1.

Use bisection to determine the drag coefficient needed so that an 80-kg parachutist has a
velocity of 36 m/s after 4 s of free fall. Note: The acceleration of gravity is 9.81 m/s2. Start with
initial guesses of xl = 0.1 and xu = 0.2 and iterate until the approximate relative error falls below
2%

Answer :

It can be solved by determining the root, using the parameters t = 4 s , g = 9.81 m/s2 , m = 80 kg , v =
36 m/s

9.81 (80) 9.81 𝑐

𝑓(𝑐) = √ 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ√ 4 − 36
𝑐 80

Or

784.8 9.81 𝑐
𝑓(𝑐) = √ 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ√ 4 − 36
𝑐 80

And we input the xl = 0.1 and xu = 0.2 into the f(c) with replace it to “c” .

Therefore the initial estimate of the root 𝑥𝑟 lies at the midpoint of the interval
𝑥𝑙 + 𝑥𝑢
𝑥𝑟 =
2
Input the xl = 0.1 and xu = 0.2 into 𝑥𝑟

First Iteration :
0.1 + 0.2
𝑥𝑟 =
2
𝑥𝑟 = 0.15
𝑓(0.1)𝑓(0.15) = −
𝑓(0.15)𝑓(0.2) = +

Second Iteration :
0.1 + 0.15
𝑥𝑟 =
2
𝑥𝑟 = 0.125
𝑓(0.1)𝑓(0.125) = +
𝑓(0.125)𝑓(0.15) = −

Check the error with :

𝑥𝑟 𝑛𝑒𝑤 − 𝑥𝑟 𝑜𝑙𝑑
𝜀𝑡 = | | 𝑋 100 %
𝑥𝑟 𝑛𝑒𝑤
0.125 − 0.15
𝜀𝑡 = | | 𝑋 100 %
0.125
𝜀𝑡 = 20 %

Third Iteration :
0.125 + 0.15
𝑥𝑟 =
2
𝑥𝑟 = 0.1375
𝑓(0.125)𝑓(0.1375) = +
𝑓(0.1375)𝑓(0.15) = −

Check the error :

𝑥𝑟 𝑛𝑒𝑤 − 𝑥𝑟 𝑜𝑙𝑑
𝜀𝑡 = | | 𝑋 100 %
𝑥𝑟 𝑛𝑒𝑤
0.1375 − 0.15
𝜀𝑡 = | | 𝑋 100 %
0.1375
𝜀𝑡 = 9%
Fourth Iteration :
0.1375 + 0.15
𝑥𝑟 =
2
𝑥𝑟 = 0.14375

𝑓(0.1375)𝑓(0.14375) = −
𝑓(0.14375)𝑓(0.15) = +
Check the error :
𝑥𝑟 𝑛𝑒𝑤 − 𝑥𝑟 𝑜𝑙𝑑
𝜀𝑡 = | | 𝑋 100 %
𝑥𝑟 𝑛𝑒𝑤
0.14375 − 0.1375
𝜀𝑡 = | | 𝑋 100 %
0.14375

𝜀𝑡 = 4.34 %
Fifth Iteration :
0.1375 + 0.14375
𝑥𝑟 =
2
𝑥𝑟 = 0.140625

𝑓(0.1375)𝑓(0.140625) = −
𝑓(0.140625)𝑓(0.14375) = +
Check the error :
𝑥𝑟 𝑛𝑒𝑤 − 𝑥𝑟 𝑜𝑙𝑑
𝜀𝑡 = | | 𝑋 100 %
𝑥𝑟 𝑛𝑒𝑤
 0.140625 − 0.1375
𝜀𝑡 = | | 𝑋 100 %
0.140625
𝜀𝑡 = 2.2 %
Sixth Iteration :
0.1375 + 0.140625
𝑥𝑟 =
2
𝑥𝑟 = 0.1390625
𝑓(0.1375)𝑓(0.1390625) = +
𝑓(0.1390625)𝑓(0.140625) = −
Check the error :
𝑥𝑟 𝑛𝑒𝑤 − 𝑥𝑟 𝑜𝑙𝑑
𝜀𝑡 = | | 𝑋 100 %
𝑥𝑟 𝑛𝑒𝑤
0.1390625 − 0.140625
𝜀𝑡 = | | 𝑋 100 %
0.1390625
𝜀𝑡 = 1.12 %
2. Use (a) fixed-point iteration and (b) the Newton-Raphson method to determine a root
of using x0 = 5. Perform the computation until εa is less than εs =
0.05%.
Answer :
a) 𝑓(𝑥) = −𝑥 2 + 1.8𝑥 + 2.5
0 = −𝑥 2 + 1.8𝑥 + 2.5
𝑥 2 = 1.8𝑥 + 2.5

√𝑥 2 = √1.8𝑥 + 2.5

𝑥 = √1.8𝑥 + 2.5
Which is

g(𝑥) = √1.8𝑥 + 2.5

𝑥𝑖+1 = √1.8𝑥 + 2.5

So, input..
𝑥1 = 𝑔(𝑥0 ) = √1.8𝑥0 + 2,5 = √1.8(5) + 2,5 = 3.391164

𝑥1 − 𝑥0
𝜀𝑎 = | | 𝑥 100% = 85.255%
𝑥1

𝑥2 = 𝑔(𝑥1 ) = √1.8𝑥1 + 2,5 = √1.8(3.391164) + 2,5 = 2.93327

𝑥2 − 𝑥1
𝜀𝑎 = | | 𝑥 100% = 15.61%
𝑥2
𝑥3 = 𝑔(𝑥2 ) = √1.8𝑥2 + 2,5 = √1.8(2.93327) + 2,5 = 2.78924
 𝑥3 − 𝑥2
𝜀𝑎 = | | 𝑥 100% = 5.164%
𝑥3

𝑥4 = 𝑔(𝑥3 ) = √1.8𝑥3 + 2,5 = √1.8(2.78924) + 2,5 = 2.74237

𝑥4 − 𝑥3
𝜀𝑎 = | | 𝑥 100% = 1.709 %
𝑥4

𝑥5 = 𝑔(𝑥4 ) = √1.8𝑥4 + 2,5 = √1.8(2.74237) + 2,5 = 2.72695

𝑥5 − 𝑥4
𝜀𝑎 = | | 𝑥 100% = 0.56 %
𝑥5
𝑥6 = 𝑔(𝑥5 ) = √1.8𝑥5 + 2,5 = √1.8(2.72695) + 2,5 = 2.72185

𝑥6 − 𝑥5
𝜀𝑎 = | | 𝑥 100% = 0.187 %
𝑥6
𝑥7 = 𝑔(𝑥6 ) = √1.8𝑥6 + 2,5 = √1.8(2.72185) + 2,5 = 2.72017
𝑥7 − 𝑥6
𝜀𝑎 = | | 𝑥 100% = 0.062 %
𝑥7

𝑥8 = 𝑔(𝑥7 ) = √1.8𝑥7 + 2,5 = √1.8(2.72017) + 2,5 = 2.71961

𝑥8 − 𝑥7
𝜀𝑎 = | | 𝑥 100% = 0.02 1%
𝑥8
b) the Newton-Raphson method
𝑓(𝑥𝑖 )
𝑥𝑖+1 = 𝑥𝑖 −
𝑓′(𝑥𝑖 )
Input from the equation that given from the question
With 𝑥0 = 5
−𝑥0 2 + 1.8𝑥0 + 2.5
𝑥1 = 𝑥0 − = 5 − (−1.64) = 3.353
−2𝑥0 + 1.8
𝑥1 − 𝑥0
𝜀𝑎 = | | 𝑥 100% = 49.09%
𝑥1

With 𝑥1 = 3.353

−𝑥1 2 + 1.8𝑥1 + 2.5

𝑥2 = 𝑥1 − = 3.353 − (0.551) = 2.80
−2𝑥1 + 1.8
𝑥2 − 𝑥1
𝜀𝑎 = | | 𝑥 100% = 19.707%
𝑥2

With 𝑥2 = 2.80
−𝑥2 2 + 1.8𝑥2 + 2.5
𝑥3 = 𝑥2 − = 2.80 − (0,079) = 2.721
−2𝑥2 + 1.8
𝑥3 − 𝑥2
𝜀𝑎 = | | 𝑥 100% = 2,94%
𝑥3

With 𝑥3 = 2.721
 −𝑥3 2 + 1.8𝑥3 + 2.5
𝑥4 = 𝑥3 − = 2.721 − (0.0016) = 2.719
−2𝑥3 + 1.8
𝑥4 − 𝑥3
𝜀𝑎 = | | 𝑥 100% = 0.074%
𝑥4

With 𝑥4 = 2.719
−𝑥4 2 + 1.8𝑥4 + 2.5
𝑥5 = 𝑥4 − = 2.719 − (−0.00034) = 2.7193
−2𝑥4 + 1.8
𝑥5 − 𝑥4
𝜀𝑎 = | | 𝑥 100% = 0.01%
𝑥5