unit.

Atypical corrected plot of the pressure-volume curve is given in Fig. 3.26 (b). The
characl
parts of this curve are three in number. They are:

I . The initial part of the curve OA . This curve is a result of pushing the
yielded wall of tt
back to the original position. At point l, the at rest condition is supposed to
have been rer
The expansion of the cavity is considered only from pointA.vsis the volume of water
re
to be injected over and above the volume V, of the probe under the deflated
conditior
is the total volume of cavity at point l, we can write

Vg: V.+v, (:

where, v6 is the abscissa of the point A. The horizontal pressure at point I is

repre
ls Pon.

2. The second part of the curve is lB. This is supposed to be a straight line
portion of the
and may represent the elastic range. Since lB gives an impression of an elastic
rang
called the pseudo-elastlc phase of the test. The point I is considered to be the
start
pressuremeter test in most theories. The point B marks the end of the straight line
por
the curve. The coordinates of the point B are p1 and v7, where p7 is known as the
pressure.

3. The curve BC marks the final phase. The plastic phase is supposed to start from
point
the curve becomes eventually asymptotic at point C atalarge deformation of the
cavit
limit pressure, pt, is usually defined as the pressure that is required to double
the
volume of the cavity. It occurs at a volume such that

vt -v0 = Vg: V"-t v, (

or v1:Vrl-2vs (

ve is normally limited to about 300 cm3 for probes used in AX and,BXholes. The
volume of these probes is of the order of 535 cm3. This means that (V,+ 2vs) is of
tht
of 1135 cm3. These values may vary according to the design of the pressuremeter.

It is, therefore, necessary that the reservoir bapacity in the control unit should
be ofthe o
ll35 cm3. In case the reservoir capacity is limited andpT is not reached within its
limit, tl
therefore, has to be stopped at that level. In such a case, the limit value, p1,
has to be extrap(
In some of the pressuremeters, provision is made to measure the increase in the
probe ra
every increment of pressure applied. This system replaces the measurement of change
in volr
the probe. Gas is used to inflate the measuring cell in such pressuremeters.
Measurement of
of volume by the change in the probe radius is also shown in Fig. 3.26 (b).

At Rest Horizontal Pressure

The at rest total horizontal pressure, p oh, at any depth, z, under the in-situ
condition before c
a hole may be expressed as

Poh: (Yz -u) Ko+ tt

where, u : pore pressure at depth z,

eq1 J o uo rrrpuoc puu ad,& oqr runoc csJ :,Tiffiil:Ir:f i;:H:;::JiHiJi ;ffi;
'uorlrpuoc lssr lE eql roJ arnssald quuoJo luorcgJeoc :
'lros eqtJo lq8re,r lrun sso.r8 : ,t

'sassor a,nssa,d pue eiunro^ dffi:;li:",1;:"1,13::i:1"":J:],0 parcaj,oc lecrdrl

(q)

orrmlol,QJle3
(',r +"1) z

oA +'l :ol "r

a eIIlIfoA pepefrq 'a 71'a -.A o,t

,rlvrr ys+rdrul .t L+ .t: tr1 /r,t "4 0

A
,I snIpEJ ur esearcul f"r I.t ot

'"d e

q
la

(!

u1rd

td
d

oqord olur pelcefur ottrnlo1

Fd
(!

(D

iJ

(D

rt
o

U uorptoldxg 7og
74 Advanced Foundation Engineering

u:\-(r-h*) (3.1

where, y. : unit weight of water,

ft* : depth ofwater table fiom ground surface'

As per Fig.3.26 (b), po^ is the pressure which corresponds to the volume v0 at the
start o

straighi line portion ofthe curve. Since it has been found that it is very
difficult to determine accuri
pom, pohmay not be equal to Po*. As such, po^bears no relation to what it is to be
the true t
at rest. In E q. (3 .22g),Ks has to be assumed and its accuracy is doubtful. In
such circumsta

;,offi

it is not possible to calculate popalso. However, pomcatbe used for calculating the
pressuren
modulus E*. The experience oi.any investigator is that a self-boring pressuremeter
gives t

reliable values for pr,;,.

The Pressuremeter Modulus E

Since the curve between points A and B in Fig. 3.26 (b) is approximately a straight
line, the sr
this region may be assumed to behave a more or less elastic material. The equation
for the r

.*punrion of a cylindrical caviry in an infinite elastic medium is (Lame, 1852),

Lp(3

o:rfr

where, G : the shear modulus,

V : the volume of the cavity,

p : pressure in the cavity.

For the pressuremeter test, we may write LV: Lv, and as such Eq.3.23 (a) becomes'

Lo

(J

G_';

Between points I and B in Fig.3.26 (b), the slope of the curve is constant, whereas
the volur
the cavity changes from v6 alAto vyat B. The value ofG, therefore, depends on the
location
line AB.By convention, the volume at mid point of lB is chosen for computingG'lf Y^
volume at mid-point, we maY write,
vs*v7

(3

V: V.: Vr* ?

<

where, I/" is the volume of the deflated portion of the measuring cell atzero
volume reading

Volumeter in the control unit.

Since, Menarcl first proposed this procedure, the shear modulus G is now called as
G^(he
subscript m stand for Menard), Therefore,

G^: l.* A.n

(3

Lv

The shear modulus G^ may now be converted to pressuremeter deformation modulus

making use of the well-known relationship

Eo

t-rm 2(t+p)

where, p is the Poisson's ratio.

SultooJ ro oiuld e Japun lo 1s3t u: :::-i *e ur teqr uo{ luoJoJJrp sr oqoJd
ro}oruornssoJo ,

ql punore Itos orll ur po,{rolloJ L{tEj i;::

ri

:suosuor 3urrrto11o1 aql roJ snlnpou s,Suno^ oql se qcns sn.:t: *e qtr,{\ {llcorrp
poJudruor oq louuec ,;?',rn1i.po* _

roloruornssard oql teq] p;:l;

._:

.J Snlnpohl s,6uno^aql pue uE nlnpoyy p/euaw uaa^Alsq drusrE

''{1e'a'rlcedse'r g pue y suor,sod eqr ol Surpuodseuoc rrpeJ oql ur esEarl.ir

:--_ .

3qlJo upls oql ot Eurpuodsenoc uortrpuoo polEUep oql te [[oc ,rJ[:Ha.;r"j:_::_

Ge) ('r-tr'\( z

*,

l-% -ii)1,;.A*'a)'g,

releuernsse;d eql,pernseeu sr 1sol oqtrJo rrr,, Jr"j:To;;li::l,::5:Lrlffi; .;; ,

'r,#
{1rne3 oq} lo snlpeH aql u! asearcuJ aLlt Ic sd{_ryI

uorlces eurl rq're'r1s qc?a roJ snrnpour releuernsserd e opnrcur ,,ru,

i;tii,i,i.t.-:. :.;fli

releuernsserd

eqrgo uorpod (qsz,e .sl.{) gv outlrqa,ra, ,q1-*'r[rl; ;;;,"u: :-:_ :;

_ ,i,,1 ,rr!,

(tz't) ( on-rn\(

l-% -ii )f ,^.

z
n

*'r) rr. --,

0Aur{ 0,lr'(sz'E) bJ ur s;-;

;, ;rr rirdifllrlrtrr]llllluu

(sz s) -l-----r t='

ot+Ja
oa-/,t-.ra !
/

I
I
ruor t t 1

-U-td=;r;

Gc?.) 4Y*

ov

':1,::y"::,:::3:r.l,.ll,:-'rsnrnpouuorleuuoropsurrrnse.r,r,;x:.;::
: : : ::: :::"::: i1t'i * .'o
pn *i . i il ; ;;"i;:;;' ll:: il il]ffi ; lI -

vvu,) Jrdt ir enleA eqt.:]los Bururelp X1oo4.roj pue S.0 ol 1enba r. -,.=

ll aJUIS ssal s.r anle^ rql .sl,os Bu,r,nri

lo{'d'lrosJo ad,(1 eql uo Burpuadep ropnnbr.no.qn rq, ur potunsse..q ..._

@vz't) AV

*''t

Q1'

oluq o,r ,BursodsuBrl

p_l
Sl uorptoldx3 ltog
76 Advanced Foundation Engineering

2.Sinceelastictheoryindicatesthattheincreaseincompressivestressinaradialdirec,

equals the increase'ln tensile stress, it is likely that the compress.ion modulus
is different f
the tension modutus. As such, Menard feels that E, probably lies between the two'
3'ThepressuremetermodulusE,isnotameasureofwhatMenardcallsthemodulusof,?xi
deformationE,whichisdefinedasthemodulusofthesoilskeletonwhenitissubjecte
small strains'
Because of the afforesaid reasons, Menard proposes the relationship between E* and
E
Young's modulus) for soils as
E^ (3

E:

Table3.9(a)givesthevaluesofcrwhichiscalledasarheologicalfactorforvarioustypesof
which depends on the ratios E, /pl where Pt: Pt-Pon'

Table 3.9 (a) Rheological factor cr for various soils

Sand and gr

silt Sand

Type ofsoil Peal Clay

Er/ Pt

E^/Ft q Er/P t a E^/it a E^/ pt u

>16 I >14 0.67 > 12 0.5 >10

Over-consolidated

g-16 0.67 8-l4 0.50 7 -12 0.33 6-l0

Normally consolidated
Weathered and

7-9 0.50 0.25 0.3 3

remoulded

Slightly fractured or

Other

Rock extremelY fractured

a:1'.2 extremelY weathered

a:l13

cr = 0.67

RelationshiP between E,,and P1

Menard(1975)hassuggestedsometypicalvaluesforE^andpTwhicharegiveninTable3
According to hirn tf,,e iatio grlp, ii'; c6afti'eteristic of't1't rypt of soil
under examinatio

overconsolidatedclaysoils'theralioE,,lplmayrangefioml'to3-0'whereasforsands'grav
sands under water, the ratio are lower and are in the range of 5 to 8'

Table 3.9 (b) Typicat values for E, and p1

Pt

Type ofsoil F
MPa

MPa

0.2 -1.5 0.02 -0.15

Mud, peat

0.5 -3 0.05 -0.3

Soft clay

3-8 0.3 -0.8

Medium claY

0.6 -2.0

StiffclaY 8 -40

0.5 -2 0,1-0.5

Loose siltY sand

0.2 -1,5

silt 2 -10

1.2 -5

Sand and gravel 8 -40

3->10

Lime stone 80 -20,000

(E�T'E) ulxQ:td

truoJ SuL dolloJ el{l ur (Of O t ) rollnhl .(q pe1se83ns ueoq seq , Q pue /qf
uaa'r'r':aq ;
,re,rs,tro11 .s1ros Sururerp,(1eer3 ro3 ,Q puu ,a sreletuurud g13uor1s allllr-Ll

lecrrrdue ue
lsal releruernsse:d pe,luoc ol ,(u,t Ieclleroeql ou luaserd le sI eraql'(gtOt) 7o
7a wlan:

ql6ualls rBotls

'ed{ ul an'c Pue

id r

0t

(czr.'t) ed,Isz * fr.:"

ruroJ eIilJo uotlunbe JeqlouP pe1se83ns e,req (7161) 1enb9za1 p

(qze'e) L -"'

se uellrr&\ eq,(eru "a to; uotlenbe IBuU eqJ 'pe1se33ns ueoq s�'
e8cre,{e uv.zI pus s.g uae^uaq ssrl fl;o enle^ eql lerltr pelscrpw e,tuq
suotleStlselul lelu3

d ("etiE)a3ol+l

_ n

(ezt't) 7A td

nc : td

(rs'e)

(+'a"r+ r)

ol pecnpeJ 1eB ee1nrruo3 aorql eql 1te 'uotltpuoc poulurpun JoJ petunss� sI !

oIl?J S(UOSSIOd :

uolleuuoJop Jo snlnpou Iscllorool{l :

uorlrpuoc lsar-lu roJ ernsserd r{uee Ieluozlrog Ielol :
ttod _td :

(cos'E) [(.n
-,) "o ,ro, *,.1 ,,c : td

l' l

(9961) uocr

[(,it -s) 'r ^^ l

(qoe 'e) ,Bo1+ 1l"t : ta

l!::1-.

L-l

(os6 r

[(rt + r) 'cz -^ l

(eoE'E) | -tsol+Il ):td

lsl

(stot) uohtr pue IIIH'd,

.pesodord eJe^\ suorlnlos Isclleroeql earql 3ur,tro11o3 eql 'suorldrunsse ctlseld-
ctt
uo paseg 'uorluelleJo lol B po^IeceJ seq'a elnduroc o1 /dernsserd 1rrut1 iou eql
Sutsnso
Ig[ ernssard Uur!'l laN oLll tuoll nc Lll6uar]S reoqs F

tt uo17erc1dx3log
78 Advanced Foundation Engineering

q'-24

where,
4

n : l.B for homogeneous wet soil,

: 3.5 for dry heterogeneous soil,

:2.5

an average value.

Sufficient data is not available to confirm the above suggestion.

Relationship between MpT and CpT

The relationship between q c an! p tcan be expressed in the form of a ratio q r p

lwhere, q

Baguelin et at(1e78),gireirre

" "=

?:{:{i;i: ,{,7,.
varues of q"/p7 ro. vu.iou, fypes of soiis a

Table 3.10 Values ot q ,t p

Type ofsoil

q"/ P,

Very soft to soft clay Close to 1 or between 2.5 andFirm to very stiff clay

2.5 to 3.5
Very stiffto hard clay

3ta4
Very loose to loose sand and compressible sill

Ito1.5or3to4

Compact silt

3to5
Sand and gravei

5 to 12

Relationship between pland spr /vvarue for Granurar soirs

Baguelin et al (1978), provide celtain information about the relationship befween

p1 andN
for granular soils under different densities u, ,horn in Table 3. 1 l.

Table 3.11 Relationship between B7 and N for granular soils

Density of soil

p1 kPa

N value
Very loose

0-200

0-4

Loose

200 -500

4 -10

Medium dense

500 -r 500

l0 -30
Dense

1500 -2500

30 -50
Very dense

> 2500

>50

Limitations of Determining soil conditions from pressuremeterTest

Res

The pressuremeter test is a very short duration test in the field and therefore
these tests bycannot give any direct information concerning the fype of soil i,
*rri.rl the test is carried out.means that the test results alone cannot be usJa to
classifl, the soil. It cannot even indicate whthe soil is pervious or nol As per
the knowledge available at present, it is not possible to identil soil purely on
the basis of the varues dpr,p,,,'ia z*.lf however, irr" roir ,u, be crassified
byother method as cray, sand or *r,rt.r"rl it.n the condition of the r"ii..,

be determined fi,or

resurrs. However, pressuremerer test resurrs can be appried directry for rhe dr

:irr:rjj:ffj::resr