546 SURVEYING PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS

10.63 Characteristics of the mass-haul diagram

(1) A rising curve indicates cutting as the aggregate volume is in-

creasing (a—/ is seen to agree with AF on the profile).
(2) A maximum point on the curve agrees with the end of the cut,
i.e. f-F.
(3) A falling curve indicates filling as the aggregate volume is
decreasing (f-k is seen to agree with F-K on the profile).
(4) The vertical difference between a maximum point and the next
minimum point represents the volume of the embankment, i.e. //, + k,k
(the vertical difference between any two points not having a minimum
or maximum between them represents the volume of earthwork between
them.)
any horizontal line is drawn cutting the mass-haul curve (e.g.
(5) If
aqp), the volume of cut equals the volume of fill between these points.

In each case the algebraic sum of the quantities must equal zero.

(6) When the horizontal balancing line cuts the curve, the area
above the line indicates that the earthwork volume must be moved for-
ward. When the area cut off lies below the balancing line, then the
earthwork must be moved backwards.
(7) The length of the balancing line between intersection points,
e.g. maximum haul distance in that section (q
aq, qp, represents the
is the maximum haulage point both forward, aq, and backwards, pq).
(8) The area cut off by the balancing line represents the haul in
that section. N.B. As the vertical and horizontal scales are different,
3
i.e. 1 in. = s ft horizontally and 1 in. = v yd , an area of a in2 repre-

sents a haul of avs yd 3 , ft = ^r-r station yards.

10.64 Free-haul and overhaul (Fig. 10.44)

The Mass-haul diagram is used for finding the overhaul charge as

follows:
Free-haul distance is marked off parallel to the balance line on
any haul area, e.g. bd. The ordinate cc2 represents the volume dealt
with as illustrated in the profile.
Any cut within the section ABB^ 4, has to be transported through
the free- haul length to be deposited in the section D^E^ED. This rep-
resents the 'overhaul' of volume (ordinate bb,) which is moved from the
centroid G, of the cut to the centroid G2 of the fill.
The overhaul distance is given as the distance between the cen-
troids less the free-haul distance.

i.e. (G t
G2 ) - bd